Anthropogenic sulphate aerosols. Medical search. Frequent questions

The spatiotemporal variability of natural and anthropogenic SO2 emissions, and hence of global sulfate aerosol abundance, is poorly constrained, impacting the accuracy of climate models. (mtu.edu)
A 20% global reduction in anthropogenic SO2 emissions leads to a net Arctic TOA forcing increase of +0.019 W m 2. (nasa.gov)
Even though volcanic SO 2 emissions represent 15 % of the total annual sulfur emissions, the volcanic contribution to the tropospheric sulfate aerosol burden is 25 %, which is due to the higher altitude of emissions from volcanoes. (copernicus.org)
Ozone (O3) precursor emissions influence regional and global climate and air quality through changes in tropospheric O3 and oxidants, which also influence methane (CH4) and sulfate aerosols (SO2À). (nasa.gov)
Short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs) like methane, ozone and aerosols have a shorter atmospheric lifetime than CO 2 and are often assumed to have a short-term effect on the climate system: should their emissions cease, so would their radiative forcing (RF). (nature.com)
In contrast, aerosol properties did not depend strongly on air mass origins or wind direction, implying that the observed aerosol and CCN are from local emissions. (authorea.com)
Examining the sensitivity of CCN properties under relatively clean conditions over India provides important new constraints on the perturbations of past and future climate forcing by anthropogenic emissions. (authorea.com)
Aerosols are tiny solid and liquid particles suspended in the air, and they come from many natural sources, including volcano emissions, sand and dust storms, and salt from sea spray. (nasa.gov)
Aerosols can be natural or anthropogenic (the result of human activities), and include substances such as mineral dust (blown from deserts or bare soil by the wind), smoke (from wildfires as well as intentional burning), ash and sulphate from volcanic eruptions and degassing, sea spray, haze from industrial activities or vegetation emissions, and more. (databasefootball.com)

An aerosol is a collection of particles suspended in a gas . (academickids.com)
This can be attributed to the presence of the ash particles in the troposphere, which scatter sunlight differently than the fine ash and sulfate aerosols typically found in higher regions of the atmosphere. (atoptics.co.uk)
The spatial distribution of the aerosol particles was derived from a 3-D atmospheric transport simulation. (jussieu.fr)
Measurements of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity and other chemical properties of atmospheric aerosols showed that newly formed aerosol particles were produced in the SO2 plume from a large coal-fired power plant, contrary to normal conditions of heavy pollution. (authorea.com)
The sulfate-rich particles had high CCN activity and number concentration, indicating high cloud-forming potential. (authorea.com)
Both the direct scattering of shortwavelength solar radiation and the modification of the shortwave reflective properties of clouds by sulfate aerosol particles increase planetary albedo, thereby exerting a cooling influence on the planet. (scienceopen.com)
New research released this fall shows that the amount, size, and source of the aerosol particles hovering in the air over India changes by season. (nasa.gov)
The top image shows aerosol optical depth, a measure of the amount of light that the aerosols scatter and absorb in the atmosphere, and a proxy for how many particles are in the air. (nasa.gov)
The lower map shows the likely source-natural or human-made (anthropogenic)-based on the size of the particles and other factors. (nasa.gov)
Nearly 90 percent of all aerosols (by mass) arise naturally, and most tend to be relatively large particles. (nasa.gov)
Aerosols are small (sub-micron to several microns) suspended particles in the solid or liquid phase in the atmosphere. (sepehr.org)
Chapter 1 Aerosols Tiny suspended solid particles ( dust , smoke , etc.) or liquid droplets that enter the atmosphere from either natural or human (anthropogenic) sources, such as the burning of fossil fuels. (docslib.org)
A proper representation of the size distribution when modelling mineral aerosols is required since dust optical properties are very sensitive to the presence of small particles. (jussieu.fr)
While the word 'aerosol' conjures up images of spray cans, to atmospheric scientists the term refers to something different: small particles suspended in the atmosphere, often many times smaller than the width of a human hair. (databasefootball.com)
The atmospheric ultrafine particles were classified as agglomerates, sulfate mixtures (spherical), metallic oxides (spherical and polygonal), C-rich refractory (not agglomerated), C-rich non-refractory (not agglomerated), Si-rich (spherical), Na-rich (porous), or P-containing (non-spherical) particles. (cdc.gov)

