Antennapedia homeodomain protein. Medical search. FAQ

A 16 amino-acid peptide from the third helix of the Antennapedia homeodomain protein has recently been shown to be able to act as an internalization vector that can deliver other peptides into cells. (nih.gov)
The phenomenon of protein transduction represents internalization of short peptides known as protein transduction domains (PTD) by cells. (chemweb.com)
Peptides that consist of several cellular or viral proteins were recently determined able to readily penetrate cellular plasma membranes. (springer.com)
Recently, effector proteins have been identified that autonomously translocate into host cells, representing a novel class of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) or effectors (CPEs). (deepdyve.com)
Protein transduction domain (PTD)-peptides greatly facilitate the delivery of high molecular weight macromolecules across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). (msk.ru)
Engineering delivery systems for proteins and peptides into mammalian cells is an ongoing challenge for cell biological studies as well as for therapeutic approaches. (life-science-alliance.org)
Our data show that the PTC constitutes a powerful system to inject recombinant proteins, peptides, and potentially, other molecules into mammalian cells. (life-science-alliance.org)
We have investigated the cellular import of the third helix of the antennapedia homeodomain protein as an alternative method for introducing peptides into primary lymphocytes and lymphocytic cell lines. (sussex.ac.uk)
This review briefly summarizes the ever increasing evidence to the use of proteins such as monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), bispecific antibodies (BsAbs), Affibody molecules, albumin, transferrin and peptides such as stable microbial toxins and cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) as innovative tumor targeting ligands in anticancer drug delivery systems. (ijpsr.com)
Among these carrier systems, proteins and peptides as targeting carriers in anticancer drug delivery holds great promise because of their selective binding affinity, tissue penetration capacity and internalizing capacity by cancer cells. (ijpsr.com)
In addition, recent advances in protein engineering, protein nanoparticle technology and the advances in combinatorial peptide library technology have made it possible to generate high-affinity proteins and peptides that may be used as ligands for the development of targeted anticancer strategies 8, 9 . (ijpsr.com)
Protein transduction exploits properties of specific protein sequences [termed protein transduction domains (PTDs)] that enhance the delivery of macromolecules - including peptides, proteins, and DNA fragments - into living cells [ 13 - 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
When the peptides were presented to bone marrow-derived dendritic cells, they induce low immunoactivation relative to control cell penetrating peptides including the antennapedia homeodomain and TAT, as quantified by the expression of activation specific surface proteins like CD80, CD86, and major histocompatibility complex class II. (mysciencework.com)
Three human peptides derived from surfactant protein B (a lung surfactant protein), orexin (a neuropeptide hormone, and lactoferricin (a globular glycoprotein) that exist in many physiological fluids facilitated the in vivo delivery of siRNA and induce significant knock down (90%) of a hepatocyte expressed protein, coagulation Factor VII. (mysciencework.com)
Peptides and proteins with photochemical sensors are valuable tools when analyzing biochemical processes and peptide properties. (flvc.org)
In this review, we provide an overview of up-to-date knowledge of intracellular delivery mechanisms of CPPs and introduce potential topical applications of CPPs such as transdermal, nasal and ocular delivery for non-invasive delivering the therapeutic proteins or peptides. (springer.com)
It has been found that HIV-1 TAT and its core peptide segment TAT47-57 play an important role in promoting the cellular uptake of coupled bioactive macromolecules, such as peptides, proteins, oligonucleotides, and drug molecules. (deepdyve.com)

Antennapedia homeodomain protein is a homeobox protein involved in limb patterning in ARTHROPODS. (rightdiagnosis.com)
Homeobox protein Hox-B7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXB7 gene. (wikipedia.org)
This gene is a member of the Antp homeobox family and encodes a protein with a homeobox DNA-binding domain. (wikipedia.org)
Proteins encoded by homeobox genes (GENES, HOMEOBOX) that exhibit structural similarity to certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. (curehunter.com)
First, there is high conservation of encoded protein sequence, particularly within the 60-amino acid homeodomain motif (encoded by the homeobox) containing three alpha helices. (prolekare.cz)
Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1 (PDX-1) is a homeodomain-containing transcription factor essential for pancreatic development, beta-cell differentiation and the maintenance of mature beta cell function through regulating the expression of key endocrine beta-cell-specific genes such as insulin, glucokinase, islet amyloid polypeptide and the glucose transporter type 2. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
The homeobox is a stretch of DNA about 180 nucleotides long that encodes a homeodomain. (blogspot.com)
Homeobox genes code for homeodomain proteins in both vertebrates and invertebrates. (blogspot.com)
The homeodomain is a 60- amino-acid -long DNA-binding domain (encoded by its corresponding 180- base-pair DNA sequence, the homeobox). (hitchhikersgui.de)
Homeobox protein Hox-A7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXA7 gene . (wikidoc.org)
The homeodomain is the 60-amino acid stretch that corresponds to the translated homeobox. (scienceblogs.com)
Homeobox proteins, characterized by the presence of a conserved 60 amino acid homeodomain, are encoded by a large group of genes that have diverse functions in development. (biomedcentral.com)

