Monoclonal antibodiesConjugatesSpecificityNeutralizing IgG1 monoclonal antibodyDetected against non-immunoglobulin serum proteinsTitersCross-reactivityConjugateSecreting antibodies specific2020Serum proteinsELISAPolyclonalIsolated by affinity chromatographyPeptidesAntigensReactsAssayEpitopesDetectableProtective antibodiesHumoral rejectionConjugation chemistrySecretionIsotypeGoatSpeciesInfection or vaccinationDetectionNovoBindCytotoxicityFlow cytometric analysisImmunity2021AntigenPrevalenceRegeneron'sWeeks of infectionViralAlexa FluorHumanSpecificOccurVaccinePlasmaPrimaryCatalogAcuteEnzymesStainSecondaryResponsesSensitivityDiscoveryClinicalPeptideMRNACellTarget
Monoclonal antibodies9
- 1) Monoclonal antibodies directed against amyloid that are approved by FDA for the treatment of AD based upon evidence of efficacy from a change in a surrogate endpoint (e.g., amyloid reduction) considered as reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit may be covered in a randomized controlled trial conducted under an investigational new drug (IND) application. (cms.gov)
- 2) Monoclonal antibodies directed against amyloid that are approved by FDA for the treatment of AD based upon evidence of efficacy from a direct measure of clinical benefit may be covered in CMS approved prospective comparative studies. (cms.gov)
- Antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates or AOCs belong to a class of chimeric molecules combining in their structure two important families of biomolecules: monoclonal antibodies and oligonucleotides. (wikipedia.org)
- Combination of exceptional targeting capabilities of monoclonal antibodies with numerous functional modalities of oligonucleotides has been fruitful for a variety of applications with AOC including imaging, detection and targeted therapeutics. (wikipedia.org)
- In a typical example, a library of monoclonal antibodies to a small protein, thought to recognize linear epitopes, was screened using a PepSet of biotinylated peptides (Figure 2). (mimotopes.com)
- Using this approach, the linear epitopes of several monoclonal antibodies were quickly and clearly identified. (mimotopes.com)
- The monoclonal antibodies fell into groups recognizing one of three linear sequences of the protein. (mimotopes.com)
- BIOshell™ IgG 1000 Å C4 columns are highly suited for the reversed phase separation of high molecular weight compounds such as monoclonal antibodies with molecular weight of 150 kDa. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- However, it remains unclear how mutations that escape specific monoclonal antibodies will affect the polyclonal antibody response elicited by infection or vaccination. (biorxiv.org)
Conjugates9
- Conjugates are prepared by passive absorption of the antibody to the gold particle, and are sterile filtered in a low ionic strength buffer containing a preservative. (jacksonimmuno.com)
- In the past year, four antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) were approved, nearly doubling the marketed ADCs in oncology. (aacrjournals.org)
- Being adapted from the broad and successful class of Antibody-Drug conjugates, antibodies and antibody analogues are more and more used in research in order to overcome hurdles related to delivery and internalisation of ON therapeutics. (wikipedia.org)
- After development of the SMCC based conjugates, there were two constructs reported in literature based on strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloadditions: an MXD3 mRNA targeting gapmer (cEt and PS modified) linked to an anti-CD22 antibody targeting preB cells leads to in-vitro apoptosis of targeted cells and in-vivo increased length of mouse survival in xenograft models. (wikipedia.org)
- The guaranteed shelf life from date of receipt for antibodies and conjugates is listed on the product information sheet. (biotium.com)
- Antibodies and other conjugates often are functional for significantly longer than the guaranteed shelf life. (biotium.com)
- For lyophilized antibodies, we recommend reconstituting the antibody with glycerol and antimicrobial preservative like sodium azide for the longest shelf life (note that sodium azide is not compatible with HRP-conjugates). (biotium.com)
- It allows you to make antibody conjugates with minimal hands-on time - less than 30 seconds. (novusbio.com)
- Despite its simplicity, Lightning-Link is a very sophisticated conjugation system in which the antibody is directionally coupled to the label (and not to itself) in a controlled fashion, creating high quality conjugates. (novusbio.com)
Specificity2
