Antibody responses response to anticancer drugs and radiation therapy anticancer drugs or radiation. Medical search. Frequent questions

GBM worldwide incidence is about two to three per 100000 adults per year, and the standard treatment encompasses surgical debulking with subsequent radiation therapy and concomitant chemotherapy. (benthamscience.com)
The standard of care therapy for GBM consists in surgical resection of the tumor, followed by radiotherapy and adjuvant plus concomitant chemotherapy with Temozolomide (TMZ) (Stupp protocol) ( 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
We show that loss of the DNA repair protein XPA markedly augments the synthetic lethality between MK2 and p53, enhancing anti-tumor responses alone and in combination with cisplatin chemotherapy. (nature.com)
The concept has now been extended to embrace synthetic lethal drug sensitivity, such as that observed with PARP inhibitors in combination with DNA-damaging chemotherapy in a variety of BRCA defective tumors 10 . (nature.com)
The management of advanced HNSCC consists of multiple-modality therapy with surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. (medscape.com)
The current conventional modalities (surgery, radiation, chemotherapy) are nonselective and can cause damage to normal tissue. (medscape.com)
Targeted molecular therapy, like therapy with monoclonal antibodies, gene therapy, and other therapies, has limited or nonexistent side effects on normal cells of the body, unlike present modalities such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. (medscape.com)
Advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is treated with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy or a combination of these treatments. (researchsquare.com)
Findings were categorized by type of treatment (radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or combination therapy). (researchsquare.com)
Another report from Transparency Market Research added: "Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are the most diagnosed therapies used to cure metastatic breast cancer. (kron4.com)
Both chemotherapy and radiation therapy have from the onset been focused on killing cancer cells, in one case by using highly toxic chemicals and in the other case by using focused radiation. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
Adjuvant therapy may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy or biological therapy. (cancer101.org)
NSCLC patients receiving chemotherapy (CTX) or tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) developed antibodies in 45.2% and 53.7%, of cases, respectively, showing an impaired antibody generation. (bvsalud.org)
Perioperative durvalumab plus neoadjuvant chemotherapy was associated with significantly greater event-free survival and pathological complete response than neoadjuvant chemotherapy alone, with a safety profile that was consistent with the individual agents. (cdc.gov)
from any individual except oneself and solar radiation, and most of the leukaemia by a genotoxic mech- or an identical twin will provoke an chemical alkylating agents used in anism after its use in anticancer immune reaction against the graft- anticancer chemotherapy. (who.int)
Radiation chemotherapy (IARC, 2012b ). (who.int)

A triple therapy for glioblastoma, including two types of immunotherapy and targeted radiation, has significantly prolonged the survival of mice with these brain cancers, according to a new report by scientists at the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Traditionally, radiation is used as a definitive therapy to directly kill cancer cells," said Lim, who also serves as director of the Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program and director of the Metastatic Brain Tumor Center at Johns Hopkins Medicine. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Given its heterogenicity, its intracranial location and the onset of multidrug resistance mechanisms, new tailored approaches, such as immunotherapy and drug delivery systems, have recently gained increasing interest. (benthamscience.com)
Immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies, such as nivolumab and ipilimumab, may help the body's immune system attack the cancer, and may interfere with the ability of tumor cells to grow and spread. (mycancergenome.org)
Types of biological therapy include immunotherapy (such as vaccines, cytokines, and some antibodies), gene therapy, and some targeted therapies. (cancer101.org)
Patients receiving immunotherapy did not generate antibodies. (bvsalud.org)

Preclinical studies suggested that the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibody was a radiation-sensitizing agent because it increased the rate of apoptosis, regulated the cell cycle, reduced radiation resistance, and increased radiation injuries. (dovepress.com)
1 Early clinical studies of the EGFR monoclonal antibody in combination with radiotherapy primarily included head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and the study of its combination with radiation therapy for NSCLC was performed relatively late. (dovepress.com)