It is suggested that Antennapedia arose from Evx, a non-Hox family of genes. (wikipedia.org)
The migratory behaviors of the Q descendants are influenced by the activities of Hox genes, which encode homeodomain proteins that specify cell fates along the anteroposterior axis of the worm (see below). (searlescholars.net)
The homeodomain has been implicated as a major determinant of biological specificity for the homeotic selector (HOM) genes. (nih.gov)
Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. (harvard.edu)
These genes code for proteins that bind DNA and switch on or off other genes, and they are very similar between distantly related animal species. (prolekare.cz)
Further mutations greatly modified the DNA sequence of the new genes, although maintaining potential to encode stable protein folds. (prolekare.cz)
We report that a 56-amino-acid repressor protein made by the resident psyllid endosymbiont Wolbachia can enter cells of Liberibacter crescens , a cultured proxy for the uncultured psyllid endosymbiont " Ca . Liberibacter asiaticus" and repress " Ca . Liberibacter asiaticus" phage lytic cycle genes. (asm.org)
The HOX proteins are homeodomain‐containing transcription factors, which regulate the expression of many downstream target genes ( Botas, 1993 ). (embopress.org)
Chromosomal location of genes for novel glutenin subunits and gliadins in wild emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum L. In this study, we quantified RGS4 mRNA and protein levels at several levels of resolution in the DLPFC from subjects with schizophrenia and matched healthy comparison subjects. (faintpower.ml)
Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the c-fos genes (GENES, FOS). (childrensmercy.org)
c-fos combines with c-jun (PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-JUN) to form a c-fos/c-jun heterodimer (TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1) that binds to the TRE (TPA-responsive element) in promoters of certain genes. (childrensmercy.org)
A family of transcription factors that control expression of a variety of nuclear GENES encoding proteins that function in the RESPIRATORY CHAIN of the MITOCHONDRIA. (wakehealth.edu)
The ability of Pax proteins to use the PAI, RED, and HD, or combinations thereof, may be one mechanism that allows them to be used at different stages of development to regulate various developmental processes through the activation of specific target genes. (pnas.org)
About half of the known Pax genes ( 1 , 10 - 16 ) also encode a second DNA-binding domain, a Prd-class homeodomain (HD). (pnas.org)
PITX2a and the related PITX1 protein have been shown to interact with Pit-1, a transcription factor that regulates pituitary cell differentiation, including the expression of the thyroid-stimulating hormone, growth hormone, and prolactin genes ( 4 , 16 , 31 ). (asm.org)
The transcript levels of the ZPR genes increase in response to activation of a steroid-inducible REV protein. (plantcell.org)
Homeodomain folds are found exclusively in eukaryotes but have high homology to lambda phage proteins that alter the expression of genes in prokaryotes. (blogspot.com)
Many homeodomains induce cellular differentiation by initiating the cascades of coregulated genes required to produce individual tissues and organs, while homeodomain proteins like Nanog are involved in maintaning pluripotency. (blogspot.com)
Vertebrates have six genes from the Dlx family of homeodomain transcription factors, arranged into three clusters: Dlx1/Dlx2, Dlx3/Dlx4 and Dlx5/Dlx6. (blogspot.com)
4. Spradling, A.C., M.E. Digan, A.P. Mahowald, M.P. Scott, and E.A. Craig (1980) Two clusters of genes for major chorion proteins of Drosophila melanogaster. (stanford.edu)
12. Scott, M.P. and A.J. Weiner (1984) Structural relationships among genes that control development: Sequence homology between the Antennapedia, Ultrabithorax, and fushi tarazu loci of Drosophila. (stanford.edu)
17. Laughon, A., S.B. Carroll, F.A. Storfer, P.D. Riley and M.P. Scott (1985) Common properties of proteins encoded by the Antennapedia Complex genes of Drosophila melanogaster. (stanford.edu)
This study describes a single promiscuous enhancer within the Drosophila Antennapedia Complex , EO053, that directs aspects of the expression of two adjacent genes, pb (a Hox2 ortholog) and zen2 (a divergent Hox3 paralog), with disparate spatial and temporal expression patterns. (sdbonline.org)
The locus has not undergone the rampant gene duplication seen in a number of other Antennapedia-class homeodomain genes, although vertebrates are known to possess two (human), three (mouse), or five (zebrafish) Msx paralogs. (biomedcentral.com)
The products of Hox genes are Hox proteins. (hitchhikersgui.de)
Hox proteins are a subset of the homeodomain -containing transcription factors, which are proteins that are capable of binding to specific nucleotide sequences on the DNA called enhancers where they either activate or repress genes. (hitchhikersgui.de)
In addition, homeodomains of individual Hox proteins usually exhibit greater similarity to homeodomains in other species than to proteins encoded by adjacent genes within their own Hox cluster. (hitchhikersgui.de)
The Antennapedia complex (not to be confused with the Antp gene) consists of five genes: labial ( lab ), proboscipedia ( pb ), deformed ( Dfd ), sex combs reduced ( Scr ), and Antennapedia ( Antp ). (hitchhikersgui.de)
For example, the encoded protein represses the transcription of differentiation-specific genes during keratinocyte proliferation, but this repression is then overcome by differentiation signals. (wikidoc.org)
Some vertebrate homeodomain sequences are more similar to their fly homologs, than that fly homolog is similar to other Hox genes in that same species. (scienceblogs.com)
There is variation, of course: it is these small differences that give the different homeodomain genes different properties. (scienceblogs.com)
The ANTP (Antennapedia) class contains the highly studied HOX-like (HOXL) subclass of genes that are best known for their roles in specifying body plan organization from flies to mammals. (biomedcentral.com)

This peptide is linked to a sequence from the third helix of the Drosophila Antennapedia homeodomain protein to allow cell-permeability. (merckmillipore.com)
To address these challenges, we have studied whether the PTD-peptide penetratin, derived from a Drosophila Antennapedia homeodomain protein, is capable of crossing the BBB in Drosophila while carrying a cargo into the fly brain. (msk.ru)
penetratin, a cell-penetrating peptide derived from the homeodomain of the Drosophila Antennapedia transcription factor. (igem.org)
The addition of the N-terminal arm of Drosophila Antennapedia to the truncated form restores the DNA-binding affinity of dimers to values similar to those of the native form. (mysciencework.com)

