Anterior compartment syndrome. Medical search. Frequent questions

Chronic exertional compartment syndrome should be considered in any runner experiencing exertional leg pain. (nih.gov)
Chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) is a condition in athletes that can occur from repetitive loading or exertional activities. (medscape.com)
ACS is a Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome of the lower anterior compartment of the lower leg. (kinetic-revolution.com)
Excessive exertion of the posterior leg muscles, leading to overuse injury and swelling may also produce pressure and pain, in which case it is referred to as Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome . (docpods.com)
Chronic exertional compartment syndrome usually results from excessive exertion and can be treated conservatively by reducing the load on the muscle and allowing time to heal. (docpods.com)
Chronic exertional compartment syndrome most often occurs in the anterior or the lateral lower extremity compartment. (justaskourdoctors.com)

citation needed] The 5 Ps of Anterior Compartment Syndrome: Pain Pallor Paresthesia Pulselessness Paralysis (If not treated) The only option to treat acute compartment syndrome is surgery. (wikipedia.org)
Unlike acute compartment syndrome , which usually results from trauma, the pathophysiology of CECS is not well understood. (medscape.com)
Compartment syndrome is a condition in which increased tissue pressure within a closed osteofascial compartment compromises blood flow to the muscles and nerves within that compartment, resulting in the potential for tissue and nerve damage (acute compartment syndrome), as well as in symptoms/disability (CECS). (medscape.com)
Crush syndrome is distinct from compartment syndrome and occurs when primary muscle necrosis initiates the cycle of events that may lead to an acute compartment syndrome. (medscape.com)
Posterior Compartment Syndrome may result from an acute injury, in which case it is known as Acute Compartment Syndrome. (docpods.com)
Acute compartment syndrome is a medical emergency that requires immediate surgical intervention. (docpods.com)
The most common type of compartment syndrome is acute compartment syndrome. (7dmc.ae)
Pain: the pain associated with acute compartment syndrome is reported as severe and out of proportion to the wound. (7dmc.ae)
Injury complications lead to acute compartment syndrome. (7dmc.ae)
Acute compartment syndrome (ACS) is a well-known pathophysiologic complication of trauma or tissue ischemia. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
In alert patients, monitoring of limb swelling, pain (both at rest and with passive muscle stretching), and neurologic status provides clues to the onset of acute compartment syndrome (ACS). (musculoskeletalkey.com)
Acute compartment syndrome (ACS) is a complication of trauma or tissue ischemia, and can potentially involve any myofascial compartment in the body, whether in the extremities or trunk. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
We report the case of a 66-year-old patient on warfarin with acute compartment syndrome caused by hemorrhaging from a ruptured Baker's cyst. (faoj.org)
The present case highlights the need for an awareness of acute compartment syndrome in patients on warfarin therapy and clinical symptoms consistent with compartment syndrome. (faoj.org)
Acute compartment syndrome is typically associated with fractures, closed soft tissue injuries, revascularization procedures, and crush injuries [3]. (faoj.org)
Anticoagulation has been suggested as risk factor in the development of acute compartment syndromes [4-6]. (faoj.org)

A compartment syndrome occurs when venous outflow is impeded, thus arterial pulsation is still present in many compartment syndrome cases. (hawaii.edu)
When trauma, either from injury or from overuse occurs then the muscle may swell and the pressure in this Compartment becomes elevated. (justaskourdoctors.com)
It occurs due to elevated pressure in the arm or leg muscle compartment. (7dmc.ae)
Compartment syndrome most commonly occurs in the front compartment (anterior compartment) of the lower leg (calf muscle). (7dmc.ae)
The connective tissue forming a compartment is not pliable, so when bleeding or swelling occurs within the compartment, the intra-compartmental pressure rises. (ramtan.co)
Compartment syndrome most often occurs following a fracture or a crush injury to the limb. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
When muscle swelling occurs following such injury, or with muscle reperfusion following a period of ischemia, the mass within the myofascial compartment increases because of accumulation of blood and other tissue fluids. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
It is widely considered that performing early fasciotomy is critical to achieving the best possible outcomes when compartment syndrome occurs, and it is generally accepted that performing unnecessary fasciotomy is better than missing a true case of compartment syndrome. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
Anterior compartment syndrome (anterior shin splints) occurs when the big muscle on the outside front of the shin becomes too big for the sheath that surrounds it. (sportsinjuryclinic.net)