Calculations of the effects of both natural and anthropogenic tropospheric sulfate aerosols indicate that the aerosol climate forcing is sufficiently large in a number of regions of the Northern Hemisphere to reduce significantly the positive forcing from increased greenhouse gases. (scienceopen.com)

It includes modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use. (yonature.com)

There, because this is well above the clouds and rain of the troposphere, the sulphates can hang around for a long time (a few years) while sulphates in the lower atmosphere get quickly washed out and don't generally have a long term impact (but there can be exceptions - see below). (realclimate.org)
My main focus is SO2, a precursor of sulfate aerosol, which plays an important role in the atmosphere through negative climate forcing and impacts on cloud microphysics. (mtu.edu)
The mean RFari of anthropogenic sulfate offsets one third of the positive top of the atmosphere (TOA) RFari from black carbon. (nasa.gov)
Averaged over the globe, anthropogenic aerosols-those made by human activities-currently account for about 10 percent of the total amount of aerosols in our atmosphere. (academickids.com)
Aerosols, natural and anthropogenic, can affect the climate by changing the way radiation is transmitted through the atmosphere. (academickids.com)
Additionally, sulphur dioxide can combine with water vapour in the atmosphere to form sulphate aerosols. (yonature.com)
This volcano ejected some 60 Tg of sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere which converted into sulphate aerosol. (yonature.com)
Despite its simplicity, ChAP may be successfully used to simulate anthropogenic sulfur pollution in the atmosphere at coarse spatial scales and timescales. (copernicus.org)
The total U.S. annual anthropogenic release of silver to the atmosphere from production processes and consumptive uses in 1978 was estimated at 77,700 kg (Scow et al. (cdc.gov)
Algorithms have been developed using a variety of satellite instruments to use these measurements to quantify the amount and sometimes the type of aerosols in the atmosphere. (databasefootball.com)

To calculate the human influence on climate, three forcings were considered: ozone, sulfate aerosols and man-made greenhouse gases. (skepticalscience.com)
When all anthropogenic forcings are combined, they show little temperature response from 1880 to to the 1960s. (skepticalscience.com)
Figure 2: Climate model results from anthropogenic forcings compared to observations (black line). (skepticalscience.com)
When natural and anthropogenic forcings are combined, they show close correspondance with global temperature. (skepticalscience.com)
The next oddity was that the sum of the radiative forcings for "LLGHG+Ozone+Aerosols+LandUse" is positive, about 1.4 W m-2. (wattsupwiththat.com)
It seems they are saying the aerosols make little difference to the TOA forcings but a large difference to the surface forcings … which seems possible, but if so, why would "Land Use" not show the same discrepancy between surface and TOA forcing? (wattsupwiththat.com)
We study here the sensitivity of these mineral forcings to different treatments of the aerosol complex refractive index and size distribution. (jussieu.fr)

My current research focus is the application of remote sensing data to studies of volcanic degassing, volcanic eruption clouds, and anthropogenic pollution. (mtu.edu)
During this period, CO2 warming was overtaken by an increase in human particulates and aerosol pollution. (issuecounsel.com)
But, as pollution regulations and technology improved, sulphate aerosol concentrations decreased, human-C02's warming effect re-emerged, and global warming continued apace. (issuecounsel.com)
Our findings re-emphasize that high aerosol mass resulting from intense pollution is vital in modulating aerosol-climate interaction under favorable meteorological conditions. (authorea.com)
In recent years, scientists have detected very high levels of aerosol pollution in the air over India. (nasa.gov)
Researchers Sagnik Dey and Larry Di Girolamo of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign assembled and analyzed nine years worth of measurements and found that the level of aerosol pollution was, depending on the season and location, two to five times higher than World Health Organization guidelines. (nasa.gov)

Aerosol Liquid Water Content (ALWC), a ubiquitous component of atmospheric aerosols, contributes to total aerosol mass burden, modulating atmospheric chemistry through aerosol surface reactions and reducing atmospheric visibility. (authorea.com)

An evaluation against the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) SO 2 total column and MODIS (Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) aerosol optical depth (AOD) observations shows the improvements of the model results with the updated inventory. (copernicus.org)
Production of total inorganic nitrate (gas-phase nitric acid and aerosol nitrate) in the model is computed from the ozone-NOx-hydrocarbon chemical mechanism. (harvard.edu)

