Antibiotic pharmacokinetics. Medical search. Frequent questions

Patients with sepsis have a high mortality rate, accumulated evidences suggest that an optimal antibiotic administration strategy based on pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) can improve the prognosis of septic patients. (biomedcentral.com)
Animal model pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: a critical review. (cdc.gov)
Factors to be considered in the selection of antibiotics for cholecystitis are targeted organisms and the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drugs. (medscape.com)
Areas covered: This review provides a detailed summary of the overall pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, and safety of tedizolid for the treatment of ABSSSI. (wustl.edu)
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the nitroimidazole antimicrobials. (who.int)
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of chlorpyrifos and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol in rat saliva after chlorpyrifos administration. (cdc.gov)

As a class, beta-lactam antibiotics are a mainstay of therapy and are recommended for nearly all infection types in clinical practice guidelines 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , and 6 , often as first-line agents. (mhmedical.com)
Drug combination treats bacteria resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics. (medscape.com)

Technically, "antibiotic" refers only to antimicrobials derived from bacteria or molds but is often (including. (msdmanuals.com)
Irrigation workers' exposures to antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antimicrobials. (cdc.gov)

Quinupristin-dalfopristin, the first formulation of a distinct class of antibiotics known as the streptogramins, has activity against a range of gram-positive bacteria that are usually resistant to other agents, including vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium . (aafp.org)
An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
However, the effectiveness and easy access to antibiotics have also led to their overuse and some bacteria have evolved resistance to them. (wikipedia.org)
In current usage, the term "antibiotic" is applied to any medication that kills bacteria or inhibits their growth, regardless of whether that medication is produced by a microorganism or not. (wikipedia.org)
Antibiotics fail to prevent abscess formation secondary to bacteria trapped in fibrin clots. (bmj.com)
Following the initial remarkable success of antibiotics, the emergence and spread of human pathogenic bacteria resistant to antibiotics has become a major phenomenon in the past fifty years. (europa.eu)
The work package focusing on molecular studies generated new evidence about the changes effected by antibiotic therapy on commensal organisms or opportunistic pathogens in the oropharyngeal, nasal and gastro-intestinal flora and study AMR mechanisms and the dissemination of successful clones of fluoroquinolone-resistant, carbapenem-resistant or extended-spectrum beta-lactamase harboring Gram-negative bacteria, MRSA and fluoroquinolone-resistant viridans streptococci. (europa.eu)
The emergence and spread of human pathogenic bacteria resistant to antibiotics has become a major problem in the past fifty years. (europa.eu)
Also, SATURN had as mission to improve methodological standards and conduct research to better understand the impact of antibiotic use on acquisition, selection and transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in different environments, by combining state-of-the-art analyses of molecular, ecologic and individual patient-level data. (europa.eu)
Background: Linezolid (LZD) is the first approved oxazolidinone antibiotic and has shown broad activity against gram-positive bacteria, including VRE and MRSA. (simulations-plus.com)

Ceftiofur sodium is an acceptable alternative antibiotic in the common green iguana. (vin.com)
However, these benefits must be weighed against the financial cost of tedizolid and the availability of alternative antibiotic choices. (wustl.edu)

Casebook in Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Drug Dosing Cohen H. Cohen H(Ed.), Ed. Henry Cohen. (mhmedical.com)
Objectives Inaccurate antibiotic dosing can lead to treatment failure, fuel antimicrobial resistance and increase side effects. (bmj.com)
The British National Formulary for Children (BNFC) guidance recommends oral antibiotic dosing according to age bands as a proxy for weight. (bmj.com)
Strengths of this study are that this is the first study to evaluate this major change in children's antibiotic dosing guidance in Britain. (bmj.com)
These sophisticated simulations answer the critical question around the rate of target attainment for dosing regimens of the new antibiotic drug. (benthamscience.com)
Moreover, pharmacokinetics during ECLS significantly impact antibiotic therapy, necessitating therapeutic drug monitoring for precise dosing. (bvsalud.org)

In pediatric hematogenous osteomyelitis, oral antibiotics can often be sufficient for long-term therapy, provided sufficient surgical decompression is performed. (japmaonline.org)
Antibiotic therapy for hematogenous osteomyelitis should be pathogen-directed, based on the results of cultures from bone biopsy and/or blood cultures. (medscape.com)

The pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamic(PK/PD) theory of antibiotics plays an important role in guiding the rational application of clinical antibiotics. (biomedcentral.com)
Beginning in the mid 1980s, clinical trials and well-designed observational studies demonstrated that administering intravenous antibiotics during labor to women at risk for transmitting GBS to their newborns could prevent invasive disease in the first week of life (i.e., early-onset disease) ( 6--11 ). (cdc.gov)
Antibiotics are generally not recommended immediately following surgery, unless there is clinical and laboratory evidence of infection. (medscape.com)
The purpose of this study is to describe the pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur sodium (Naxcel, Pharmacia-Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI 93065 USA) in the common green iguana ( Iguana iguana ) using the two most common routes of clinical administration of antibiotics in this species. (vin.com)
The SATURN project had as aim to study the impact of antibiotic exposure on AMR with a multidisciplinary approach that bridges molecular, epidemiological, clinical and pharmacological research. (europa.eu)
These are between-patient variation in clinical pharmacokinetics and the gamut of MIC values that reflect the susceptibility of pathogens to the anti-microbial drug. (benthamscience.com)
In summary, combining invitro data, animal PK/PD, early clinical pharmacokinetics, and Monte Carlo simulations expedites decision making in antimicrobial drug development. (benthamscience.com)
While at Duke, she served as the clinical pharmacist for the Infectious Diseases Transplant Consult Service and Co-Chair of the Antibiotic Evaluation Team as well as a Clinical Assistant Professor of Pharmacy Practice at the Campbell University School of Pharmacy. (cdc.gov)

New therapeutic options are needed, including treatments for infections caused by antibiotic-resistant gram-positive organisms. (aafp.org)
1 Unfortunately, extensive use of antibiotics provides selective pressure for the emergence of resistant organisms, which, in turn, limits therapeutic options. (aafp.org)
Applied pharmacokinetics-principles of therapeutic drug monitoring. (cdc.gov)

These results suggested that antibiotic intake may reduce the biotransformation of orally administered drugs by gut microbiota and that the subsequent impact on microbiota metabolism could result in altered systemic concentrations of either the intact drug and/or its metabolite(s). (aspetjournals.org)

This class of antibiotics is an important addition to the options available for the treatment of severe infections caused by gram-positive organisms, including nosocomial pneumonia and infections related to the use of intravascular catheters. (aafp.org)
It is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections, and antibiotic medications are widely used in the treatment and prevention of such infections. (wikipedia.org)
Antibiotics are used to treat or prevent bacterial infections, and sometimes protozoan infections. (wikipedia.org)
An old antibiotic, fusidic acid, is receiving renewed attention in the United States for treatment of MRSA infections. (medscape.com)

Universal screening at 35--37 weeks' gestation for maternal GBS colonization and use of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis has resulted in substantial reductions in the burden of early-onset GBS disease among newborns. (cdc.gov)
Although early-onset GBS disease has become relatively uncommon in recent years, the rates of maternal GBS colonization (and therefore the risk for early-onset GBS disease in the absence of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis) remain unchanged since the 1970s. (cdc.gov)
There also is a need to monitor for potential adverse consequences of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (e.g., emergence of bacterial antimicrobial resistance or increased incidence or severity of non-GBS neonatal pathogens). (cdc.gov)
In the absence of a licensed GBS vaccine, universal screening and intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis continue to be the cornerstones of early-onset GBS disease prevention. (cdc.gov)
Timing of antibiotic prophylaxis in acute pancreatitis: a controlled randomized study with meropenem. (druglib.com)

The pharmacodynamic study modelled the relationships between antibiotic exposure and AMR emergence over time for various classes of agents. (europa.eu)

Three observational studies were conducted to rigorously study issues surrounding the effect of antibiotic use on AMR that are not easily assessable through randomised trials. (europa.eu)

Local antibiotic sensitivity patterns will guide clinicians regarding the efficacy and utility of clindamycin. (medscape.com)
It belongs to the nitroimidazoles family of prescribing trends by private clinicians in the Nablus antibiotics ( 2 ). (who.int)

The primary endpoints were safety and tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK) and antiviral activity in viremic HIV-infected adults not on ART. (nature.com)

The combination of quinupristin and dalfopristin is synergistic, and is generally bactericidal compared with either agent used alone or compared with similar antibiotics in the macrolide group. (aafp.org)
Bactericidal antibiotic that inhibits cell wall synthesis. (medscape.com)

The steady increase in resistant organisms is related to the widespread use of antibiotics in community and hospital settings. (aafp.org)

These supports often influence patients' PK, resulting in poor anti-infective efficacy and requiring antibiotic dose adjustment. (biomedcentral.com)

Comparison of meropenem with amikacin plus ceftazidime in the empirical treatment of febrile neutropenia: a prospective randomised multicentre trial in patients without previous prophylactic antibiotics. (druglib.com)
18. Brand M, Grieve A. Prophylactic antibiotics for penetrating abdominal trauma. (bmj.com)