- Thats why there is intensive research to exploit antibody analogues and antibody fragments which retain a high target specificity but combined with a smaller size and a greater possibility of modification. (wikipedia.org)
- IL-12 apparently shows species specificity with human IL-12 reportedly showing minimal activity in the murine system. (rndsystems.com)
Neutralizing IgG1 monoclonal antibody1
- LY-CoV555 is a potent neutralizing IgG1 monoclonal antibody, and just like Regeneron's REGN-COV2, the therapy has since now been considered unlikely to help hospitalized patients with COVID-19 recover from advanced disease. (biospace.com)
Detected against non-immunoglobulin serum proteins1
- No antibody was detected against non-immunoglobulin serum proteins. (abcam.com)
Titers3
- Antibody titers against human-like swIAVs and supposed human precursor IAVs correlated with correlation coefficients of 0.30-0.86. (cdc.gov)
- 3 ,6,8-13 In addition, antibody neutralization titers to SARS-CoV-2 variants are lower in immunocompromised people compared to non-immunocompromised people. (cdc.gov)
- However, as with other viral diseases, reexposure to wild-type varicella often leads to reinfection that boosts antibody titers without causing clinical illness or detectable viremia. (cdc.gov)
Cross-reactivity1
- To ensure minimal cross-reactivity, the antibody has been pre-adsorbed with serum proteins from the following species. (abcam.com)
Conjugate5
- After washing unreacted serum components from the plate, an antibody-enzyme conjugate is added to the wells and incubated. (cdc.gov)
- The conjugate will react with the antigen-antibody complex on the surface of the well resulting in a sandwich of well-antigen-antibody-antibody-enzyme. (cdc.gov)
- If the test specimen does not contain IgG antibody to the antigen, the conjugate will not bind to the well surface and will be removed by washing. (cdc.gov)
- Only recently the first examples for a site-selective conjugation between an ON therapeutic and a mAb was published: in 2015 Genentech exploited the SMCC linker to conjugate siRNA to several engineered mAb based on their proprietary Thiomab technology, which allows site-specific introduction of a cysteine into the antibody sequence[32]. (wikipedia.org)
- Another reported conjugate, exploiting the same unselective conjugation chemistry, employs an CD44 respectively EphA2 targeting antibody which covalently carries a therapeutically irrelevant "sense-carrier" oligonucleotide. (wikipedia.org)
Secreting antibodies specific1
- First, ASC were detected by ELISpot assays that measure cells secreting antibodies specific for signature antigens. (cdc.gov)
20201
- The REGAIN Study Group 2020, ' 'Minimal symptom expression' in patients with acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive refractory generalized myasthenia gravis treated with eculizumab ', Journal of neurology , vol. 267, no. 7, pp. 1991-2001. (johnshopkins.edu)
Serum proteins3
- No antibody was detected against the Fc portion of human IgG or against non-immunoglobulin serum proteins. (jacksonimmuno.com)
- The antibody exhibits inherent minimal cross-reaction to mouse serum proteins and has been tested by ELISA and/or solid-phase adsorbed to ensure minimal cross-reaction with bovine, horse and mouse serum proteins. (jacksonimmuno.com)
- The antibody has been tested by ELISA and/or solid-phase adsorbed to ensure minimal cross-reaction with human, bovine, horse, rabbit and rat serum proteins, but it may cross-react with immunoglobulins from other species. (jacksonimmuno.com)
ELISA8
- By immunoelectrophoresis and ELISA this antibody reacts specifically with mouse IgG and with light chains common to other mouse immunoglobulins. (abcam.com)
- Based on immunoelectrophoresis and/or ELISA, the antibody reacts with the F(ab') 2 /Fab portion of human IgG. (jacksonimmuno.com)
- Based on immunoelectrophoresis and/or ELISA, the antibody reacts with whole molecule mouse IgG. (jacksonimmuno.com)
- Antibody epitope mapping by ELISA is simple to perform using biotinylated peptides because the peptides can be captured onto Streptavidin™ or NeutrAvidin™ coated plates through the strong noncovalent avidin-biotin binding. (mimotopes.com)
- The set consisted of short overlapping peptides derived from the protein being investigated and the peptides were captured onto plate wells coated with streptavidin before completing an ELISA with each monoclonal antibody (Figure 1). (mimotopes.com)
- ELISA assays are simpler in that electrophoresis is not required, but a standard ELISA still requires the preparation of a lysate, and attachment of a capture antibody to a plate. (activemotif.com)