The combination treatment consists of highly focused radiation therapy targeted specifically to the tumor and strategies that lift the brakes and activate the body's immune system, allowing anti-cancer drugs to attack the tumor. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
The combination treatment described in the July 11 issue of PLOS One consists of highly focused radiation therapy targeted specifically to the tumor and strategies that lift the brakes and activate the body's immune system, allowing anti-cancer drugs to attack the tumor. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
One of the immunotherapies is an antibody that binds to and blocks an immune checkpoint molecule on T cells called CTLA-4, allowing the T-cells to infiltrate and fight tumor cells. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
The researchers speculate that when radiation destroys tumor cells, the dead tumor cells may release proteins that help train immune cells to recognize and attack the cancer, said Michael Lim , M.D., an associate professor of neurosurgery, oncology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and member of Johns Hopkins' Institute of NanoBiotechnology. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
In recent years, tumor microenvironment exploration has revealed that immune response evasion is one of the crucial GBM diagnostic hallmarks. (benthamscience.com)
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a very aggressive primary malignant brain tumor and finding effective therapies is a pharmaceutical challenge and an unmet medical need. (frontiersin.org)
Photothermal therapy may be a promising strategy for the treatment of GBM, as it allows the destruction of the tumor using heat as a non-chemical treatment for disease bypassing the GBM heterogeneity limitations, conventional drug resistance mechanisms and side effects on peripheral healthy tissues. (frontiersin.org)
Additionally, GBM is characterized by high inter-tumor and intra-tumor heterogeneity at a cellular, molecular, histological, and clinical level leading to very different responses to therapeutic agents and failure of targeted therapies ( 9 , 10 ). (frontiersin.org)
At the same time, a subpopulation of highly tumorigenic glioma stem cells (GSCs) with high plasticity and self-renewal properties contribute to tumor malignancy through their sustained proliferation, invasion, stimulation of angiogenesis, suppression of anti-tumor immune responses and chemo-resistance ( 12 ). (frontiersin.org)
In response to DNA damage, a synthetic lethal relationship exists between the cell cycle checkpoint kinase MK2 and the tumor suppressor p53. (nature.com)
Because BRCA mutations are observed in fewer than 10% of cancer patients (cBioPortal: 6.7%) 11 , 12 , 13 the identification of additional genes that share synthetic lethal sensitivity relationships with mutated oncogenes or tumor suppressors would greatly enhance the implementation of tumor cell-specific synthetic lethal sensitivity to improve an anticancer therapeutic response. (nature.com)
A high throughput histology (microTMA) platform was applied for testing drugs against tumors in a novel 3D heterotypic glioblastoma brain sphere (gBS) model consisting of glioblastoma tumor cells, iPSC-derived neurons, glial cells and astrocytes grown in a spheroid. (nature.com)
Various techniques have been developed for targeting cancer cells: gene therapy, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), antibody toxin conjugates, small-molecule inhibitors, antisense molecules, and tumor vaccines. (medscape.com)
2004 ). One problem with cancers, especially HNSCCs, is the unpredictability of treatment outcomes, both in terms of tumor response and host toxicity. (researchsquare.com)
Various factors are effective in the local control of the tumor and the response to therapy. (researchsquare.com)
It has been suggested that radiation sensitivity and chemosensitivity of cancer cells may play an important role in the local control of the tumor following these therapies. (researchsquare.com)
Targeted therapy is a type of medication that blocks the growth of cancer cells by interfering with the specific molecules needed for carcinogenesis and tumor growth, rather than by simply interfering with all rapidly dividing cells. (dovepress.com)
Both these therapies help in suppressing tumor growth. (kron4.com)
However, in recent years, there has been increasing evidence that metformin exerts its anticancer effects through the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) of tumor cell mitochondria, and metabolic pathways based on metformin targeting have only recently become the focus of intensive research. (spandidos-publications.com)
and (2) plaque brachytherapy, a type of radiation therapy, where a thin piece of metal (e.g., gold) with radioactive seeds covering one side is sewn onto the outside wall of the eye with the seeds aimed at the tumor. (justia.com)
A type of radiation therapy in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near a tumor. (cancer101.org)