It encodes a protein of which the homeodomain shares approximately 50% amino acid sequence identity with the homeodomain of Antennapedia class proteins (Antp) and the two also partially share a conserved 'hexapeptide' motif upstream of the homeodomain. (biologists.org)
This gene is highly similar to the antennapedia (Antp) gene of Drosophila. (wikidoc.org)

The Active Penetratin™ 1 Peptide Transfection reagent features a patented 16 amino acid peptide corresponding to the third helix of the homeodomain of the Antennapedia protein (pAntp) from Drosophila melanogaster. (mpbio.com)
Penetratin™ 1 is a patented 16-amino acid peptide corresponding to the third helix of the homeodomain of antennapedeia protein. (mpbio.com)
The highly efficient cell-penetrating peptide penetratin derived from the third helix of the Antennapedia protein homeodomain also showed antimicrobial and antifungal activity. (bachem.com)
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the inhibitor is the naturally occurring protein C1-Inhibitor, ecallantide (DX-88), or a bicyclic peptide. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
Many oomycete candidate secreted effector proteins possess a peptide domain with the core conserved motif, RxLR, located near the N-terminal secretion signal peptide. (elsevier.com)
Further more, some protein and peptide-based carriers are nearly invisible to the immune system and are expected to cause minimal or no side effects 8 . (ijpsr.com)
These include limits on the size and lifetime of synthesized proteins and enzymes, attaching the tag at the target location on a peptide chain which will take advantage of the photochemical properties of the tag, and developing molecules that will readily exhibit environment-sensitive fluorescence. (flvc.org)
Most notably, fusion of COG133 to a protein transduction domain creates COG112, a modified apoE-mimetic peptide with significantly enhanced anti-inflammatory bioactivities in vitro, and improved therapeutic effects on EAE in vivo, which renders a nearly full remission from the disability. (duke.edu)
The identification of the Penetratin peptide, summarized in this review, is intimately linked to the study of its parental natural protein. (springer.com)
Homeodomains can bind both specifically and nonspecifically to B-DNA with the C-terminal recognition helix aligning in the DNA's major groove and the unstructured peptide "tail" at the N-terminus aligning in the minor groove. (blogspot.com)
It is a peptide rich in basic amino acids and belongs to the protein transduction domain family. (deepdyve.com)

NMR and molecular dynamics studies had implied that this homeodomain achieves specificity through an ensemble of rapidly fluctuating DNA contacts. (rcsb.org)
Thus, with three distinct binding classes defined by four HOM proteins, differences in individual site recognition may account for some but not all of HOM protein functional specificity. (nih.gov)
We further show that amino acid residues within the N-terminal arm are responsible for the sequence specificity differences between the Ultrabithorax and Abdominal-B homeodomains. (nih.gov)
1989 ) A homeodomain substitution changes the regulatory specificity of the Deformed protein in Drosophila embryos. (biologists.org)
Although the selection of a specific target gene by a HOX protein versus another may be explained in some cases by the selective modulation of HOX binding specificity by EXD, we favor the idea that EXD interacts in a more general sense with most HOX proteins to switch them into a state where they are capable of transcriptional activation. (embopress.org)
One protein that is strongly implicated as a HOX cofactor involved in regulating target specificity is the protein product of the extradenticle (exd) gene. (embopress.org)
Dimer formation via the homeodomain is required for function and specificity of Sex combs reduced in Drosophila. (unibas.ch)
The functional importance of binding specificity would further imply that mutations in the genomic DNA binding sites of the homeodomain might also lead to phenotypic modifications similar to those observed for the homeodomain mutants, the AV blockage phenotype studied in this paper, for instance. (jci.org)
Nevertheless, the three proteins display different roles in physiological and pathological conditions, as well as different expression level and tissue-specificity. (frontiersin.org)
Many homeodomain proteins require additional cofactors to bind with high affinity and specificity to their DNA sites. (embl.de)

two of the missense mutations are especially interesting, Asn188Lys and Tyr191Cys, both occurring in the third helix, the "recognition" helix, of the NKX2.5 homeodomain. (jci.org)
In contrast, the two other missense mutations, Thr178Met and Arg189Gly, should result in destabilization of the third helix of the homeodomain (1,2). (jci.org)
This amino acid sequence folds into a "helix-turn-helix" (i.e. homeodomain fold ) motif that is stabilized by a third helix. (hitchhikersgui.de)

