AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation Science
Pituitary Gland, AnteriorPituitary GlandPituitary Hormones, AnteriorPituitary NeoplasmsTranscription FactorsProlactinGrowth HormonePituitary HormonesTranscription, GeneticLuteinizing HormoneMedian EminenceSomatotrophsPituitary DiseasesGonadotropins, PituitaryTranscription Factor Pit-1Adrenocorticotropic HormoneGonadotropin-Releasing HormoneReceptors, LHRHRNA, MessengerLactotrophsPituitary Gland, PosteriorFollicle Stimulating HormoneGonadotrophsThyrotropin-Releasing HormoneMolecular Sequence DataS100 Calcium Binding Protein beta SubunitBase SequenceHypothalamusPromoter Regions, GeneticFollicle Stimulating Hormone, beta SubunitDNA-Binding ProteinsGene Expression RegulationRats, TransgenicThyrotropinGrowth Hormone-Releasing HormoneAdenomaSp1 Transcription FactorHypopituitarismOvariectomyCastrationCells, CulturedHypothalamo-Hypophyseal SystemEstradiolS100 ProteinsBinding SitesPituitary Function TestsSalivary GlandsCell LineImmunohistochemistryPro-OpiomelanocortinTranscriptional ActivationRats, Inbred StrainsAmino Acid SequencePituitary ApoplexyReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionPituitary Gland, IntermediateTrans-ActivatorsHomeodomain ProteinsGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalRadioimmunoassaySheepProtein BindingSignal TransductionCorticotrophsBasic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription FactorsNuclear ProteinsTranscription Factor AP-1DNARats, WistarRepressor ProteinsEstrous CycleMammary Glands, AnimalMutationForkhead Transcription FactorsProlactinomaEstrogensCell DifferentiationTransfectionGene ExpressionCell NucleusCorticotropin-Releasing HormoneBasic-Leucine Zipper Transcription FactorsExocrine GlandsRats, Sprague-DawleyHypophysectomyCattleIn Situ HybridizationTranscription Factor AP-2Adrenal GlandsSubmandibular GlandPaired Box Transcription FactorsCloning, MolecularOrgan SizePituitary Hormone-Releasing HormonesTestosteroneGenes, ReporterPituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating PolypeptideKruppel-Like Transcription FactorsTranscription Factors, TFIISella Turcica
HypothalamusLuteinizing hormoneHormonesStalkSecretionPROLACTINThyroid-stimulaHypopituitarismDevelops from Rathke's pouchOxytocinDeficienciesMutationsPineal glandEctopicSella turcicaHormone deficiencyHypoplasiaInfarctionAdenomasGeneConsistsAdenohypophysisDeficiencyAxisAdrenal GlandsPhysiologyLymphocytic hypophysitisAbnormalitiesTumoursLHX3Oral ectodermMaster glandGenes that encodePROTEINSEndocrine OrgansDevelopmentalStimulatesRathke'sGeneticClinicalHomeostasisAxonsSubarachnoidGrowthSecretory
Hypothalamus29
Luteinizing hormone3
Hormones28
  • The pituitary gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism, fertility, growth, and the stress response. (umich.edu)
  • The anterior pituitary, an ectodermal structure that derives from the pharynx as the Rathke pouch, produces most of the gland's hormones. (medscape.com)
  • These regulatory hormones are transported to the anterior pituitary via the pituitary portal system circulation. (medscape.com)
  • PRL secretion is distinct from that of the other anterior pituitary hormones, being inhibited by hypothalamic dopamine. (medscape.com)
  • A negative feedback loop occurs such that the hormones produced in the target glands feed back to inhibit the release of their respective regulatory pituitary and hypothalamic factors. (medscape.com)
  • Patients typically present with headaches and signs and symptoms of deficiency of one or more pituitary hormones. (pediagenosis.com)
  • Head trauma that results in a skull base fracture may cause hypothalamic hormone deficiencies, resulting in deficient secretion of anterior and posterior pituitary hormones. (pediagenosis.com)
  • The anterior pituitary is responsible for the continuous production of several hormones, secreted by specialised cell populations. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • The gland consists of numerous cell types, which specialize in making and releasing specific hormones. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • Often referred to as the "master gland", the pituitary gland synthesizes and releases various hormones that affect several organs throughout the body (see the images below). (medscape.com)
  • Hormones secreted by adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary). (medscape.com)
  • Hormones secreted by neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary). (medscape.com)
  • The adenohypophysis constitutes roughly 80% of the pituitary and manufactures an array of peptide hormones. (medscape.com)
  • These hypothalamic cell bodies produce hormones that undergo axonal transport through the pituitary stalk and into terminal axons within the neurohypophysis. (medscape.com)