In this review, we report and discuss recent advances in nanoparticle-mediated plasmonic photothermal therapy for GBM treatment and discuss the preclinical challenges commonly faced by researchers to develop and test such systems. (frontiersin.org)

Targeted molecular therapy against EGFR has shown promise as an adjuvant therapy in preliminary studies in several solid tumors, including head and neck cancer. (medscape.com)
Selective compounds have been developed that target either the extracellular ligand-binding region of the EGFR (including a number of monoclonal antibodies [MAbs], immunotoxins, and ligand-binding cytotoxic agents) or the intracellular tyrosine kinase region (including various small-molecule inhibitors). (medscape.com)
The EGFR monoclonal antibodies include cetuximab, nimotuzumab, and panitumumab. (dovepress.com)
This study shows that antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 may be impaired in patients with NSCLC secondary to EGFR-targeted TKIs compared to ALK-directed treatment. (bvsalud.org)

Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. (cancer101.org)

None of the treatments are new, but were used by the Johns Hopkins team to demonstrate the value of combining treatments that augment the immune response against glioblastomas, the most common brain tumors in human adults. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
The researchers are developing a variety of clinical trials to test combination therapies against brain tumors. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Half of the mice who received the triple therapy lived 100 days or more and were protected against further tumors when new cancer cells were re-injected under the animals' skins. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Delivery of siRNA-peptide nanoplexes co-targeting MK2 and XPA to pre-existing p53-deficient tumors in a highly aggressive, immunocompetent mouse model of lung adenocarcinoma improves long-term survival and cisplatin response beyond those of the synthetic lethal p53 mutant/MK2 combination alone. (nature.com)
The differential responses of gBS tumors and normal neuronal cells to sustained treatments with anti-cancer drugs temozolomide (TMZ) and doxorubicin (DOX) were investigated. (nature.com)

Radiotherapy combined with targeted therapy has considerably furthered the study of non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) under the joint efforts of the two disciplines, yielding both exciting results and worrisome reports. (dovepress.com)
The present article reviewed the therapeutic effects of metformin against NSCLC, both as a single agent and combined with other anticancer treatments, in order to provide a theoretical basis for its clinical use in adjuvant therapy for NSCLC. (spandidos-publications.com)
Although valuable progress has been made in the treatment of NSCLC in previous years, the high metastasis rate, post-operative recurrence rate and resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs in lung cancer have led to unsatisfactory outcomes ( 4 , 5 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

Therefore, knowing the genetic variations (polymorphisms) will be effective in predicting the response to treatment, and accordingly, we can determine which patients will benefit from chemo- or radiotherapy (Ansell et al. (researchsquare.com)
The combination of radiotherapy and targeted therapy is an important approach in the application of targeted therapy in clinical practice, and represents an important opportunity for the development of radiotherapy itself. (dovepress.com)
A number of studies of radiotherapy combined with targeted therapy in non-small-cell lung carcinoma have been completed or are ongoing. (dovepress.com)
Targeted therapy in combination with radiotherapy has a bright future. (dovepress.com)
Differences in the experimental results prompted this summary for a more comprehensive and rational understanding of radiotherapy combined with targeted therapy. (dovepress.com)
This retrospective review of the literature indicates that numerous drugs have been used for targeted therapy and that the studies of radiotherapy combined with targeted therapy are diverse and complicated by their variable quality. (dovepress.com)

Mice with implanted, mouse-derived glioblastoma cells lived an average of 67 days after the triple therapy, compared with mice that lasted 24 days when they received only the two immunotherapies. (hopkinsmedicine.org)

Novel inhibitors of KRAS with G12C mutation (sotorasib) have demonstrated short-lasting responses due to resistance mediated by the AKT-mTOR-P70S6K pathway. (bvsalud.org)
This includes whether and how the immune system reacts to emerging tumours, whether antitumour immune responses are reactivated during treatment with immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), and whether unintended destructive immune pathologies accompany such treatment. (cdc.gov)