The encoded nuclear protein functions as a sequence-specific transcription factor that is involved in cell proliferation and differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
Note that the 'protein existence' evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence(s) displayed. (uniprot.org)
The degree of variation in DNA sequence recognition among four Drosophila homeotic proteins. (nih.gov)
We compare here the DNA sequence preferences of homeodomains encoded by four of the eight Drosophila HOM proteins. (nih.gov)
This and other patterns of residue conservation suggest that differential DNA sequence recognition may play a role in HOM protein function in a wide range of organisms. (nih.gov)
1986 ) Sequence conservation in the protein coding and intron regions of the engrailed transcription unit. (biologists.org)
Characterization of Drosophila DNA-binding protein DB-2: demonstration of its sequence-specific interaction with DNA. (isni.org)
Unlike Box5, the PDZ-interacting sequence in Pen-N3, originally identified via a random phage display screening, is not derived from Wnt or other known cellular proteins. (emdmillipore.com)
wire-diagram from the protein-sequence with extra buildings highlighted in yellow and crimson, as well as the protease-binding site in purple. (ovarian-cancersymptoms.com)
Victoria Del Gaizo, A novel TAT-Mitochondrial Sequence Fusion Protein is processed, Stays in the mitcohondria, and Crosses the Placenta, Molecular Therapy, vol. 7, pp. 720-730. (freepatentsonline.com)
The most active Cre proteins tested contained either an N-terminal 6xHis tag and a nuclear localization sequence from SV40 large T antigen (HNC) or the HIV Tat transduction sequence and a C-terminal 6xHis tag (TCH 6 ). (biomedcentral.com)
moreover, transduction sequences from fibroblast growth factor 4, HIV Tat or consisting of the (KFF) 3 K sequence were not required for efficient protein transduction and adversely affected enzyme solubility. (biomedcentral.com)
In our previous report, recombinant fusion proteins bearing the 12 amino acid membrane translocation sequence (MTS) from fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF-4) were used to deliver enzymatically active Cre proteins directly into mammalian cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Of the four recombinant proteins tested, an enzyme containing an N-terminal 6xHis affinity tag, a nuclear localization sequence (NLS) from SV40 large T antigen, and the FGF-4 MTS (HNCM), displayed the best combination of yield, solubility, nuclear localization and enzymatic activity within cells. (biomedcentral.com)
p>This section provides information about the protein and gene name(s) and synonym(s) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence. (uniprot.org)
section indicates the name(s) of the gene(s) that code for the protein sequence(s) described in the entry. (uniprot.org)
Tyr191, residue 54 of the homeodomain, is conserved in the NK-2 class of homeodomains, and its contact with a cytosine gives rise to the unique specific binding sequence observed for NK-2 class homeodomains, CAAGTG (2,3). (jci.org)
In a study of the vnd/NK-2 homeodomain where residue 54 is mutated from tyrosine to methionine, the residue found in the same position in Antennapedia, binding to the CAAGTG sequence was reduced by a factor of 10, and no alteration of the homeodomain structure was observed (7). (jci.org)
In the case of Drosophila one study has proved that the details of the specific binding sequence measured in vitro for a homeodomain are biologically important (8). (jci.org)
The individual domains of POU proteins bind DNA only weakly, but have strong sequence-specific affinity when linked. (blogspot.com)
14. Laughon, A. and M.P. Scott (1984) The sequence of a Drosophila segmentation gene: Protein structure homology with DNA binding proteins. (stanford.edu)
Human missense sequence variants reside within evolutionarily conserved domains, likely disrupting protein function. (biomedcentral.com)
Sequence comparisons indicate that all homeodomain-leucine zipper proteins might use contacts of the N-terminal arm with DNA for efficient binding. (mysciencework.com)
The homeodomain sequence is highly conserved. (scienceblogs.com)
comparisons of the homeodomain sequence shows even higher homology, since most of the nucleotide differences conserve the same amino acid. (scienceblogs.com)
The motif is very similar in sequence and structure in a wide range of DNA-binding proteins (e.g., cro and repressor proteins, homeotic proteins, etc. (embl.de)

Implications of these results for how homeotic proteins select particular metameric identities are discussed. (nih.gov)

Of these latter three, the Ultrabithorax and Antennapedia homeodomains display indistinguishable preferences outside the core while Deformed differs. (nih.gov)
1990 ) Functional dissection of Ultrabithorax proteins in D. melanogaster. (biologists.org)
conserved cluster of homeodomain binding sites in the mouse Hoxa-4 intron functions in Drosophila embryos as an enhancer that is directly regulated by Ultrabithorax. (isni.org)
Expression of Ultrabithorax (UBX) proteins via a heat-inducible promoter generated homeotic transformations of segmental identities in the embryonic cuticle and peripheral nervous system (PNS) of Drosophila and transformed antennae into legs in the adult. (nih.gov)
Analysis of the transformations generated by UBX deletions and by a chimeric Ultrabithorax-Antennapedia protein demonstrated that the majority of the UBX identity information is contained within the C-terminal, homeodomain-containing portion of the protein. (nih.gov)
A major problem in developmental genetics is how HOX transcription factors, like Proboscipedia (PB) and Ultrabithorax (UBX) , regulate distinct programs of gene expression to result in a proboscis versus a haltere, respectively, when the DNA-binding homeodomain (HD) of HOX transcription factors recognizes similar DNA-binding sequences. (sdbonline.org)

Antennapedia also refers to a gene complex in Drosophila which is responsible for formation and differentiation of the thoracic and head segments of the fly's body. (wikipedia.org)
1989 ) Molecular and genetic organization of the Antennapedia gene complex of Drosophila melanogaster . (biologists.org)
Determination of the nuclear magnetic resonance solution structure of an Antennapedia homeodomain-DNA complex. (isni.org)
Here we show that specific members of both PBX and MEIS subclasses form a multimeric complex with the pancreatic homeodomain protein PDX1 and switch the nature of its transcriptional activity. (asm.org)
Photorhabdus luminescens toxin complex (PTC) is a heterotrimeric protein complex able to deliver diverse protein toxins into mammalian cells. (life-science-alliance.org)
see below), the Photorhabdus megadalton protein complex allows the delivery of its cargo in the absence of the bacteria. (life-science-alliance.org)
Based on homology with the vnd/NK-2 homeodomain/DNA complex structure, residues 188 and 191 of NKX2.5 should make DNA base contacts (2). (jci.org)
Asn188, residue 51 of the homeodomain, is invariant across all homeodomains, and its specific base contact with the second adenine of homeodomain DNA binding site sequences is observed in all known homeodomain/DNA complex structures (3). (jci.org)
15. Scott, M.P. (1985) Molecules and puzzles from the Antennapedia homoeotic gene complex of Drosophila. (stanford.edu)
This complex includes Dorsal, Gro, and additional DNA binding proteins, all of which appear to convert Dorsal from an activator to a repressor by enabling it to recruit Gro to the template. (sdbonline.org)
The structures of the Drosophila Paired homodimer and the yeast a1/alpha2 heterodimer bound to DNA, along with a high-resolution study of a Drosophila eve-DNA complex, have deepened our understanding of how homeodomains locate their DNA targets. (embl.de)

