Archaeognathan brains are like those of higher malacostracans, which lack mushroom bodies but have elaborate olfactory centers laterally in the brain. (elsevierpure.com)
In the locust, olfactory information is sent from peripheral olfactory organs to the antennal lobe (AL) and is then carried as the oscillatory output of a synchronized population of projection neurons (PNs) ( Wehr and Laurent, 1996 ) to two higher olfactory centers. (jneurosci.org)
Glomeruli2
In most insects with olfactory glomeruli, each side of the brain possesses a mushroom body equipped with calyces supplied by olfactory projection neurons. (elsevierpure.com)
These studies favored the view that pheromone compounds are processed within specific antennal lobe glomeruli following a specialized labeled-line system. (jneurosci.org)
GABAergic3
Antennal lobe projection neurons are the source of the cholinergic input, and the GABAergic input is from protocerebral neurons. (wikipedia.org)
instead, it appears that another mechanism, feedback inhibition from the giant GABAergic neuron, serves this function. (jneurosci.org)
focused on a population of interneurons in the LH [LHIs, a subtype of LH neurons (LHNs)] that extends processes to the MB and appears to be GABAergic. (jneurosci.org)
Kenyon10
Kenyon cells are the intrinsic neurons of the mushroom body, a neuropil found in the brains of most arthropods and some annelids. (wikipedia.org)
Kenyon cells have dendritic branches that arborize in the calyx or calyces, cup-shaped regions of the mushroom body. (wikipedia.org)
At the base of the calyces, Kenyon cell axons come together and form a bundle known as the pedunculus. (wikipedia.org)
At the end of the pedunculus, Kenyon cell axons bifurcate and extend branches into the vertical and medial lobes. (wikipedia.org)
Kenyon cells are mainly postsynaptic in the calyces, where their synapses form microglomeruli. (wikipedia.org)
Kenyon cells are presynaptic to mushroom body output neurons in the lobes. (wikipedia.org)
for example, those that have their cell bodies outside of the calyx cup are called clawed Kenyon cells. (wikipedia.org)
Where a Kenyon cell sends its dendrites in the calyces and which lobes it projects its axons to varies based on its birth-order. (wikipedia.org)
Experiments in locusts have shown that Kenyon cells have their activity synchronized to 20-Hz neural oscillations and are particularly responsive to projection neuron spikes at specific phases of the oscillatory cycle. (wikipedia.org)
Kenyon cells providing dendrites to the calyces supply a pedunculus and lobes divided into subdivisions supplying outputs to other brain areas. (elsevierpure.com)
Odor3
However, the memory of a conditioned odor decayed at a significantly greater rate for subjects experiencing antennal-only stimulation after either multiple- or single-trial conditioning. (silverchair.com)
Finally, to test whether the act of feeding on a reward containing sucrose during conditioning affected olfactory memory formation, we conditioned honey bees to associate an odor with antennal stimulation with sucrose followed by feeding on a water droplet. (silverchair.com)
We observed that a honey bee's ability to recall the conditioned odor was not significantly different from that of subjects conditioned with an antennal-only sucrose stimulus. (silverchair.com)
Pathways2
Using optophysiological recordings of projection neurons, we compared the responses of these two pathways to 27 known honey bee pheromonal compounds emitted by the brood, the workers, and the queen. (jneurosci.org)
We show that while queen mandibular pheromone is processed by l-ALT (lateral antennal lobe tract) neurons and brood pheromone is mainly processed by m-ALT (median antennal lobe tract) neurons, worker pheromones induce redundant activity in both pathways. (jneurosci.org)
Brains1
That mushroom bodies persist in brains of secondarily anosmic insects suggests that they play roles in higher functions other than olfaction. (elsevierpure.com)
One center, the mushroom body (MB), has been studied extensively and is thought to be a site for olfactory learning ( Davis, 2011 ). (jneurosci.org)
Structure1
Yet relatively little is known of the structure and function of LH neurons (LHNs), making it difficult to evaluate these ideas. (jneurosci.org)
Results1
This results in a concentric pattern of cell bodies, with the somata of the last-born cells in the center, where the neuroblast had been, and the somata of the first-born cells at the outermost margins of the cell body area. (wikipedia.org)