- However, by screening antibodies and running appropriate controls, it is possible to validate certain antibodies for in-cell ELISA assays, sometimes referred to as In-cell Westerns . (activemotif.com)
- ELISA is the test used to detect these antibodies, IgM and IgG isotypes. (medscape.com)
Polyclonal4
- Binding by polyclonal serum antibodies is affected by mutations in three main epitopes in the RBD, but there is substantial variation in the impact of mutations both among individuals and within the same individual over time. (biorxiv.org)
- To monitor for similar antigenic evolution of SARS-CoV-2, it is important to determine which viral mutations impact human polyclonal antibody immunity. (biorxiv.org)
- However, a limitation of these studies is that they characterize an incomplete subset of all possible mutations, and thus do not completely describe the effects of viral mutations on recognition by polyclonal serum antibodies. (biorxiv.org)
- Proliferation elicited by Recombinant Human IL‑12 (1 ng/mL) is neutralized (green line) by increasing concentrations of Human IL‑12 Polyclonal Antibody (Catalog # AB-219-NA). (rndsystems.com)
Isolated by affinity chromatography1
- The antibody to mouse IgG was isolated by affinity chromatography using antigen coupled to agarose beads. (abcam.com)
Peptides2
- Probing the wells with antibody and washing away unbound antibodies quickly reveals those peptides to which the antibody has bound. (mimotopes.com)
- The most promising Ags were submitted to a more in-depth biophysical investigation of their structure and conformation stability, and for their capacity to interact with neutralising antibodies (Abs) and peptides. (europa.eu)
Antigens3
- The antibody was purified from antisera by immunoaffinity chromatography using antigens coupled to agarose beads. (jacksonimmuno.com)
- Second, the antibodies secreted by isolated ASC were collected in vitro in a novel matrix, MENSA (media enriched with newly synthesized antibodies) and antibodies against S. pneumoniae antigens were measured using Luminex immunoassays. (cdc.gov)
- They can also exhibit antibodies to antigens associated with pemphigus vulgaris (desmoglein 3, 130-kd) and pemphigus foliaceus (desmoglein 1, 160-kd), as well as several others, including epiplakin. (medscape.com)
Reacts1
- Goat anti-rat IgG antibody reacts primarily with the heavy chains of rat IgG, but also partially binds to the light chains common to most rat immunoglobulins. (biolegend.com)
Assay4
- A test for HIV antibody is considered positive when a sequence of tests, starting with a repeatedly reactive enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and including an additional, more specific assay, such as a Western blot, are consistently reactive. (cdc.gov)
- It is recommended that the antibody be carefully titrated for optimal performance in the assay of interest. (fishersci.com)
- To assay the expression level of a protein, or the phosphorylation state of a signaling protein, Western blots are often employed, with phospho-specific antibodies used to specifically detect the phosphorylated states of the proteins in question. (activemotif.com)
- This intermediate amplifier antibody increases sensitivity of the assay at least three- to four-fold over that of a one-step polymer based system, by facilitating the introduction of more peroxidase enzyme at the site of specific antigen localization. (vectorlabs.com)
Epitopes3
- Linear antibody epitopes are readily mapped with PepSets. (mimotopes.com)
- Our complete maps of how mutations impact serum antibody binding identify three major epitopes in the RBD. (biorxiv.org)
- Antiphospholipid (APL) antibodies are group of antibodies directed against epitopes on plasma proteins that are uncovered by binding of these proteins to anionic phospholipids on plasma membranes. (medscape.com)
Detectable2
Protective antibodies3
- Background It is to be determined whether people infected with SARS-CoV-2 will develop long-term immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and retain long-lasting protective antibodies after the infection is resolved. (researchgate.net)
- After SARS-CoV-2 infection, people are unlikely to produce long-lasting protective antibodies against this virus. (researchgate.net)
- Studies in laboratory animals have shown that B lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell responsible for producing protective antibodies against pathogens, is significantly impaired by TCDD treatment. (nih.gov)
Humoral rejection1