Furthermore, at least one portion of the protein has been extremely highly conserved - e.g ., only two of the 60 positions in the homeodomain differ between Nematostella (a sea anemone) and Branchiostoma (a chordate), two taxa that diverged over 600 million years ago. (biomedcentral.com)
The homeodomain protein motif is highly conserved across vast evolutionary distances. (hitchhikersgui.de)

We have studied the mechanism underlying the dominant negative K88E mutation, which occurs at position 50 of the homeodomain. (asm.org)
For the vnd/NK-2 homeodomain, mutation of the adenine contacted by asparagine in position 51 of the homeodomain reduces binding by a factor of 50 to 200, and the mutation of the cytosine contacted by tyrosine in position 54 reduces binding by a factor of 4 to 25 (2). (jci.org)
The most famous such mutation is Antennapedia, in which legs grow from the head of a fly instead of the expected antennae. (blogspot.com)
4 . The nucleic acid of claim 3 , wherein the mutated Uch-L1 protein comprises an S18Y mutation. (google.com)
the classic example is antennapedia, a mutation that turns the antenna of a fly into a leg. (scienceblogs.com)

HOX proteins and some orphan homeodomain proteins form complexes with either PBX or MEIS subclasses of homeodomain proteins. (asm.org)
Instead, like many other eukaryotic transcription factors that act through distant enhancers, HOX proteins apparently act with the help of cofactors in larger nucleoprotein complexes ( Mann, 1995 ). (embopress.org)
The protein-protein contacts within these complexes are believed to include crucial interactions that allow HOX proteins to discriminate among target regulatory elements. (embopress.org)
In addition to binding to RNA, nuclear factor 90 proteins form heterodimeric complexes that regulate GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and may play a role in T-CELL activation. (ucdenver.edu)
Ribosomes (from ribonucleic acid and 'greek: soma (meaning body)') are complexes of RNA and protein that are found in all cells. (blogspot.com)
The recent structural determinations and biochemical analysis of several multimeric complexes have provided a better understanding of how protein interactions influence the DNA-binding activity of homeodomain proteins. (embl.de)

A family of zinc finger transcription factors that share homology with Kruppel protein, Drosophila. (childrensmercy.org)

A 22-amino acid PDZ domain-binding carboxamide toward Dvl (dishevelled) family proteins is fused at the N-terminal with a 16-mer antennapedia homeodomain-derived cell-permeable acetamide to facilitate its use in cellular studies. (emdmillipore.com)
Suppressing activity of tributyrin on hepatocarcinogenesis is associated with inhibiting the p53-CRM1 interaction and changing the cellular compartmentalization of p53 protein. (uams.edu)
Frankel, A. D., and Pabo, C. O. (1988) Cellular uptake of the Tat protein from human immunodeficiency virus, Cell 55 , 1189-1193. (springer.com)

The crystal structure is in agreement with the underlying NMR data, but our structure reveals a well-defined set of contacts and also reveals the locations and roles of water molecules at the protein-DNA interface. (rcsb.org)
Using buried water molecules to explore the energy landscape of proteins. (iucr.org)
Unfortunately, the lack of an evident druggability of this protein, since it has no defined binding or active sites, makes the quest for VDAC interacting molecules a difficult tale. (frontiersin.org)
VDACs are the most abundant pore-forming proteins of the MOM and, differently from other structurally similar proteins such as Tom40 or Sam50, they serve as unspecific channels allowing the exchanges of molecules up to a molecular weight of 1,500 Da. (frontiersin.org)
Beyond the metabolic functions, the peculiar position of VDACs, at the interface between cytosol and mitochondria, makes porins the mitochondrial docking site for several cytosolic proteins, including molecules involved in the regulation of cell life and death. (frontiersin.org)

Nuclear Matrix-Associated Proteins" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
A broad category of nuclear proteins that are components of or participate in the formation of the NUCLEAR MATRIX. (harvard.edu)
Nuclear Matrix Protein 4 Is a Novel Regulator of Ribosome Biogenesis and Controls the Unfolded Protein Response via Repression of Gadd34 Expression. (harvard.edu)
Within the homeodomain, there is an antennapedia-like protein transduction domain (PTD) which allows PDX-1 to permeate into cells and a nuclear localization signal (NLS) motif, RRMKWKK(197-203aa), which is sufficient for the nuclear import of PDX-1. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
Mutant proteins are reported to block the transport of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins to mitochondria, interact with mitochondrial proteins and disrupt the electron transport chain, induce free radicals, cause mitochondrial dysfunction, and, ultimately, damage neurons. (springer.com)
Sequential resonance assignments in protein 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra: computation of sterically allowed proton-proton distances and statistical analysis of proton-proton distances in single crystal protein conformations. (iucr.org)
Solution of the phase problem in the X-ray diffraction method for proteins with the nuclear magnetic resonance solution structure as initial model. (iucr.org)
An evaluation of the combined use of nuclear magnetic resonance and distance geometry for the determination of protein conformations in solution. (iucr.org)

Several homeodomain proteins are important components of the transcriptional network that controls pancreogenesis ( 1 , 22 , 50 , 69 , 74 ). (asm.org)
Based on the types of homeotic transformations and changes in gene expression observed in exd mutant embryos, we propose a new model for EXD/PBX action in which these proteins are required for HOX protein transcriptional activation functions, but dispensable for HOX transcriptional repression functions. (embopress.org)
Homeodomain proteins are conserved DNA-binding factors that are involved in the transcriptional regulation of key developmental processes. (embl.de)