citation needed] This term is often mistakenly used to describe various related/proximal conditions, including Anterior Shin Splints. (wikipedia.org)
It is important to distinguish between the two, as shin splints rarely causes serious health problems, while Anterior Compartment Syndrome can lead to irreversible damage. (wikipedia.org)
CECS was initially thought to be a form of shin splints (anterior tibial enthesitis). (medscape.com)
This loading response uses the heel as a kind of pivot, creating a plantar flexion moment around the ankle, which Tibialis Anterior , the meaty muscle in the front and outside of your shin, has to work hard eccentrically to control. (kinetic-revolution.com)
It includes treatment of hamstring and quadricep injuries, shin splints pain, Anterior Tibialis Compartment Syndrome, Plantar Fasciitis, and Achilles Tendonitis. (discovermassage.com.au)
The large muscle that travels down the external area of the shin to the ankle is known as the tibialis anterior muscle. (epainassist.com)
Medial tibial stress syndrome is the most common type of shin pain. (highettpodiatry.com.au)
This allows the tibialis anterior tendon to work less thereby reducing the chances of shin splints, tibial stress syndrome and anterior compartment syndrome. (recoveryforathletes.com)
Medial tibial stress syndrome, or shin splints, is the inflammation of the tendons, muscles, and bone tissue around the tibia. (southlakepeds.com)
Shin splints are caused by inflammation of the anterior compartment muscles such as the tibialis anterior. (southlakepeds.com)
You will also be checked to make sure you do not have another shin problem, such as tendonitis or compartment syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)

It is also potentially possible that simply learning to land with less of a pronounced heel-strike will also reduce the eccentric loading on Tibialis Anterior enough to reduce symptoms. (kinetic-revolution.com)
Maintain a low threshold for measuring compartment pressure in at-risk patients because deep compartments may not feel tense or grossly swollen, pain is nonspecific, and, in obtunded patients, symptoms may be absent. (msdmanuals.com)
Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) refers to a spectrum of signs and symptoms that arise from the compression Compression Blunt Chest Trauma of the neurovascular bundle by any of the various structures within the confined space of the thoracic outlet, usually within the scalene triangle. (lecturio.com)
This will create the signs and symptoms very similar to Carpal tunnel syndrome. (imm-technique.com)
Tibialis Anterior Tendonitis (Tendinopathy) Symptoms, Causes, Treatment. (southlakepeds.com)

The borders of this compartment are the tibia, fibula, interosseous membrane, and anterior intermuscular septum. (medscape.com)
The diagnoses included exertional anterior compartment syndrome of the leg, medial tibial stress syndrome and stress fracture of the tibia. (uwi.edu)
The cause of essential bleeding in one or more compartments is often due to a fracture of the tibia or fibula in the lower leg or radius or ulna in the forearms. (7dmc.ae)

Total knee arthroplasty for medial compartment osteoarthritis. (medscape.com)
The future of the treatment of medial compartment osteoarthritis lies in genetic engineering. (medscape.com)
Ultimately, patient selection and the surgeon's knowledge and skill level determine successful outcomes in the treatment of medial compartment osteoarthritis. (medscape.com)
[ 17 ] performed similar studies in which a varus stress was placed across the knee, and each study documented degeneration of the articular cartilage in the medial compartment. (medscape.com)
For instance, residual varus angulation increases contact stresses across the medial compartment of the knee. (medscape.com)
This lesson covers the pronator teres syndrome which is location on the anterior side of forearm originating from medial epicondyle of humerus and inserts to the middle of the body of radius. (imm-technique.com)
The condition may also be called medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS), anterior tibial pain or exercise-induced leg pain. (carusochiropractic.com)