Lim says if further studies affirm the value of the triple therapy in animals and humans, the radiation could be delivered a few days before or after the immunotherapies and still achieve the same results. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Computational immunogenomic approaches to predict response to cancer immunotherapies. (cdc.gov)

Secondly, the central nervous system (CNS) has a unique microenvironment and is protected by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which limits the access of systemically delivered drugs to the brain reducing the therapeutic options available for GBM. (frontiersin.org)

Patients were asked to walk on a daily basis and used resistance bands on a daily basis," said Karen Michelle Mustian, PhD, MPH, lead author on the study and an associate professor in the UR Departments of Surgery and Radiation Oncology, Cancer Control Clinical Research Unit, as well as a Wilmot Cancer Institute researcher. (oncnursingnews.com)

Several chemotherapeutic agents have been evaluated either alone or incombination in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer, but the resultscontinue to be disappointing: reproducible objective response rates range from0% to 20% and median survival times are less than 6 months. (cancernetwork.com)
The combination of concurrent fluorouracil (5-FU)and ionizing radiation therapy for patients with unresectable disease hasresulted in a twofold increase in median survival: approximately 10 months vs 5months. (cancernetwork.com)

X-rays or other types of ionizing in much higher dosage, are used to and there is excess risk of B-cel radiation, immunosuppression is maintain the functional and anatom- non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) when most pronounced if the entire body, ical integrity of foreign tissues graft- immunosuppression is accompanied rather than a limited area, is irra- ed onto another individual, such as by continuing immune stimulation diated. (who.int)

The goal of gene therapy is to introduce new genetic material into cancer cells that selectively kills them without causing toxicity to the surrounding cells. (medscape.com)
A web-based search of all original articles about the impact of gene polymorphisms on toxicity and response to therapy in HNSCCs was done until September 2021 using international English language databases including Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed and Web of science. (researchsquare.com)
Understanding gene polymorphisms will help us move toward personalized medicine and determine which patients will actually benefit from therapies for HNSCCs. (researchsquare.com)

In each category, studies related to growth control genes, cell proliferation, apoptosis, DNA repair genes, antioxidant and drug detoxification genes, genes of drug metabolizing enzymes, tissue remodeling genes and genes of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity were discussed separately. (researchsquare.com)

Radiation retinopathy has been reported to occur in 10-63% of patients treated with plaque brachytherapy, and the mean time from treatment to the development of maculopathy is approximately 25.6 months. (justia.com)
Also called implant radiation therapy, internal radiation therapy, and radiation brachytherapy. (cancer101.org)

With the increased understanding of molecular mechanisms and basic pathways in the pathogenesis of squamous cell cancer of the head and neck , these pathways may be modified, and rational approaches in cancer therapy at the molecular level may be created. (medscape.com)
This Part 2 post is concerned with anti-cancer drug and other interventions that simultaneously address multiple growth pathways. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
As the understanding of how key molecular pathways work in cancers has increased, so have more-sophisticated therapies been introduced, often used conjunction with the traditional slash, burn and poison approaches. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
This blog entry is concerned with another "smart" approach: simultaneously targeting multiple molecular pathways in cancer cells to defeat their protective responses. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
In contrast, infection fector cells or from blockage of intra- of action associated with oncogenic with certain pathogens, such as hu- cel ular pathways essential for anti- viruses, may escape immune sur- man immunodeficiency virus type 1 gen recognition or of other elements veillance in immunosuppressed indi- (HIV-1) or malaria parasites, is per- of the immune response. (who.int)

Therefore, it is particularly important to explore new treatments and develop novel drugs. (spandidos-publications.com)
Although numerous treatments are available for cancer, many forms of cancer remain incurable, untreatable or become resistant to standard therapies and effective treatments for many cancers have undesirable side effects. (justia.com)