The ability of Hox proteins to bind DNA is conferred by a part of the protein referred to as the homeodomain . (hitchhikersgui.de)

des(1-6)antennapedia homeodomain: comparison of the NMR solution structure and the DNA-binding affinity with the intact Antennapedia homeodomain. (isni.org)
The repressor was affinity captured from D. citri aqueous extracts using biotinylated holin promoter DNA immobilized on magnetic beads and subjected to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Protein database interrogation was used to identify a small DNA-binding protein encoded by a gene carried by Wolbachia strain wDi, a resident endosymbiont of D. citri as the repressor. (asm.org)
Mutations that change the affinity of a small autoactivation element for EXD protein result in corresponding changes in the element's embryonic activity. (embopress.org)
In the present work, we report that the deletion of the homeodomain N-terminal arm (first nine residues) of the homeodomain-leucine zipper protein Hahb-4 dramatically affects its DNA-binding affinity, causing a 70-fold increase in dissociation constant. (mysciencework.com)
However, the Antennapedia N-terminal arm is not able to confer increased binding affinity to monomers of Hahb-4 lacking the leucine zipper motif, indicating that the inefficient binding of monomers must be due to structural differences in other parts of the molecule. (mysciencework.com)
The construction of proteins with modifications at residues 5 to 7 of the homeodomain suggests strongly that positively charged amino acids at these positions play essential roles in determining the DNA-binding affinity. (mysciencework.com)

The in vitro -translated Wolbachia repressor protein was able to penetrate L . crescens cells, bind to " Ca . Liberibacter asiaticus" promoter DNA, and partially suppress holin promoter-driven β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity, indicating potential involvement of an additional interacting partner(s) or posttranslational modification(s) for complete suppression. (asm.org)
The K88R protein had greatly reduced binding to a TAATCC element and did not specifically bind any other TAATNN motif. (asm.org)
Plant homeodomain-leucine zipper proteins, unlike most animal homeodomains, bind DNA efficiently only as dimers. (mysciencework.com)
Past structural studies have focused on the binding of monomeric homeodomains to DNA, but two recent structures have revealed how homeodomains bind DNA as multimers. (embl.de)

Mutations in the gene for the antennapedia homeodomain protein are associated with the conversion of antenna to leg or leg to antenna DROSOPHILA . (rightdiagnosis.com)
Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome is an autosomal-dominant disorder caused by mutations in the PITX2 homeodomain protein. (asm.org)
Both of the mutated residues are fully exposed to solvent, and there is no reason to believe that either of these mutations alters the structure of the homeodomain (1). (jci.org)
The possibility that the two mutations Asn188Lys and Tyr191Cys alter the DNA binding of the otherwise structurally intact NKX2.5 protein has important implications. (jci.org)
To reconstruct the functional evolution of Msx and inform the study of human mutations, we analyzed the phylogeny and synteny of 46 metazoan Msx proteins and tracked the duplication, diversification and loss of conserved motifs. (biomedcentral.com)
However, the effect of mutations at positions 6 and 7 can be counteracted by introducing a stretch of positively charged residues at positions 1 to 3 of the homeodomain. (mysciencework.com)

The protein product of each Hox gene is a transcription factor . (hitchhikersgui.de)

Human PDX-1 is a protein of 283 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 30.64 kDa. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
Recent work on fluorescent α-amino acids (FlAAs) proved extremely useful in studying protein folding, conformational changes and reactivity. (flvc.org)

Chan S, Popperl H, Krumlauf R, Mann R. An extradenticle-induced conformational change in a HOX protein overcomes an inhibitory function of the conserved hexapeptide motif. (labome.org)
A subfamily of HELIX-TURN-HELIX DNA-binding proteins that contain a variable length loop adjacent to the HTH motif. (umassmed.edu)

We show that the ZPR proteins interact with REV in vitro and that ZPR3 prevents DNA binding by REV in vitro. (plantcell.org)

The GnRH regulatory region contains four conserved homeodomain binding sites (ATTA) that are essential for basal promoter activity and cell-specific expression of the GnRH gene. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
This study was performed to investigate the transduction of a full-length superoxide dismutase (SOD) protein fused to transactivator of transcription (Tat) into human chondrocytes, and to determine the regulatory function of transduced Tat-SOD in the inflammatory cytokine induced catabolic pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
Cross-regulatory protein-protein interactions between Hox and Pax transcription factors. (unibas.ch)
In this extensively revised second edition, the authors delve into the latest discoveries, incorporating new coverage of comparative genomics, molecular evolution of regulatory proteins and elements, and microevolution of animal development. (b-ok.org)
Pax proteins, characterized by the presence of a paired domain, play key regulatory roles during development. (pnas.org)
The HD-ZIPIII/ZPR regulatory module would serve not only to dampen the effect of fluctuations in HD-ZIPIII protein levels but more importantly would provide a potential point of regulation (control over the ratio of inactive heterodimers to active homodimers) that could be influenced by other components of the pathway governing leaf polarity. (plantcell.org)

Here, we report the identification of a Drosophila Pax gene that encodes a protein with only a RED domain and no PAI domain. (pnas.org)

MSX and DLX are members of the Antennapedia class of non-Hox homeodomain transcription factors that regulate gene expression and influence development of the craniofacial structures and anterior forebrain. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
This study shows that protein delivery employing the Tat-protein transduction domain is feasible as a therapeutic modality to regulate catabolic processes in cartilage. (biomedcentral.com)
Construction of additional Tat-fusion proteins that can regulate cartilage metabolism favorably and application of this technology in in vivo models of arthritis are the subjects of future studies. (biomedcentral.com)
The HNC protein, with an excellent combination of activity, solubility and yield, will enhance the use of cell-permeant Cre proteins to regulate gene structure and function in living cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Cell-permeant Cre proteins provide an effective means to regulate gene structure and function in living cells, and Cre-mediated recombination provides a potentially useful reporter system with which to study the process of protein transduction itself. (biomedcentral.com)