  • Less commonly, the posterior pituitary gland's hormones can be affected: vasopressin (AVP) (antidiuretic hormone [ADH]) and oxytocin ( 1 )[ A ]. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The posterior pituitary gland itself is not technically a gland as it does not produce the hormones that it secretes . (simplemed.co.uk)
  • When released, these hormones stimulate target endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary to release their hormones. (simplemed.co.uk)
  • Endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary secrete a variety of hormones into the bloodstream to act on distant target cells. (simplemed.co.uk)
  • Anterior pituitary hormones can also affect the cell it was released from and neighbouring cells (meaning the anterior pituitary also has autocrine and paracrine functions ). (simplemed.co.uk)
  • The pathways to produce hypothalamic and anterior pituitary hormones are often regulated by negative feedback , and many of these will be discussed in other articles in the endocrinology series. (simplemed.co.uk)
  • Anterior pituitary consists of five different cell types producing six hormones. (howmed.net)
  • Pituitary TSH regulates the secretion of the thyroid hormones T4 (thyroxine) and T3 (triiodothyronine). (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • Peptide hormones are polypeptide chains or proteins and include the pituitary hormones, antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin), and oxytocin. (openstax.org)
  • Lipid-derived (soluble) hormones can enter the cell by diffusing across the plasma membrane and binding to DNA to regulate gene transcription and to change the cell's activities by inducing production of proteins that affect, in general, the long-term structure and function of the cell. (openstax.org)
  • Examples of peptide hormones include antidiuretic hormone (ADH), a pituitary hormone important in fluid balance, and atrial-natriuretic peptide, which is produced by the heart and helps to decrease blood pressure. (achievingthedream.org)
  • [3] By activating them, GHRP-6 appears to stimulate the production of growth hormones in pituitary cells. (biotechpeptides.com)
  • Follicular cells in the gland produce the 2 main thyroid hormones. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The hormones of the endocrine system are released from the glands. (supportgroupsfornurses.org)
Stalk5
  • The anterior lobe develops Rathke's pouch, and the posterior lobe and pituitary stalk develop from overlaying neural ectoderm. (umich.edu)
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) usually shows a homogeneous, contrastenhancing sellar mass with pituitary stalk involvement. (pediagenosis.com)
  • Head trauma may lead to direct pituitary damage by a sella turcica fracture, pituitary stalk section, trauma-induced vasospasm, or ischemic infarction after blunt trauma. (pediagenosis.com)
  • Introduction: Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome (PSIS) is a rare congenital abnormality of the pituitary gland. (eurospe.org)
  • It is characterized by the triad of a very thin or interrupted pituitary stalk, an ectopic (or absent) posterior pituitary and hypoplasia or aplasia of the anterior pituitary. (eurospe.org)
Secretion6
  • Hypopituitarism is a partial or complete insufficiency of pituitary hormone secretion that may derive from pituitary or hypothalamic disease. (medscape.com)
  • MECs cultured with prolactin, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and dexamethasone (glucocorticoid analog) promote the β-casein secretion pathway. (e-cep.org)
  • The major cause of endogenous Cushing syndrome is Cushing s disease, which results due to excessive ACTH secretion from pituitary cells (corticotroph adenoma).Objective and hypothesis: Cushing syndrome cases, which presented with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in adulthood have been rarely reported. (eurospe.org)
  • The posterior pituitary gland is responsible for the secretion of oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone. (simplemed.co.uk)
  • This association is due in large measure to the fact that melatonin secretion from the pineal gland into the peripheral circulation is a nocturnal event whose duration is reflective of night length, which of course becomes progressively longer during winter months and correspondingly shorter during the summer months. (frontiersin.org)
  • TSH secretion, in turn, is controlled through negative feedback by thyroid hormone on the pituitary thyrotrope. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
PROLACTIN2
  • Prolactin is found in the epithelial cells of the lactating mammary gland as well as breastmilk. (e-cep.org)
  • Within ovarian reproductive systems, the pituitary also produces prolactin, which stimulates milk production after childbirth, and oxytocin, which stimulates uterine contraction during childbirth and milk let-down during suckling. (openstax.org)
Thyroid-stimula2