Although tedizolid shares many similar properties with linezolid, another oxazolidinone used to treat ABSSSI, the two antibiotics have several key differences. (wustl.edu)

Identification is critically important as it can reduce the cost and toxicity of the antibiotic therapy and also reduce the possibility of the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. (wikipedia.org)
To gain a handle on the factors that are propelling the problem of AMR, molecular and patient-level investigations are necessary to better elucidate the time-varying and heterogeneous role of antibiotic selection pressure on emergence and selection of AMR. (europa.eu)
Many results drawn from previous studies of the effect of antibiotic use on emergence, selection and spread of AMR have lacked a holistic view combining all aspects into one study. (europa.eu)

Sometimes, the term antibiotic-literally "opposing life", from the Greek roots ἀντι anti, "against" and βίος bios, "life"-is broadly used to refer to any substance used against microbes, but in the usual medical usage, antibiotics (such as penicillin) are those produced naturally (by one microorganism fighting another), whereas non-antibiotic antibacterials (such as sulfonamides and antiseptics) are fully synthetic. (wikipedia.org)

However, there is an indication to continue antibiotics even after cholecystectomy in grade II and grade III acute cholecystitis. (medscape.com)

The streptogramins are macromolecular antibiotics produced by Streptomyces pristinaepiralis . (aafp.org)
Oligopeptide antibiotics from Streptomyces distallicus. (bvsalud.org)

drugs which inhibit growth of viruses are termed antiviral drugs or antivirals rather than antibiotics. (wikipedia.org)

Aims Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus after sublingual administration is not characterized in paediatric liver transplant patients. (unav.edu)

Enteric absorption and pharmacokinetics of oseltamivir in critically ill patients with pandemic (H1N1) influenza. (cdc.gov)

Jumbe N , Louie A , Leary R , Liu W , Deziel MR , Tam VH , Application of a mathematical model to prevent in vivo amplification of antibiotic-resistant bacterial populations during therapy. (cdc.gov)
Consequently, its in vivo pharmacokinetics are challenging to predict, leading to therapy failures or adverse events. (mdpi.com)

Parenteral therapy or administration of antibiotics with high oral bioavailability is preferred. (medscape.com)

Because the prudent use of antimicrobial therapy is an important part of wound care, a few sites that offer antibiotic information are described. (japmaonline.org)
For MRSA, a minimum of 6 weeks of antibiotic therapy is recommended. (medscape.com)
all fields]) AND (treatment[MeSH] OR antibiotic[MeSH] OR therapy) generated >2,200 abstracts. (cdc.gov)

The plasma concentration-time profiles of M8 were compared after oral administration of lovastatin to control rats or those treated with either ampicillin (100 mg/kg) or an antibiotic mixture consisting of cefadroxil (150 mg/kg), oxytetracycline (300 mg/kg), and erythromycin (300 mg/kg). (aspetjournals.org)
In addition, fecal M8 formation decreased by 58.3 and 59.9% in the ampicillin- and antibiotic mixture-treated rats, respectively. (aspetjournals.org)

Antibacterials" include antiseptic drugs, antibacterial soaps, and chemical disinfectants, whereas antibiotics are an important class of antibacterials used more specifically in medicine and sometimes in livestock feed. (wikipedia.org)

There are numerous factors caused by infection that change the antibiotic PK, such as capillary leakage, fluid resuscitation, the use of vasoactive drugs, tissue oedema, and changes in plasma protein binding rates [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Thus, the main global objectives of SATURN were to study the impact of antibiotic exposure on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and to define strategies to improve knowledge on antibiotic selection pressure and judicious antibiotic use. (europa.eu)

High exposure to VPA can lead to carnitine depletion causing a misbalance between the intra-mitochondrial beta-oxidation and the microsomal co-oxidation, a pathway that produces toxic metabolites such as 4-en-VPA which inhibits ammonia elimination. (unav.edu)

Treatment of osteomyelitis in conjunction with an infected orthopedic device is complicated and often necessitates surgical resection of the device or a very prolonged course of medication if the device is retained (and sometimes lifelong antibiotic suppression if further surgical manipulation can result in significant morbidity and loss of function). (medscape.com)

Pharmacokinetic analyses indicated that systemic exposure to M8 was significantly lower in antibiotic-treated rats compared with controls. (aspetjournals.org)

This article reports on an infant who was treated for suspected osteomyelitis involving his right fifth toe that did not improve with standard surgical, medical, and antibiotic treatments. (japmaonline.org)