- Although advances in tissue typing and cross-match testing have helped to deter severe transplant rejection, rejection may result from direct cellular attack (cellular rejection) or be mediated by antibodies (humoral rejection). (medscape.com)
Conjugation chemistry1
- Among other attributes, successful ADCs optimize targeting antibody, conjugation chemistry, and payload mechanism of action. (aacrjournals.org)
Secretion1
- Mechanistic studies demonstrated a specific type of protein, termed a kinase, to be responsible for altered antibody secretion (Blevins 2021). (nih.gov)
Isotype1
- Per antiphospholipid syndrome diagnostic criteria, these anti-β 2 -glycoprotein I antibodies of IgG and/or IgM isotype should be present in the in plasma, in a titer greater than the 99th percentile to be considered a positive test result. (medscape.com)
Goat1
- This goat anti-rat IgG antibody is useful for direct immunofluorescent staining or as a second step reagent for indirect immunofluorescent staining when used in conjunction with primary antibodies. (biolegend.com)
Species2
- This antibody may cross react with IgG from other species. (abcam.com)
- See technical information section (min X ... Sr Prot) before selecting an antibody adsorbed against closely related species. (jacksonimmuno.com)
Infection or vaccination1
- The CDC currently lists five "variants of concern," defining them as ones "for which there is evidence of an increase in transmissibility, more severe disease (increased hospitalizations or deaths), significant reduction in neutralization by antibodies generated during previous infection or vaccination, reduced effectiveness of treatments or vaccines, or diagnostic detection failures. (beckershospitalreview.com)
Detection3
- Given the importance of A3B as a restriction factor of viral infections and as a driver of multiple human cancers, selective antibodies against A3B are highly desirable for its specific detection in various research and possibly diagnostic applications. (uthscsa.edu)
- In addition, antibody detection may provide a complementary perspective, along with RT-qPCR testing, in the diagnosis of COVID-19 (24,25). (researchgate.net)
- The ImmPRESS Excel kits are a two-step peroxidase polymer based detection system that include an unconjugated amplifier antibody. (vectorlabs.com)
Novo1
- They point out that if pre-existing CD4 + T RM cell immunity was so extreme as to preclude significant viral replication, seroconversion (that is, a de novo antibody response to SARS- CoV-2) would not occur. (wattsupwiththat.com)
Bind3
- These unique micropolymers allow a higher density of enzymes per antibody to bind the target with minimal interference. (vectorlabs.com)
- The GMAB technology platform, exclusively licensed from Yale University, utilizes a proprietary, cell-penetrating antibody to non-covalently bind to and deliver therapeutic levels of multiple types of nucleic acids, including synthetic RNA (ribonucleic acid) messenger RNA, small interfering RNA, deoxyribonucleic acids, antisense oligonucleotides and gene editing molecules. (biospace.com)
- GMAB technology utilizes a novel, cell-penetrating antibody to non-covalently bind to and deliver therapeutic levels of a wide variety of nucleic acid payloads to select cells. (biospace.com)
Cytotoxicity1
- Bevacizumab displays no antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) [4]. (invivogen.com)
Flow cytometric analysis3
- Each lot of this antibody is quality control tested by immunofluorescent staining with flow cytometric analysis. (biolegend.com)
- Applications Reported: This MR6F3 antibody has been reported for use in flow cytometric analysis, and intracellular staining followed by flow cytometric analysis. (fishersci.com)
- Applications Tested: This MR6F3 antibody has been tested by intracellular staining and flow cytometric analysis of mouse resident peritoneal exudate cells using the Intracellular Fixation & Permeabilization Buffer Set (cat. (fishersci.com)
Immunity2
- NHANES will assess age-specific population immunity, taking into account vaccinees who never develop antibodies, persons who may lose immunity over time, and persons who are immune from natural disease. (cdc.gov)
- The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 could impair recognition of the virus by human antibody-mediated immunity. (biorxiv.org)
20211
- NEW HAVEN, Conn., April 10, 2021 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Gennao Bio , a privately-held genetic medicines company developing first-in-class, targeted nucleic acid therapeutics, today announced a late-breaking poster detailing preclinical results for its proprietary, non-viral gene monoclonal antibody (GMAB) nucleic acid delivery system. (biospace.com)