  • It is expressed in a broad range of cells and tissues in adult animals, however, during embryonic development, TEF expression appears to be restricted to the developing anterior pituitary gland, coincident with the appearance of thyroid-stimulating hormone, beta (TSHB). (wikipedia.org)
  • The anterior pituitary produces thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), which controls the release of T 3 and T 4 from the thyroid gland. (openstax.org)
Hypopituitarism5
  • Mutations in these genes are causes of congenital hypopituitarism and have specific pituitary hormone deficiencies associated with the involved gene. (medscape.com)
  • Hypopituitarism is also associated with mutations in genes that encode the transcription factors whose expression is necessary for the differentiation of anterior pituitary cells (e.g. (pediagenosis.com)
  • Dev'tal and Genetic Causes of Hypopituitarism Pituitary Dysplasia  Result in aplastic, hypoplastic, or ectopic pituitary gland dev't Septo-Optic Dysplasia  Pit dysfunction leads to diabetes insipidus, GH def and short stature , and, TSH def. (symptoma.com)
  • Hypopituitarism refers to either partial or complete deficiency of the an-terior and/or posterior pituitary function. (brainkart.com)
  • Hypopituitarism may be congen-ital or acquired, secondary to pituitary disease or to hypothalamic pathol-ogy that interferes with pituitary function. (brainkart.com)
Develops from Rathke's pouch1
  • Adenohypophysis or anterior pituitary (develops from Rathke's pouch) b. (howmed.net)
Oxytocin2
Deficiencies3
  • In order for growth hormone replacement to be effective, other pituitary deficiencies should be treated. (medscape.com)
  • HESX-1 , PIT-1 , LHX-4 ) can result in isolated or multiple anterior pituitary hormone deficiencies. (brainkart.com)
  • patients usually also have other pituitary hormone deficiencies. (msdmanuals.com)
Mutations4
  • Mutations in genes implicated in early pituitary development may be as. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • reviewed in Roll and Reuther, 2010), as well as mutations of the lymphoid transcription factor gene IKZF1 (IKAROS) (Harvey et al. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
  • Objective: Glioblastoma 2 (encoded by GLI 2 gene), is an activating zinc-finger transcription factor, involved in the Sonic Hedgehog pathway and embryogenesis of diencephalon and distal extremities Heterozygous mutations of GLI2 gene cause a wide range of clinical phenotype known as holoprosencephaly and holoprosencephaly-like syndrome, pituitary insufficiency, mid-facial hypoplasia, and polydactyly. (eurospe.org)
  • Mutations in pituitary transcription factor genes (e.g. (brainkart.com)
Pineal gland3
  • 0.05) expressed in the cerebellar cortex, piriform lobe, medulla, and corpus callosum of the adult yak while in the young yak brain tissues, the protein expressions were significantly found in the white matter of the cerebellum, pineal gland, corpus callosum, and cerebellar cortex. (scielo.br)
  • Historically, melatonin has been considered an endocrine hormone released from the epithalamic pineal gland, which then acts on specific G-protein-coupled melatonin receptors in target tissues of both adults and the fetus ( 1 , 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • An example of a hormone derived from tryptophan is melatonin, which is secreted by the pineal gland and helps regulate circadian rhythm. (achievingthedream.org)
Ectopic1
Sella turcica4
Hormone deficiency3
  • In the 1950s, growth hormone isolated from the pituitaries of humans and anthropoid apes was discovered to stimulate growth in children who had growth hormone deficiency. (medscape.com)
  • From 1958-1985, a limited supply of this cadaver-derived pituitary growth hormone was used to treat 8000 children who had growth hormone deficiency in the United States. (medscape.com)
  • As a general rule, diagnosis of a single pituitary hormone deficiency requires evaluating the other hormone axes. (medscape.com)
Hypoplasia3
  • Developmental midline anomalies may lead to structural pituitary anomalies (e.g., pituitary aplasia or hypoplasia). (pediagenosis.com)
  • Craniofacial developmental anomalies may result in cleft lip and palate, basal encephalocele, hypertelorism, and optic nerve hypoplasia, with varying degrees of pituitary dysplasia and aplasia. (pediagenosis.com)
  • Dysgenesis may involve ectopy (two thirds of cases), absence (agenesis), or underdevelopment (hypoplasia) of the thyroid gland. (msdmanuals.com)
Infarction1
  • A secondary empty sella occurs when a pituitary adenoma enlarges the sella but is then surgically removed or damaged by radiation or infarction. (pediagenosis.com)
Adenomas6
  • Approximately 85% of masses from this region are pituitary adenomas, followed in incidence by craniopharyngioma, Rathke cleft cyst, meningioma, and metastasis. (cap.org)
  • In the 2017 World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of Endocrine Organs , pituitary adenomas remain classified by hormone expression as assessed by IHC staining. (cap.org)