A pressure transducer measured the patient's forearm compartment pressure to be 72 mmHg. (hawaii.edu)
This lesson covers the biceps brachii m. which is located on the anterior side of humerus and it is a strong flexor and supinator of the forearm. (imm-technique.com)
Pronator syndrome refers to compression of the median nerve around the elbow, which may present with pain in the forearm and paraesthesia in the hand. (publisso.de)
Upon presentation in the EC or operating room, some patients have overt physical evidence of a compartment syndrome in the distal extremity (leg or forearm) beyond a proximal arterial occlusion or in the musculofascial compartment around the area of the peripheral vascular injury. (westerntrauma.org)
12,13 A patient with a volar compartment syndrome in the forearm would present with hypesthesia of the volar aspect of the fingers, weakness of finger and wrist flexion, and pain on finger and wrist extension. (westerntrauma.org)

A compartment syndrome is an increased pressure within a muscular compartment that compromises the circulation to the muscles. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] A compartment space is anatomically determined by an unyielding fascial (and osseous) enclosure of the muscles. (wikipedia.org)
The anterior compartment syndrome of the lower leg (often referred to simply as anterior compartment syndrome), can affect any and all four muscles of that compartment: tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, and peroneus tertius. (wikipedia.org)
The process can begin with swelling of the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, and/or the peroneus tertius muscles in response to strong eccentric contractions sufficient to produce postexercise soreness. (wikipedia.org)
Of course, as with any runner newly adopting a midfoot or forefoot running style, those with a history of Anterior Compartment Syndrome should give the plantar flexors ( calf muscles) time to adapt to the increased demands of the new loading profile. (kinetic-revolution.com)
The muscles of the lower leg are partitioned into four compartments by a layer of separating fascia. (docpods.com)
This fascia is actually a tough, non-yielding fibrous sheet that holds the nerves, vessels and muscles of the compartment together. (docpods.com)
The superficial compartment contains the calf muscles, namely the gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris muscles. (docpods.com)
Rapid swelling, increased tension, pain, and ischemic necrosis of the muscles of the anterior tibial compartment of the leg, often following excessive PHYSICAL EXERTION. (bvsalud.org)
Compartment syndrome is suggested by worsening pain of the lower leg that is disproportionate to the severity of the apparent injury and exacerbated by passive stretching of compartment muscles. (msdmanuals.com)
Compartments are made up of groups of muscles, nerves, and blood vessels in the arms and legs. (7dmc.ae)
Since the fascia doesn't spread easily, any bleeding or swelling puts stress on the capillaries, nerves, and muscles in a compartment. (7dmc.ae)
In Carpal tunnel syndrome also the tightness of these muscles commonly occur and releasing these muscles will be a critical part of your manual therapy treatment. (imm-technique.com)
These 2 muscles cover the anterior surface of pectoral area. (imm-technique.com)
Focus on reducing stress on the tibialis anterior by wearing shoes with a lower heel and sticking to softer surfaces when you run, and increase the tendon and muscles strength by doing heel walks and wall toe raises. (southlakepeds.com)
The theory around the connection between the abdominal muscles and hip adductor dysfunction is that rectus abdominis weakness leads to overcompensation by the adductors, resulting in compartment-like syndrome as the anterior tilt of the pelvis increases and compresses the adductor compartment. (workrightnw.com)
Anterior pelvic tilt, the top of your hips rotating forward, results in lumbar extension and hip flexion due to the low back muscles being too tight and the abdominals too weak. (workrightnw.com)
Interscalene nerve block refers to the placement of local anesthetic around the roots or trunks of the brachial plexus at the level of the C6 vertebral body between the anterior and middle scalene muscles. (medscape.com)
The anterior and middle scalene muscles arise off the anterior and posterior tubercles of the transverse process of the cervical vertebrae and insert on the first rib. (medscape.com)

Background and Aims Perineural and intravenous dexmedetomidine as a local anaesthetic adjunct has not been compared previously in fascia iliaca compartment block (FICB). (researchgate.net)
Compartment Syndrome is a condition characterized by an elevation of the interstitial pressure within the closed confines of the skeletal muscle/fascia compartment. (justaskourdoctors.com)
This community of muscle, nerves and blood vessels enclosed within a sturdy fascia wall is referred to as a Compartment. (justaskourdoctors.com)
Yet, because of this limited noncompliant fascia surrounding the muscle compartment, there is little opportunity for an elevation of the internal pressure, from such things as bleeding or edema, to be accommodated. (justaskourdoctors.com)
Because of the inelastic nature of muscle fascia and other connective tissues, this accumulation of mass leads to increased pressure within the compartment, which is transmitted to the thin-walled venous system, causing venous hypertension and further transudation of fluid. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
The only effective treatment of ACS is immediate decompressive surgical fasciotomy, wherein the skin and muscle fascia of the involved compartment are incised the length of the compartment in order to release the constricting soft tissues and increase the volume of the muscle compartment, thereby causing immediate reduction of compartment pressure and restoring perfusion. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
It is caused by bleeding or edema in a closed, non-elastic muscle compartment surrounded by fascia and bone. (faoj.org)