The advantage of this technology is that it provides a platform for automated multiplex immunostaining of a broad spectrum of efficacy/toxicity end points and thus can be tailored for testing new therapies 17 . (nature.com)
Variations in toxicity and response to therapy are observed among patients despite similar clinicopathologic characteristics which are attributed to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). (researchsquare.com)
The aim of this review was to evaluate the impact of SNPs on toxicity and response to therapy in HNSCCs. (researchsquare.com)
By examining the SNPs, it is possible to make predictions about the patient's response to treatment or development of toxicity after treatment, and if necessary, make changes in the patient's treatment regimen. (researchsquare.com)
So, the aim of this review was to investigate the effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on response rate and toxicity in HNSCCs. (researchsquare.com)

who are latently infected with an on- Certain pharmaceutical drugs, Immunosuppression as a medi- cogenic virus are at greatly increased ionizing and ultraviolet radiation, cal therapy is used to treat autoim- risk for developing virus-related or infection with certain viruses mune diseases such as lupus ery- cancers when they become immu- and parasites can cause immu- thematosus or rheumatoid arthritis. (who.int)

Individual genetic variations lead to different responses of patients to a single treatment regimen. (researchsquare.com)

Lim said this leeway "could make applications of this therapy in patients possible. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
But the idea that this combination treatment was successful at generating immunological memory really suggests that we could do this in patients and generate some long-term responses. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
In an era of personalized medicine, there is an urgent need for better knowledge of the biology leading to the disease, which can lead to the design of increasingly accurate drugs against patients' specific molecular aberrations. (123dok.org)
This multi-institution phase II trial of induction irinotecan/gemcitabine followed by twice-weekly gemcitabine and upper abdominal radiation has been initiated to determine the activity of this regimen in patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer. (cancernetwork.com)
Following the induction therapy, patients without disease progression received twice-weekly gemcitabine at 40 mg/mÂ² and radiation. (cancernetwork.com)
Results of phase I and II clinical trials have demonstrated that single-agentirinotecan (7-ethyl-10-[4-(1-piperidino)-1-piperidino]carbonyloxycamptothecin[CPT-11, Camptosar]), a camptothecin analog, has activity in pancreatic cancer.In previously untreated patients with advanced pancreatic cancer, Sakata et alreported an 11% partial response rate (4 out of 35 patients) using irinotecan at100 mg/m²/wk or 150 mg/m² every other week. (cancernetwork.com)
13] Wagener et al observed threepartial responses among 32 patients (9%) with pancreatic cancer who receivedirinotecan at 350 mg/m² by 30-minute intravenous infusion every 3 weeks. (cancernetwork.com)
Patients were excluded if they had a diagnosis of leukemia, metastatic disease,or if they were receiving concurrent radiation therapy. (oncnursingnews.com)
The severe immune plants is that suppression of the patients in whom it has been used deficiency that is characteristic of immune response can allow occult as an antineoplastic agent ( IARC, AIDS results from a deficiency in tumours or metastatic tumour cel s 2012b ). (who.int)

Despite great advances in molecular understanding, identification of predictive factors and technological advances for patient's treatment and care, only a few drugs are currently approved for GBM and we are still far from reaching a cure ( 1 , 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
The goal of specific molecular targets in cancer therapy is to create a "magic bullet" that selectively kills cancer cells. (medscape.com)
Targeted molecular therapy can also act as a complement to other existing cancer therapies. (medscape.com)
Identifying molecular markers that are effective in responding to treatment is important in order to optimize therapies (Ansell et al. (researchsquare.com)

Such therapies are projected to augment the market share, thereby boosting the growth of the metastatic breast cancer market during the forecast period (2031). (kron4.com)

This will ultimately increase the demand for novel drugs to treat metastatic breast cancer, which is already in the fourth stage. (kron4.com)

Globally increasing awareness and development of new therapies and drugs is expected to drive the demand for the metastatic cancer industry through 2031. (kron4.com)

Besides this, hormone therapy is considered the most effective therapy as it helps to restrict the expansion of the cancer cell. (kron4.com)