  • A third transcription factor, pituitary cell-restricted T box factor (Tpit), drives corticotroph adenomas but its antibody is not yet commercially available as an IHC marker. (cap.org)
  • Why should the pathologist subtype pituitary adenomas? (cap.org)
  • Adenomas driven by the transcription factor SF1, which are exclusively of the gonadotroph type, are a common subtype encountered by the surgical pathologist. (cap.org)
  • consequently, pituitary adenomas frequently extend in a suprasellar direction. (symptoma.com)
Gene12
  • Thyrotroph embryonic factor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TEF gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • Following, inductive signals between the developing diencephalon and the oral ectoderm, early transcription factors guide the formation of rudimentary Rathke's Pouch (rRP) and then subsequent gene regulatory pathways control the determination, proliferation, and differentiation events that establish the specialized hormone-secreting cells. (medscape.com)
  • Mechanistically, FSH, via binding to hepatic FSHRs, activates the Gi2α/β-arrestin-2/Akt pathway and subsequently inhibits the binding of FoxO1 with the SREBP-2 promoter, thus preventing FoxO1 from repressing SREBP-2 gene transcription. (nature.com)
  • The gene is composed of 4 exons and the promoter region contains the regulatory transcription factor binding sites for CREB, POU3F1 and deltaCREB. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
  • Commonalities in cell-specific and/or temporal-specific aspects of gene expression do not appear to be main factors governing alignment within the locus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The secreted polypeptide, encoded by this gene, binds and inactivates members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily signaling proteins, such as bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP4). (nih.gov)
  • Remarkably this CD79b gene was also copied into RNA in the pituitary. (sciencedaily.com)
  • While the CD79b gene normally codes for a protein in blood lymphocytes, researchers discovered that CD79b appears to play a very different role in the pituitary gland. (sciencedaily.com)
  • This DNA insertion specifically blocked the copying of the CD79b gene into RNA in the pituitary. (sciencedaily.com)
  • These kinases have a regulatory potential towards cellular processes and may phosphorylate transcription factors, or proteins controlling gene expression. (biotechpeptides.com)
  • Outline one example of a steroid hormone promoting transcription of a specific gene. (biologyforlife.com)
  • The results of this review shows that focus to date has been on genes involved in the regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and its correlation to subsequent neurobiology, for example, the role of glucocorticoid receptor gene. (biomedcentral.com)
Consists7
Adenohypophysis3
  • The pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain, is composed of anterior (ie, adenohypophysis) and posterior (ie, neurohypophysis) regions. (medscape.com)
  • The pituitary gland is entirely ectodermal in origin but is composed of 2 functionally distinct structures that differ in embryologic development and anatomy: the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) and the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary). (medscape.com)
  • The transition from Rathke's pouch to the adenohypophysis involves the formation of the pars distalis from the rapidly proliferating anterior wall, the pars intermedia from the less active posterior wall, and the pars tuberalis from an upward outgrowth of the anterior wall. (medscape.com)
Deficiency1
  • Hyposomatotropism is a deficiency in the release of pituitary growth hormone (somatotropin), resulting in short stature. (medscape.com)
Axis1
  • The diagnosis of GHD is a multifaceted process requiring comprehensive clinical and auxologic assessment combined with biochemical testing of the GH-insulinlike growth factor (IGF) axis and radiologic evaluation. (medscape.com)
Adrenal Glands1
Physiology1
  • The study examined the expression of Neuroglobin (Ngb) and Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (Hif-1α) in adult and young yak brain tissues, and provided researchers with meaningful insight into the anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry of this mammal. (scielo.br)
Lymphocytic hypophysitis1
  • Lymphocytic hypophysitis is an autoimmune disorder characterized by lymphocytic infiltration and enlargement of the pituitary gland followed by selective destruction of pituitary cells. (pediagenosis.com)
Abnormalities1
  • This condition is characterized by abnormalities of the front part of the eye, an area known as the anterior segment. (medlineplus.gov)
Tumours1
  • Conversely, an over-proliferation of cells in the pituitary gland leads to tumours, which in turn can damage healthy pituitary tissue. (kcl.ac.uk)