Diffuse tightness and tenderness over the entire belly of the tibialis anterior muscle that does not respond to elevation or pain medication can be early warning signs and suggestive of Anterior Compartment Syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
Mavor was the first to describe the entity in 1956 in a patient who experienced recurrent anterior leg pain with exertion that was associated with herniation of the muscle and numbness of the affected extremity. (medscape.com)
Volkmann ischemic contracture is a sequela of untreated or inadequately treated compartment syndrome, in which necrotic muscle and nerve tissue have been replaced with fibrous tissue. (medscape.com)
Compartment syndrome refers to a painful condition that develops as a result of rising pressure inside a muscle compartment. (docpods.com)
The elevation of pressure in these muscle compartments along with the damage which develops, is referred to as COMPARTMENT SYNDROME. (justaskourdoctors.com)
Numbness due to elevated pressure in the muscle compartment that stops the blood supply and leads to inflammation in the nerves. (7dmc.ae)
The long head of this muscle proximally crosses the shoulder joint and it helps anterior Deltoid m. in flexing the shoulder. (imm-technique.com)
This itself either develop pain and trigger point activation over the muscle locally or will compress on the underlying structures such as what happens in tightness of Pectoralis minor to develop Thoracic outlet syndrome. (imm-technique.com)
If the foot overpronates (rolls in or flattens), then this will mean the tibialis anterior muscle has to work harder and stretch further as the arch of the foot flattens. (southlakepeds.com)
C ompartment syndrome of the lower leg is a surgical emergency in which elevated pressure within a closed myofascial space reduces circulation below a level necessary for muscle viability. (faoj.org)
Gutton et al examined 146 different brachial plexuses with ultrasound and found the following: 36% had an intramuscular passage of a root, 8% had a C5 root ahead of the anterior scalene muscle, and 23% had an artery crossing the roots or trunks. (medscape.com)

What was the etiology for his compartment syndrome? (hawaii.edu)

The lower leg is divided into 4 compartments: anterior, lateral, superficial posterior, and deep posterior. (medscape.com)
The lateral compartment includes the peroneus longus and brevis. (medscape.com)
Compartment pressures can be measured in the 4 compartments of the lower leg (anterior, deep posterior, lateral, and superficial posterior). (msdmanuals.com)
The patient's blood pressure was 139/70 mmHg Initial compartment pressures were read at: Anterior-12mmHg, Lateral-10mmHg, Deep Posterior-45 mmHg, Superficial Posterior-12mmHg. (faoj.org)

Options to treat chronic compartment syndrome include physiotherapy, shoe inserts, and anti-inflammatory medications. (wikipedia.org)
Chronic compartment syndrome is another type of compartment syndrome. (7dmc.ae)
Chronic compartment syndrome typically happens during or following exercise. (7dmc.ae)
Chronic compartment syndrome can result in pain or cramps but it typically decreases when you stop the exercise. (7dmc.ae)

30 mmHg, an urgent fasciotomy is recommended, Raised ICP threatens the viability of the limb and CS (compartment syndrome) represents a true medical emergency. (ramtan.co)
Although based primarily on retrospective studies, the literature is convincing that, when compartment syndrome is going to occur, early fasciotomy can avoid myonecrosis or ischemic neuropathy. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
However, the challenges in diagnosis, and the fact that compartment syndrome does not begin at a well-defined point in time, make it impossible to draw specific conclusions about the optimum timing of fasciotomy. (musculoskeletalkey.com)

Progressive tissue ischemia and necrosis ensues, with eventual irreversible ischemic injury to all of the myoneural tissues within the involved compartment. (musculoskeletalkey.com)