Antigen4
- The same region of A3Bctd was used previously as a peptide antigen for generating a rabbit monoclonal antibody (mAb 5210-87-13), suggesting that this region is particularly immunogenic and that these antibodies from very different origins may share similar binding modes. (uthscsa.edu)
- If the specimen contains antibody to the antigen, the antibody will form complexes with the antigen on the coated plate. (cdc.gov)
- Such chronic injury is usually mediated by anti-human leukocyte antigen antibodies. (medscape.com)
- This increase in sensitivity would be advantageous in instances of weak antigen expression, and to further dilute out an expensive primary antibody. (vectorlabs.com)
Prevalence1
- Prevalence of IgM antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 was 31.4% in COVID-19 patients, 1.5% in healthcare providers, 1.3% in general workers, and 0.2% in other patients. (researchgate.net)
Regeneron's2
- The decision to halt critically ill patients was made in response to Regeneron's independent safety board finding a potential safety signal and an unfavorable risk-benefit profile of the monoclonal antibody therapy in a subgroup of patients requiring high-flow oxygen or mechanical ventilation. (biospace.com)
- Just three days before Regeneron's enrollment hold announcement, Eli Lilly and Company said it also halted its clinical trial of its antibody therapy, LY-CoV555, in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. (biospace.com)
Weeks of infection1
- This information is in contrast to a study in Wuhan, China that found 10% of patients lost SARS-CoV-2 antibodies within weeks of infection (12) , although different serology tests were used in this case. (researchgate.net)
Viral4
- CD4 + T cells reduce COVID-19 symptoms and lung viral load but have minimal impact on upper respiratory tract (URT) viral load. (wattsupwiththat.com)
- Some states have been combining viral and antibody testing data, leading to messy or useless national statistics. (truthout.org)
- Health officials in Texas, Georgia, Vermont and Virginia acknowledged this week that they have been combining viral and antibody test results . (truthout.org)
- But if viral test numbers include antibody test results, experts say, it might give a state an inflated sense of its ability to test and track current infections. (truthout.org)
Alexa Fluor1
- The antibody was purified by affinity chromatography and conjugated with Alexa Fluor® 647 under optimal conditions. (biolegend.com)
Human2
- We examined 549 serum samples from persons 0-97 years of age collected in Belgium during 2017-2018 for hemagglutination inhibiting and virus neutralizing antibodies against 7 major H1 swine IAV (swIAV) clades and 3 human progenitor IAVs. (cdc.gov)
- Cell Proliferation Induced by IL‑12 and Neutralization by Human IL‑12 Antibody. (rndsystems.com)
Specific7
- We introduce two new methods for diagnosing S. pneumoniae infections by measuring the presence of newly activated, pathogen-specific, circulating Antibody Secreting Cells (ASC). (cdc.gov)
- Can be caused by HLA and non-HLA donor specific antibodies (e.g. (pathologyoutlines.com)
- During the development of toxicological profiles, Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) are derived when reliable and sufficient data exist to identify the target organ(s) of effect or the most sensitive health effect(s) for a specific duration for a given route of exposure. (cdc.gov)
- The light emission from the well is then measured, and staining with an antibody to the protein in question is compared with staining with a phospho-specific antibody , to determine the relative amount of phospho-protein present in the sample, and inference of the activation state of signaling pathways from this information. (activemotif.com)
- Protein phosphorylation is most easily studied with phosphorylation state-specific antibodies, and has historically been studied by Western blot analysis, which is a reliable technique that detects the protein in question and also indicates the molecular weight of the target protein, as an additional control. (activemotif.com)
- This antibody, a modified version of 3E10, forms non-covalent complexes with RNAs and can mediate highly specific delivery broadly into tumors via intravenous injection by targeting the nucleoside transporter ENT2. (biospace.com)
- Studies completed with labeled RNAs and messenger RNAs expressing a green fluorescent protein reporter gene show tumor specific delivery and functional expression by imaging, with minimal delivery to healthy tissues. (biospace.com)
Occur1