Homeodomains are one of the key families of eukaryotic DNA-binding motifs and provide an important model system for studying protein-DNA interactions. (rcsb.org)
The synthesis of X-ray and NMR studies provides a unified, general model for homeodomain-DNA interactions. (rcsb.org)
The middle region contains a homeodomain, which is essential for DNA binding and protein-protein interactions. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
The first step in this proposed model is an interaction with the unfolded fusion protein (TAT) and the membrane through electrostatic interactions, which disrupt the membrane enough to allow the fusion protein to cross the membrane. (wikipedia.org)
Protein interactions of homeodomain proteins. (embl.de)
Homeodomain interactions. (embl.de)

Repressor Proteins" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)

1990 ) The specificities of sex combs reduced and Antennapedia are defined by a distinct portion of each protein that includes the homeodomain. (biologists.org)

Insertion of exogenous ubiquitin into rat brain mitochondria in the presence of ATP and the ATPregenerating system (creatine phosphate/creatine phosphokinase) results in the increase in: sensitivity of mitochondrial monoamine oxidases (MAO) A and B to inhibition by mechanism based inhibitor and incorporation of [ 3 H]-pargyline, which was especially notable in the fraction obtained by immunoprecipitation of mitochondrial proteins with anti-ubiquitin antiserum and protein A Sepharose. (chemweb.com)
Insertion of ubiquitin into mitochondria did not influence molecular masses of [ 3 H]-pargyline labeled proteins. (chemweb.com)
Shokolenko, I., M. Alexeyev, S. LeDoux, and G. Wilson, TAT-mediated protein transduction and targeted delivery of fusion proteins into mitochondria of breast cancer cells. (freepatentsonline.com)
Biochemical and animal model studies of inherited neurodegenerative diseases have revealed that mutant proteins of these diseases are associated with mitochondria. (springer.com)

Here, we report that expression patterns of the Msx and Dlx families of homeodomain transcription factors largely coincide with the migratory route of GnRH neurons and co-express with GnRH in neurons during embryonic development. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Expression of these proteins is spatially and temporally regulated during embryonic development. (wikidoc.org)

Schmidt, M. Alexander 2017-02-01 00:00:00 Bacterial pathogens have developed intriguing virulence mechanisms, including several sophisticated nanomachines, for injecting effector proteins to manipulate host immune signaling pathways for their own benefit. (deepdyve.com)
The oomycete potato late blight pathogen, Phytophthora infestans, and the apicomplexan malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum translocate effector proteins inside host cells, presumably to the benefit of the pathogen or parasite. (elsevier.com)

Proteins containing a POU region consist of a homeodomain and a separate, structurally homologous POU domain that contains two helix-turn-helix motifs and also binds DNA. (blogspot.com)
The 2.5 A resolution structure of a cocrystal containing the paired domain from the Drosophila paired (prd) protein and a 15 bp site shows structurally independent N-terminal and C-terminal subdomains. (embl.de)

We have exploited this cytoplasmic recognition to report on replacement of the RxLR-EER of Avr3a with the equivalent sequences from the intracellular effectors ATR1NdWsB and ATR13 from the related oomycete pathogen, Hyaloperotiospora parasitica, and the host targeting signal from the Pl. falciparum virulence protein PfHRPII. (elsevier.com)
Furthermore, there is an isoform of the Pax-6 protein (Pax-6 5a) that contains, in the middle of the recognition helix of the PAI domain, an 11-residue insertion that inactivates DNA binding to sequences normally bound by the Pax-6 PD ( 6 ). (pnas.org)
Hydration and DNA recognition by homeodomains. (iucr.org)

Homeodomain proteins are involved in the control of gene expression during morphogenesis and development (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL). (curehunter.com)
or (cb) said test compound, upon binding in step (b) modulates the expression and/or activity of said protein or, if present, said subunit(s). (patentsencyclopedia.com)
and(b) determining whether said test compound, upon contacting in step (a) modulates the expression and/or activity of said protein. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
12. The method of claim 1, wherein, prior to said contacting, (a') an ototoxic agent and/or an agent increasing the activity and/or the expression of said protein or subunit(s), is brought into contact with said protein or subunit(s) is/are administered to said cell or said animal. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
The pTat-SOD expression vector was constructed to express the basic domain of HIV-1 Tat as a fusion protein with Cu, Zn-SOD. (biomedcentral.com)
NO production and iNOS mRNA expression, in response to IL-1 stimulation, was significantly down-regulated by pretreatment with Tat-SOD fusion proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
Expression of the Wolbachia repressor protein appeared to be constitutive irrespective of " Ca . Liberibacter asiaticus" infection status of the insect host. (asm.org)
Neplioueva V, Dobrikova EY, Mukherjee N, Keene JD, Gromeier M. Tissue type-specific expression of the dsRNA-binding protein 76 and genome-wide elucidation of its target mRNAs. (ucdenver.edu)
23. Carroll, S.B., R.A. Laymon, M.A. McCutcheon, P.D. Riley, and , M.P. Scott (1986) The localization and regulation of Antennapedia protein expression in Drosophila embryos. (stanford.edu)
HIV-1 TAT can also significantly increase the soluble expression of extrinsic proteins. (deepdyve.com)

After internalization, the fusion protein refolds due the chaperone system. (wikipedia.org)

Similarities and differences at the corresponding positions within the N-terminal arms are conserved in the vertebrate Abdominal-B-like HOM proteins, which play critical roles in limb specifications as well as in regional specification along the anterior-posterior axis. (nih.gov)
Homeodomain proteins play key roles in development and gene regulation in eukaryotes. (embl.de)