Over the past generation, advents in topical antibiotics and oral analgesia have obscured butamen and its family of topical anesthetics. (japmaonline.org)

Accordingly, coadministration of drugs affecting the metabolic activities of gut microbes (e.g., antibiotics) may lead to drug-drug interactions (DDI). (aspetjournals.org)

In the present study, pharmacokinetics of CIP following IN and IV administration to rats was investigated and compared. (researchgate.net)
In this study, gut microbiota-mediated DDI were investigated by studying the pharmacokinetics of lovastatin in antibiotic-treated rats. (aspetjournals.org)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to explore potential drug-drug/food interactions of ciprofloxacin and grapefruit juice, known hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 inhibitors, on single-dose oral pharmacokinetics of riluzole, a substrate of CYP 1A2 enzymes. (researchgate.net)
A loading dose may be used to rapidly achieve steady-state pharmacokinetics. (emcrit.org)
An open-label, single-dose, randomized, crossover study was carried out in 20 Chinese healthy male subjects to compare the pharmacokinetics of 2 cefaclor (CAS 53994-73-3) formulations after administration of a single 250 mg dose of each drug with a 1-week wash-out period. (thieme-connect.de)

1-3 The majority of antibiotic prescriptions are unnecessary given that most infectious illnesses are viral or have a low risk-to-benefit ratio, 4 5 but when they are required it is important they are dosed appropriately. (bmj.com)

Evaluation by monte carlo simulation of the pharmacokinetics of two doses of meropenem administered intermittently or as a continuous infusion in healthy volunteers. (druglib.com)
Pharmacokinetics of meropenem 0.5 and 2 g every 8 hours as a 3-hour infusion. (druglib.com)

The local antibiogram, as well as the patient's history of antimicrobial usage, renal and hepatic function, history of allergies and other adverse events are also important factors that affect response to antibiotics. (medscape.com)

16 azithromycin prescriptions out of a total of 172 valuable insights into antibiotic prescription dispensing antimicrobial prescriptions. (who.int)

40 min via the s.c. route, demonstrating that this antibiotic is rapidly absorbed via the two routes investigated. (vin.com)

This involves the administration of a broad-spectrum antibiotic based on the signs and symptoms presented and is initiated pending laboratory results that can take several days. (wikipedia.org)
Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) after a single oral administration. (uib.no)

Lipoglycopeptide antibiotic that is a synthetic derivative of vancomycin. (medscape.com)

Primary outcome measure Assuming children of different weights were equally likely to receive antibiotics, we calculated the percentage of the children who would be at risk of misdosing by the BNFC age bands. (bmj.com)

A limited number of antibiotics also possess antiprotozoal activity. (wikipedia.org)

Over a third of British children receive an antibiotic each year, and more than half of these are oral penicillins, most frequently for otitis media, symptoms of sore throat and cough. (bmj.com)

In summary, the overarching rationale of SATURN was to improve methodological standards and conduct research that will help to better understand the impact of antibiotic use on acquisition, selection and transmission of AMR in different environments, by combining analyses of molecular, individual patient-level and ecologic data. (europa.eu)

Antibiotic uptake by cultured Atlantic cod leucocytes and effect on intracellular Francisella noatunensis subsp. (uib.no)

Testing the susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus to antibiotics by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method - antibiotics diffuse from antibiotic-containing disks and inhibit growth of S. aureus , resulting in a zone of inhibition. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy5

Organisms18

Diseases20

Chemicals and Drugs131

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment42

Phenomena and Processes32

Disciplines and Occupations5

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science1

Named Groups2

Health Care10

Pharmacodynamics6

Beta-lactam anti2

Antimicrobials2

Bacteria10

Alternative antibiotic2

Dosing6

Hematogenous osteomyelitis2

Clinical8

Therapeutic3

Metabolism1

Infections4

Prophylaxis5

Pharmacodynamic1

Observational studies1

Clinicians2

Tolerability1

Bactericidal2

Organisms1

Efficacy1

Prophylactic2

Linezolid1

Emergence3

Penicillin1

Acute1

Streptomyces2

Antiviral1

Tacrolimus1

Critically ill1

Vivo2

Parenteral1

Therapy3

Ampicillin2

Antibacterials1

Infection1

Antimicrobial resistance1

Inhibits1

Medication1

Significantly1

Treatments1

Topical1

Microbes1

Rats2

Dose3

Unnecessary1

INFUSION2

Adverse1

Prescriptions1

Rapidly1

Administration2

Synthetic1

Percentage1

Activity1

Oral1

Summary1

Effect1

Testing1