This perturbation is comparable in magnitude to current anthropogenic greenhouse gas forcing but opposite in sign. (scienceopen.com)

Seasonal variations of the contribution to Arctic sulfate burden from remote sources are strongly influenced by meteorology. (nasa.gov)
They now plan to apply their new algorithms to the full AVHRR records and merge them with MODIS and other advanced sensor records, more than doubling the available length of Deep Blue data sets and improving our understanding of how and where the Earth's aerosol burden has been changing. (databasefootball.com)

Some aerosols occur naturally, originating from volcanoes , dust storms , forest and grassland fires, living vegetation, and sea spray. (academickids.com)
The rains of the monsoon tend to wash dust and soot from the air, though some anthropogenic pollutants build up. (nasa.gov)
The assessment of the climatic effects of an aerosol with a large variability like mineral dust requires some approximations whose validity is investigated in this paper. (jussieu.fr)

Sulfate RFari efficiency calculations suggest that source regions with short transport pathways and meteorology favoring longer lifetimes are more efficient in influencing the Arctic sulfate RFari. (nasa.gov)

Planetary boundary layer height modulates aerosol - water vapour interactions during. (authorea.com)
To date, measurements of aerosol-water vapour interactions, especially cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity, are limited in the Indian sub-continent, causing large uncertainties in the radiative forcing estimates of aerosol-cloud interactions. (authorea.com)

In each case, the eruption was so strong that significant amounts of sulphur dioxide (which gets converted to sulphate aerosols) were carried up into the stratosphere (12 to 15 km above the ground). (realclimate.org)

Santer's research focuses on topics such as climate model evaluation, statistical methods in climate science, and identification of natural and anthropogenic "fingerprints" in observed climate records. (llnl.gov)
We view the first five as anthropogenic and the last four as natural. (harvard.edu)
Human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels and the alteration of natural surface cover, also generate aerosols. (academickids.com)
The main origins of aerosols are natural and anthropogenic. (sepehr.org)
Its natural variability (linked to mineralogical characteristics) lead to variations of up to 40% in aerosol forcing calculations. (jussieu.fr)

Aqueous-phase oxidation of SO2 by O3 and H2O2 in clouds to form sulfate is included using kinetic data from Jacob [1986] and assuming a pH of 4.5 for the oxidation by O3. (harvard.edu)
The objective of the Ice in Clouds - Tropical (ICE-T) experiment is to show that under given conditions, direct ice nucleation measurement(s), or other specific measurable characteristics of the aerosol, can be used to predict the number of ice. (ucar.edu)
A second is the presence of clouds, which must be distinguished from aerosols, and block the view of aerosols and the surface below them. (databasefootball.com)

Prognostic schemes exhibit a larger variability than the diagnostic ones, due to a coupling between aerosol activation and drizzle scavenging in the calculation of N. When SCMs are initialized at a fine vertical resolution with locally observed vertical profiles of liquid water, predicted optical properties are comparable to observations. (jussieu.fr)

Source attribution of Arctic sulfate and its radiative forcing due to aerosol-radiation interactions (RFari) for 2010-2014 are quantified in this study using the Community Earth System Model equipped with an explicit sulfur source-tagging technique. (nasa.gov)
The gas-phase sulfur oxidation chemistry in the model includes DMS oxidation by OH to form SO2 and MSA, DMS oxidation by nitrate radicals (NO3) to form SO2, and SO2 oxidation by OH to form sulfate. (harvard.edu)
A stationary, computationally efficient scheme, ChAP 1.0 (Chemical and Aerosol Processes, version 1.0), is developed for the sulfur cycle in the troposphere. (copernicus.org)
Aerosol effects must be taken into account in evaluating anthropogenic influences on past, current, and projected future climate and in formulating policy regarding controls on emission of greenhouse gases and sulfur dioxide. (scienceopen.com)
Sulfur-containing fossil fuels, such as coal , produce sulfate aerosols. (docslib.org)

With a radiative transfer model that includes greenhouse gases and the aerosol direct effect, we find that regional NOx reductions produce global, annually averaged positive net RFs (0.2 Æ 0.6 to 1.7 Æ 2 mWm-2/Tg N yr-1), with some variation among models. (nasa.gov)
First, SCMs are configured with the same fine vertical resolution as the ACE-2 in situ data base to evaluate the numerical schemes for prediction of aerosol activation, radiative transfer and precipitation formation. (jussieu.fr)