1990 ) Molecular genetic manipulation of the red flour beetle: Genome organization and cloning of a ribosomal protein gene. (biologists.org)
However, endogenous PDX-1 is usually detected as a protein with molecular mass of 46 kDa, likely due to posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation and sumoylation. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
During my student years from 1957-1962, NMR spectroscopy was just being introduced as an analytical tool in chemistry, molecular biology was not yet established as an independent discipline, and the initial three-dimensional protein crystal structures were just emerging. (angelfire.com)
10. Scott, M.P., A.J. Weiner,T.I. Hazelrigg, B.A. Polisky, V. Pirrotta, F. Scalenghe, and T.C. Kaufman (1983) The molecular organization of the Antennapedia Locus of Drosophila. (stanford.edu)
Three-dimensional structure of proteins determined by molecular dynamics with interproton distance restraints. (iucr.org)

Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release. (harvard.edu)
This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Repressor Proteins" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Repressor Proteins" was a major or minor topic of these publication. (harvard.edu)
Below are the most recent publications written about "Repressor Proteins" by people in Profiles. (harvard.edu)
The same Hox protein can act as a repressor at one gene and an activator at another. (hitchhikersgui.de)
One of the principal differences between HTH motifs in these different proteins arises from the stereo-chemical requirement for glycine in the turn which is needed to avoid steric interference of the beta-carbon with the main chain: for cro and repressor proteins the glycine appears to be mandatory, while for many of the homeotic and other DNA-binding proteins the requirement is relaxed. (embl.de)

Binds mutant p53 and restores the growth suppressor functions of p53 protein in human tumor cells. (merckmillipore.com)
The homeodomain fold is a protein structural domain that binds DNA or RNA and is thus commonly found in transcription factors.The fold consists of a 60-amino acid helix-turn-helix structure in which three alpha helices are connected by short loop regions. (blogspot.com)

p>This section provides any useful information about the protein, mostly biological knowledge. (uniprot.org)
Previously, it has been reported that the basic domain of the HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (Tat) protein, which is composed of 11 amino acid residues, possesses the ability to traverse biological membranes efficiently in a process termed 'protein transduction' [ 9 , 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

In the present study, 11 recombinant fusion proteins were analyzed to characterize sequences and conditions that affect protein uptake and/or activity and to develop more active cell-permeant enzymes. (biomedcentral.com)

Bae HD, Lee J, Jin XH, Lee K (2016) Potential of translationally controlled tumor protein-derived protein transduction domains as antigen carriers for nasal vaccine delivery. (springer.com)

The intracellular transduction of Tat-SOD into cultured chondrocytes was detected after 1 hours, and the amount of transduced protein did not change significantly after further incubation. (biomedcentral.com)

Bantignies F, Goodman R, Smolik S. Functional interaction between the coactivator Drosophila CREB-binding protein and ASH1, a member of the trithorax group of chromatin modifiers. (labome.org)
PITX2a is a 33-kDa homeodomain protein that is a functional member of the bicoid homeodomain subfamily, as defined by a lysine at residue 50 of the homeodomain ( 4 ). (asm.org)
Green, M., and Loewenstein, P. M. (1988) Autonomous functional domains of chemically synthesized human immunodeficiency virus tat trans-activator protein, Cell 55 , 1179-1188. (springer.com)
The functional conservation of Hox proteins can be demonstrated by the fact that a fly can function perfectly well with a chicken Hox protein in place of its own. (hitchhikersgui.de)

The Drosophila EXD protein and its mammalian counterparts, the PBX proteins, have been proposed to function in HOX target selectivity. (embopress.org)

We engineered the syringe-like nanomachine for delivery of protein toxins from different species. (life-science-alliance.org)
6. The method of any one of claims 1, 2 or 5, wherein modulation involves modulating the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production of said protein, and wherein determining in step (c) comprises quantifying ROS production. (patentsencyclopedia.com)

9. The method of claim 1, wherein said protein and, if present, said subunit(s) is/are comprised in a cell transfected with a nucleic acid encoding said protein. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
3 . An isolated nucleic acid encoding a mutated Uch-L1 protein. (google.com)

Positively charged residues at the N-terminal arm of the homeodomain are required for efficient DNA binding by homeodomain-leucine zipper proteins. (mysciencework.com)

The attachment of a virion particle with the surface of an individual cell is based upon the interaction between cell surface receptors and the particles composing the capsid or proteins on the surface of the virion. (jyi.org)
Duplicated domains allow pleiotropically expressed proteins to evolve new functions without disrupting existing interaction networks. (biomedcentral.com)

Within each A/P domain, a different HOX protein assigns positional identities which are eventually realized in diverse morphological structures on the segmented A/P axis of the Drosophila embryo ( McGinnis and Krumlauf, 1992 ). (embopress.org)
Comparison of protein structures determined by NMR in solution and by X-ray diffraction in single-crystals. (iucr.org)

Since recombination provides a stable and unambiguous record of protein uptake, the enzyme may also be used for quantitative studies of cis - and trans -acting factors that influence the delivery of proteins into cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Mitochondrial targeting and a novel transmembrane arrest of Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein impairs mitochondrial function in neuronal cells. (springer.com)

Our results thus implicate a second class of chromatin-associated proteins in mediating dCBP function and imply that dCBP might be involved in the regulation of higher-order chromatin structure. (labome.org)
Eyg also contains another DNA-binding domain, a Prd-class homeodomain (HD), whose palindromic binding site is similar to other Prd-class HDs. (pnas.org)
The Arabidopsis thaliana REVOLUTA (REV) protein is a member of the class III homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-ZIPIII) proteins. (plantcell.org)
Click on the protein counts, or double click on taxonomic names to display all proteins containing HOX domain in the selected taxonomic class. (embl.de)

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