LHX31
  • Roles of the LHX3 and LHX4 LIM-homeodomain factors in pituitary development. (medscape.com)
Oral ectoderm3
  • The anterior lobe derives from the oral ectoderm, whilst the posterior lobe derives from the neuroectoderm. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • The oral ectoderm and neural ectoderm that form the pituitary anlagen are in close contact during early embryogenesis, and this connection is critical for pituitary development. (medscape.com)
  • The anterior arises from an evagination of oral ectoderm (primitive gut tissue), and the posterior from neuroectoderm (primitive brain tissue). (simplemed.co.uk)
Master gland2
Genes that encode1
  • The pathway from embryogenesis to the full differentiation of specific functional cell types within the pituitary is controlled by numerous genes that encode transcription factors. (medscape.com)
PROTEINS1
Endocrine Organs1
Developmental1
  • Thus, the data identify what we believe to be a novel hypothalamic cell population potentially important for understanding hypertension and indicate developmental hypothyroidism as an epigenetic risk factor for cardiovascular disorders. (jci.org)
Stimulates1
  • For example, hypothalamic TRH stimulates TSH release, which in turn stimulates the thyroid gland, resulting in increased serum levels of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). (medscape.com)
Rathke's1
  • Embryonic precursors of Rathke's pouch, the primordium of the anterior pituitary, give rise to all of the hormone-producing cell types in this tissue. (kcl.ac.uk)
Genetic3
Clinical1
  • 2010). Although P2RY8-CRLF2 fusions have been confirmed as a clear clinical risk factor in paediatric ALL, their precise role in the leukemic process remains to be elucidated with studies supporting involvement in the cellular transformation process but suggesting they function as a secondary capacity in driving the entire leukemic process (Morak et al. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
Homeostasis1
Axons1
  • They are then transported down nerve cell axons to the posterior pituitary, where they are stored. (simplemed.co.uk)
Subarachnoid1
  • The superior aspect of the pituitary is covered by the diaphragma sellae, which is a fold of dura mater that separates the cerebrospinal fluid-filled subarachnoid space from the pituitary. (medscape.com)
Growth15
  • In the United States, human-derived growth hormone was produced and distributed by the National Institute of Health's (NIH's) National Pituitary Agency. (medscape.com)
  • The pituitary gland is a central regulator of critical physiological processes such as metabolism, reproduction, growth and the stress response. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • For example, if the pituitary gland does not produce enough growth hormone in a child, they may have a permanently short stature . (symptoma.com)
  • Gigantism refers to abnormally high linear growth (see the image below) due to excessive action of insulinlike growth factor I (IGF-I) while the epiphyseal growth plates are open during childhood. (medscape.com)
  • Thus growth hormone is a diabetogenic hormone producing pituitary diabetes (due to overproduction of glucose and decreased utilization). (howmed.net)
  • These are also known as Insulin-like growth factor (IGF). (howmed.net)
  • Growth hormone (GH) is produced by the anterior pituitary and controls the growth rate of muscle and bone. (openstax.org)
  • GH action is indirectly mediated by insulin-like growth factors (IGFs). (openstax.org)
  • Researchers recently discovered a novel mechanism that works over an extensive genomic distance and controls the expression of human growth hormone (hGH) in the pituitary gland. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine recently discovered a novel mechanism that works over an extensive genomic distance and controls the expression of human growth hormone (hGH) in the pituitary gland. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Synthesized by the pituitary gland, human growth hormone activates growth and cell reproduction. (sciencedaily.com)
  • As a result, the transgenic mice expressed high levels of human growth hormone in the pituitary as well as mouse growth hormone. (sciencedaily.com)
  • On the other hand, GHRP-6 is a hexapeptide that appears to belong to the class of synthetic growth hormone-releasing peptides, which may act by potentially binding to the ghrelin receptor on the surface of pituitary cells and certain hypothalamic neurons. (biotechpeptides.com)
  • Phosphorylated transcription factors may enter the nucleus of somatotroph cells, potentially influencing genes related to growth hormone synthesis. (biotechpeptides.com)
  • In turn, growth hormone appears to have a major anabolic mediator called insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). (biotechpeptides.com)
Secretory2