- Despite this inter- and intra-person heterogeneity, the mutations that most reduce antibody binding usually occur at just a few sites in the RBD's receptor binding motif. (biorxiv.org)
Vaccine1
- The overall objective of EuroNeut-41 was to design a vaccine that raises antibodies able to prevent HIV cell fusion by blocking the virus fusion protein gp41 in its pre-fusogenic conformation. (europa.eu)
Plasma2
- however, the contribution to the overall plasma HDL levels is minimal. (jci.org)
- Here we comprehensively map how all amino-acid mutations to the SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD affect binding by the antibodies in plasma collected from convalescent individuals ~1 to ~3 months post-symptom onset. (biorxiv.org)
Primary1
- Using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data from primary and xenograft SCLC samples, we identified seizure-related homolog 6 (SEZ6) as a surface-expressed SCLC target with broad expression in SCLC and minimal normal tissue expression by both RNA-seq and IHC. (aacrjournals.org)
Catalog1
- This antibody has been removed from our catalog. (invivogen.com)
Acute3
- El Hag M. Acute antibody mediated rejection including hyperacute rejection. (pathologyoutlines.com)
- The ability to detect antibodies to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently under investigation with various performance characteristics and indications for use. (researchgate.net)
- Timeline of disease course, treatments, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests, antibody tests, and Vero E6 cell line culture from day 0 to day 240. (ajtmh.org)
Enzymes1
- Our studies provide a platform for the development of selective antibodies against A3B and other APOBEC3 family enzymes. (uthscsa.edu)
Stain1
- A test is defined as the amount (µg) of antibody that will stain a cell sample in a final volume of 100 µL. (fishersci.com)
Secondary1
- The ImmPRESS Excel Amplifier kits are presented as a complete kit format that include enzyme quench, blocking serum and ImmPACT ® DAB EqV peroxidase substrate, in addition to the amplifier antibody and defined ImmPRESS polymer secondary antibody. (vectorlabs.com)
Responses1
- Suppression of antibody responses is a hallmark of exposure to dioxin-like compounds. (nih.gov)
Sensitivity1
- However, it has been previously shown that more severe disease produces a stronger antibody response, and thus our mild disease cohort may result in a lower sensitivity (26). (researchgate.net)
Discovery1
- 2004. Discovery and development of bevacizumab, an anti-VEGF antibody for treating cancer. (invivogen.com)
Clinical1
- The presence of antibody indicates current infection, though many infected persons may have minimal or no clinical evidence of disease for years. (cdc.gov)
Peptide1
- Custom synthesized biotinylated PepSets for linear antibody mapping are designed by the research scientist with help from experienced Technical Consultants at Mimotopes, and are shipped either ready to redissolve and plate or as ready-to-use plates already coated with the peptide (Figure 2). (mimotopes.com)
MRNA2
- The first AOC was reported in 1995 where the lysines of a transferrin-antibody were connected using a SMCC bifunctional linker (NHS ester and maleimide moiety) to radiolabelled and cys-bearing ASOs targeting HIV mRNA. (wikipedia.org)
- In 2013, MYERS and coworkers then unspecifically labelled an anti-CD19 antibody with N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyl-dithio) propionate to form disulphide bonds with cys-modified ASO targeting the mRNA of oncoprotein E2A-PBX1. (wikipedia.org)
Cell4
- Furthermore, E-cadherin blocking antibodies abolished migration of cell sheets. (ca.gov)
- A far simpler method is to use In-Cell ELISAs, in which cells are grown in multi-well plates, fixed, and stained directly with the target antibody. (activemotif.com)
- In-Cell ELISAs make it possible to screen large numbers of samples, but choice of antibody can be a complicating factor, if the antibody is not well-validated for the application at hand. (activemotif.com)
- Cell culture studies show antibody-mediated delivery of a series of retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) ligands, including hairpin RNAs and synthetic double-stranded RNA (poly(I:C)), resulting in robust RIG-I stimulation and induction of type-1 interferon signaling. (biospace.com)
Target1
- To facilitate prospective surveillance for such evolution, we map how convalescent serum antibodies are impacted by all mutations to the spike's receptor-binding domain (RBD), the main target of serum neutralizing activity. (biorxiv.org)