Drug companies aim to produce drugs to treat chronic and complex diseases with a high safety margin. (nature.com)
Some biological therapies stimulate or suppress the immune system to help the body fight cancer, infection, and other diseases. (cancer101.org)

Atta-ur-Rahman , " Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - Anti-Cancer Agents ", Bentham Science Publishers (2021). (benthamscience.com)
This review presents the latest research progress in the use of EOs and monoterpenes as anticancer agents. (benthamscience.com)
suppression, often in concert with planted with maintenance of func- This drug has very marked immuno- other Group 1 agents, especial y tion that may continue for a normal suppressive properties. (who.int)
The lifetime when appropriate levels of its application in anticancer chemo- Group 1 agents that act by immuno- immunosuppression are maintained. (who.int)

[ 1 ] Early stage head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is treated relatively well with single-modality therapy (either surgery or radiation alone). (medscape.com)

Monoterpenes are one of the main chemical constituents of EOs that have appeared in a large number of studies, and their anticancer efficacy has been documented between 2015-2020. (benthamscience.com)
However, studies involving targeted therapy have gradually produced cumulative data on the subject. (dovepress.com)
In previous studies, secondary metabolites of B. subtilis strain Z15 (BS-Z15) were found to be highly effective as a broad-spectrum antibacterial in vitro and could act as an elicitor to regulate systemic resistance in plants by inducing the immune response of plants [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

10-12] Despite these limited benefits, many consider external beamradiation and concurrent 5-FU as the standard therapy for locally advancedpancreatic cancer. (cancernetwork.com)

This leads to very poor and unchanged prognosis despite drug delivery advances. (frontiersin.org)

The researchers say they were also encouraged to see that the triple therapy created "immune memory" in mice that were long-term survivors. (hopkinsmedicine.org)

Immunogen: Antibody produced in rabbits immunized with a synthetic peptide corresponding a region of human CD36. (m-entrepreneurship.com)

Other biological therapies attack specific cancer cells, which may help keep them from growing or kill them. (cancer101.org)

Novo SM, Wedge SR, Stark LA. Ex vivo treatment of patient biopsies as a novel method to assess colorectal tumour response to the MEK1/2 inhibitor, Selumetinib . (ncl.ac.uk)
Many issues, including drug selection, identification of populations most likely to benefit, timing of administration of medication, and side effects of treatment require further investigation. (dovepress.com)
Because the experimental treatment regimens described in this and the previous blog entry draw on drugs already approved for cancer treatment or for other indications, clinical usage and experience seems to be increasing rapidly in the areas characterized. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)

Relating in vitro to in vivo exposures with physiologically based tissue dosimetry and tissue response models. (cdc.gov)

An antibody is a type of immunoglobulin, which is a protein that helps the body fight infection. (cancer101.org)

The development of new primary human cell culture technologies such as 3D culture, microfluidics and microfabrication in combination with human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derived models promise to generate more relevant human physiological systems for drug testing 11 . (nature.com)

Anatomy12

Organisms6

Diseases32

Chemicals and Drugs84

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment75

Phenomena and Processes46

Disciplines and Occupations6

Technology, Industry, Agriculture4

Information Science8

Health Care24

Chemotherapy16

Immunotherapy6

Monoclonal antibody2

Tumor21

Preclinical1

EGFR4

Antigens1

Tumors5

NSCLC3

Radiotherapy6

Glioblastoma1

Inhibitors2

Immunotherapies2

Therapeutic1

Oncology1

Median2

Tissues1

Gene3

Enzymes1

Brachytherapy2

Pathways5

Treatments2

Toxicity5

Cancers1

Different responses1

Patients9

Molecular4

Augment1

Breast Cancer1

Metastatic1

Hormone therapy1

Diseases2

Agents4

Carcinoma1

Studies3

Concurrent1

Prognosis1

Mice1

Synthetic1

Cancer cells1

Treatment3

Tissue1

Infection1

Development of new1