In this two-hour webinar for manual and movement therapists, Kier will guide you to use your hands as tools, combined with foot movements to free up the nerves and vessels that pass between the deep posterior compartment of the lower leg and the more superficial soleus. (anatomytrains.com)

The deep posterior and superficial posterior compartment pressures were repeated and with consistent readings at 30mmHg and 12mmHg respectively. (faoj.org)

The anterior compartment consists of the tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, and peroneus tertius. (medscape.com)
Incise the supratendinous retinaculum alongside its ulnar border, remembering that the sixth extensor compartment is a separate, deeper construction. (dnahelix.com)

This building pressure compresses the small blood vessels, compromising the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the tissues in the compartment. (docpods.com)
Sterile technique is required to prevent microbial contamination of the compartment tissues. (msdmanuals.com)

Compartment pressure in association with closed tibial fractures: the relationship between tissue pressure, compartment, and the distance from the site of the fracture. (wheelessonline.com)
Consider some of the possible diagnoses: Fracture Peripheral nerve palsy Compartment syndrome Cellulitis Rhabdomyolysis Vascular injury Deep venous thrombosis Gas gangrene Necrotizing fasciitis Exam: VS T 37.3 degrees C, P 96, R 20, BP 158/89. (hawaii.edu)
The diagnosis of compartment syndrome (CS) was considered, but no fracture was present and his distal pulses were normal, including pulse oximetry perfusion waveforms in his fingers. (hawaii.edu)
The presence of fracture blisters may encourage the formation of this syndrome. (justaskourdoctors.com)

Since irreversible tissue damage can occur within 6 hours, it is incumbent for the Physician to maintain a high index of suspicion in situations where Compartment Syndrome is known to occur. (justaskourdoctors.com)
Compartment syndrome can occur acutely due to swelling caused by injury, or over a long term (chronic) due to strenuous exercise. (7dmc.ae)

This condition is called Carpal tunnel syndrome. (imm-technique.com)
Proximal compression or neuropathy of the median nerve is rare compared with carpal tunnel syndrome but recognition and management of these conditions is important. (publisso.de)

Cataract formation can also result after lens touch with intraocular instruments, in response to the introduction of intraocular tamponading agents such as silicone oil and gas, and if crystallization on the anterior hyaloid or posterior capsule results in posterior capsular lens feathering and inflammation. (crstodayeurope.com)
Tibialis anterior tendonitis is a condition whereby there is damage to the tibialis anterior tendon with subsequent inflammation and degeneration. (southlakepeds.com)

Measurement of the compartment pressure can be performed at rest, as well as during and after exercise. (ramtan.co)
When a patient is unconscious or otherwise not able to be clinically assessed at frequent intervals, then continuous measurement of intramuscular pressure within the anterior compartment is of benefit. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
Measurement of a compartment pressure can confirm or eliminate the diagnosis of a compartment syndrome. (westerntrauma.org)

However, the lowest reproducibility for anterior disc displacement with reduction and disc shape change reveals the difficulty to diagnose these disorders. (bvsalud.org)

When the compartment's pressure is higher (generally more than 30-45 mmHg or about 30 mm of the diastolic blood pressure), most people develop compartment syndrome. (7dmc.ae)
With the acute syndrome, typical ranges are from 30-45 mmHg at rest. (ramtan.co)

Thoracic outlet syndrome can present as the neurogenic, arterial, or venous type. (lecturio.com)

Tibialis Anterior Tendonitis is an irritation and swelling of one of the main tendons that lifts the foot up - the anterior tibial tendon which is also known as the tibialis anterior. (southlakepeds.com)

With high clinical suspicion of compartment syndrome a wick catheter was used to measure intracompartmental pressures. (faoj.org)

Given that the patient demonstrated good distal pulses and the absence of pallor, is a compartment syndrome possible? (hawaii.edu)
Does the presence of normal distal pulses rule out a compartment syndrome? (hawaii.edu)