The model roughly reproduces the seasonal pattern of sulfate but has biases in simulating the magnitude of near-surface concentrations and vertical distribution. (nasa.gov)

His early research on the climatic effects of combined changes in greenhouse gases and sulfate aerosols contributed to the historic "discernible human influence" conclusion of the 1995 report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (llnl.gov)

Summer sulfate aerosol forcing in the Northern Hemisphere completely offsets the greenhouse forcing over the eastern United States and central Europe. (scienceopen.com)

Although long considered to be of marginal importance to global climate change, tropospheric aerosol contributes substantially to radiative forcing, and anthropogenic sulfate aerosol in particular has imposed a major perturbation to this forcing. (scienceopen.com)

Six different SCMs were used to simulate ACE-2 case studies of clean and polluted cloudy boundary layers, with the objective being to identify limitations of the aerosol/cloud/radiation interaction schemes within the range of uncertainty in in situ, reanalysis and satellite retrieved data. (jussieu.fr)

The crucial factor was that the eruption was almost continuous for over 8 months which lead to significantly elevated sulphate concentrations for that whole time over much of the Atlantic and European regions, even though stratospheric concentrations were likely not particularly exceptional. (realclimate.org)

The principle impact is a couple of years of cooling (since sulphates are reflective), but related changes in dynamics can cause 'winter warming' in Europe, and there are hints in the paleo-record of an impact on El Nino events - the probability of one may double after a big tropical eruption ( Adams et al, 2003 ). (realclimate.org)

Among these parameters, the aerosol complex refractive index has been identified as a critical parameter given the paucity and the incertitude associated with it. (jussieu.fr)

The rest of the aerosol load in the air comes from man: sulfates, black and brown carbon, and other pollutants associated with the burning of fossil fuels and of agricultural land. (nasa.gov)

David Keith of Harvard University to test sulphate aerosols and the 'Silver Lining Project' in California to test cloud whitening). (etcgroup.org)
The indirect effect (via the aerosol acting as cloud condensation nuclei, CCN , and thereby modifying the cloud properties) is more uncertain but is believed to be a cooling. (academickids.com)
Rapid growth and high cloud forming potential of anthropogenic sulfate aerosol during. (authorea.com)
Because most sensitive regime of aerosol climate forcing on cloud development is the midpoint of relatively clean conditions afforded by the Covid lockdown between background and polluted conditions. (authorea.com)

The differences in the actinic flux between results from the 3-D and the l-1-D simulations are considerable, ranging from -40\% to more than +200\%, depending on the wavelength, solar zenith angle, and the absorbing properties of the aerosol. (jussieu.fr)

All IPCC climate models incorporate theory which predicts that "anthropogenic" (human-caused) global warming will be evident in an "amplification" of a surface warming trend that is revealed as an atmospheric "hot spot" in the tropical troposphere. (fcpp.org)

CDR) could make reversing a large fraction of anthropogenic climate change possible and that SRM methods - "if realizable" - could offset a global temperature rise. (etcgroup.org)
Modern climate models attempting to deal with the attribution of recent climate change need to include sulphate forcing, which appears to account (at least partly) for the slight drop in global temperature in the middle of the 20th century. (academickids.com)
Anthropogenic climate change information tends to be interpreted against the backdrop of initial environmental beliefs, which can lead to some people being resistant toward the information. (nationalaffairs.com)
In this article (N = 88), we examined whether self-affirmation via reflection on personally important values could attenuate the impact of initial beliefs on the acceptance of anthropogenic climate change evidence. (nationalaffairs.com)

100 m) indicated the influence of the PBL on aerosol aging processes. (authorea.com)
Resolution of such policy issues requires integrated research on the magnitude and geographical distribution of aerosol climate forcing and on the controlling chemical and physical processes. (scienceopen.com)

This can happen equally well in the mid and high latitudes, but the key factor in tropical eruptions is that the circulation of the stratosphere (rising in the tropics, subsidence in the high latitudes) favors the worldwide dispersion of tropical sulphates, but pushes high-latitude sulphates right back down again. (realclimate.org)

Complex interplay between organic and secondary inorganic aerosols with ambient relat. (authorea.com)

Further analysis coupling WRF-Chem simulation with ISORROPIA2.1 revealed significant spatial heterogeneity in ALWC over India, strongly associating with regions of high aerosol loading and RH. (authorea.com)

I am releasing version 1.0 of my Skeptical Layman's Guide to Anthropogenic Global Warming . (coyoteblog.com)
The purpose of this paper is to provide a layman's critique of the Anthropogenic Global Warming (AGW) theory, and in particular to challenge the fairly widespread notion that the science and projected consequences of AGW currently justify massive spending and government intervention into the world's economies. (coyoteblog.com)
Direct observations of the effects of aerosols are quite limited so any attempt to estimate their global effect necessarily involves the use of computer models. (academickids.com)
Why would the earth cool during this period if anthropogenic global warming were occurring? (issuecounsel.com)
Thus, the aerosol forcing has likely offset global greenhouse warming to a substantial degree. (scienceopen.com)

Satellite data show that aerosol levels have dropped significantly since the COVID-19 lockdown began. (nasa.gov)

Sulphate aerosol has two main effects, direct and indirect. (academickids.com)
Liu H N , Zhang L. The climate effects of anthropogenic aerosols of different emission in China. (nju.edu.cn)

For the spraying device, see aerosol spray . (academickids.com)

Based on Arctic climate sensitivity factors, about 0.19 K of the Arctic surface temperature cooling is attributed to anthropogenic sulfate, with 0.05 K of that from sources in East Asia, relative to preindustrial conditions. (nasa.gov)

Aerosols produced by human activity tend to be smaller and more damaging to human lungs. (nasa.gov)

However, the complex dependency of ALWC on aerosol chemistry and relative humidity (RH) in the Indian region remains poorly characterized. (authorea.com)

Here, we combine available measurements of aerosol chemical composition with thermodynamic model ISORROPIA2.1 to reveal a comprehensive picture of ALWC in fine mode aerosols during the winter season in the Indian region. (authorea.com)

Sulfate aerosols have a cooling effect, growing stronger after around 1950. (skepticalscience.com)
The fac-tors modulating ALWC are primarily dependent on the RH, such that the effect of aerosol dry mass and hygroscopicity are significant at high RH while the effect of hygroscopicity loses its significance as RH is lowered. (authorea.com)
Sun, K., H. N. Liu , X. Y. Wang, Z. Peng , and Z. Xiong, 2017: The Aerosol Radiative Effect on a Severe Haze Episode in the Yangtze River Delta. (nju.edu.cn)

These had not been used widely for aerosol monitoring over land before, mainly because they lack measurements at several of the main wavelengths used for monitoring aerosols over land and their digitization (for the earlier members of the series) meant that the data could be noisy. (databasefootball.com)

To understand how aerosols have changed, it is desirable to have a much longer time series, particularly for developing countries which often saw large industrialization and growth during the late 20th century. (databasefootball.com)

High levels of aerosols near ground level cause poor air quality - particularly prominent in the news these days in megacities such as Beijing and New Delhi, but by no means restricted to them - which can cause health problems in humans (as well as other animals, and damage to plants). (databasefootball.com)

The analysis includes PBL modelling, backward trajectories, and fire spots to elucidate the influence of PBL and air mass origins on the aerosols. (authorea.com)

The aerosol properties depended strongly on the PBL height, and a simple power-law fit could parameterize the observed correlations of PM1 mass, aerosol particle number, and CCN number with PBL height, indicating PBL induced changes in aerosol accumulation. (authorea.com)

Anatomy14

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Chemicals and Drugs121

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment45

Phenomena and Processes32

Disciplines and Occupations7

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture13

Information Science5

Health Care20

Emissions9

Particles15

Tropospheric sulfate1

Volcanic eruptions1

Atmosphere10

Forcings7

Pollution6

Atmospheric aerosols1

Ozone2

Greenhouse gas1

Burden2

Dust3

Meteorology1

Water vapour2

Sulphur dioxide1

Natural5

Clouds3

Variability1

Sulfur5

Radiative transfer2

Biases1

Climatic effects1

Offsets1

Contributes1

Radiation1

Concentrations1

Related changes1

Refractive1

Fossil fuels1

Cloud4

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IPCC1

Climate change4

Processes2

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Inorganic1

India1

Global5

Significantly1

Effects2

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Human1

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Effect3

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Properties1