This tendonitis will cause pain and discomfort over the shoulder which needs to be differentiated from tendonitis of Supraspinatus m., impingement syndrome or bursitis in this area. (imm-technique.com)
Takao M,Uchio Y, Naito K, Kono T, Oae K,Ochi M:Arthroscopic treatment for anterior impingement exostosis of the ankle: application of three-dimensional computed tomography. (carifas.com)

Extravasation of a ruptured Baker's cyst and its damage on surrounding tissue has been linked to development of compartment syndrome [7,8]. (faoj.org)

Anterior interosseous syndrome (palsy) can result from mechanical compression or inflammatory neuropathy causing significant impairment of dexterity in the hand. (publisso.de)

Runners typically describe a tight, cramping ache over the involved compartment that commences at a reproducible point in the run and resolves with rest. (nih.gov)
Typically, the anterior compartment of the leg is the most frequently affected compartment in cases of CECS. (medscape.com)
Compartment syndrome of the lower leg is typically viewed as a surgical emergency. (faoj.org)

citation needed] The true compartment syndrome arises due to increased pressure within the unyielding anterior compartment of the leg. (wikipedia.org)
Diagnosis should include a careful history and physical examination as well as documentation with intramuscular compartment pressure monitoring. (nih.gov)
Compartment pressure readings with and without exercise are the gold standard for the diagnosis of CECS. (medscape.com)
The pressure inside the compartment can be measured as well using a simple apparatus. (docpods.com)
What compartment pressure is diagnostic of compartment syndrome? (hawaii.edu)
Compartment Syndrome Compartment syndrome is increased tissue pressure within a closed fascial space, resulting in tissue ischemia. (msdmanuals.com)
Erroneously high or low pressure measurements may be due to poorly placed or obstructed needles, faulty or inaccurately calibrated devices, patient agitation, or excess test saline injected into the compartment. (msdmanuals.com)
Tissue pressure measurements confirm the presence of Compartment Syndrome. (justaskourdoctors.com)
These diminish the compartment size causing elevation of the pressure). (justaskourdoctors.com)
Individuals, who are on anticoagulations, are especially susceptible to internal bleeding with associated elevation of compartment pressure, when exposed to a simple venapuncture, inartfully done, or to a minor injury. (justaskourdoctors.com)
Once the effects of lymphatic drainage have reached their maximum, the pressure within the compartments will cause physiological defects, such as a nerve dysfunction and deformation. (ramtan.co)
The only way to diagnose a compartment syndrome is to measure the pressure within the compartments of the affected limb. (ramtan.co)

The eyelids act to protect the anterior surface of the globe from local injury. (medscape.com)

For example, a patient with an anterior compartment syndrome in the leg would have hypesthesia in the dorsal first web space, weakness of toe extension and foot dorsiflexion, and pain on passive toe flexion and foot plantar flexion. (westerntrauma.org)

What are the complications of compartment syndrome? (hawaii.edu)

In the past twelve months, I've seen an increase in the number of runners and triathletes who have come to me with Anterior Compartment Syndrome (ACS) , looking to explore corrective running technique coaching as an option in an effort to run pain free and avoid surgery to relieve their pain - which is often their other remaining option. (kinetic-revolution.com)
In a typical case, the patient will present with pain in a compartment of the leg, at the same time, distance and intensity of exercise. (ramtan.co)

The five roots (anterior rami) of the brachial plexus originate from the spinal nerves of C5-T1. (medscape.com)

On palpation, the compartment may be swollen and tense. (msdmanuals.com)

It can also happen in other compartments of your leg, arms, buttocks, and feet. (7dmc.ae)

Anatomy2

Diseases3

Exertional compartment6

Acute compartment16

Occurs9

Shin11

Symptoms5

Tibia3

Medial7

Forearm5

Muscles19

Fascia7

Muscle11

Etiology1

Lateral4

Chronic compartm4

Fasciotomy3

Ischemic1

Deep posterior compartment1

Superficial Posterior Compartment1

Extensor2

Tissues2

Fracture4

Occur2

Carpal Tunnel S2

Inflammation2

Measurement3

Disorders1

MmHg2

Arterial1

Known as the tibialis1

Pressures1

Distal2

Impingement2

Extravasation1

Palsy1

Typically3

Pressure12

Injury1

Dorsal1

Complications1

Pain2

Nerves1

Tense1

Buttocks1