• A "media loss" in the in vitro hepatocyte assay that monitors loss of compound from the incubation media along with physiologically based PK (PBPK) modeling was assessed for its ability to accurately predict the impact of hepatic uptake on both clearance and V ss . (aspetjournals.org)
  • This methodology significantly improved the prediction of metabolic in vivo clearance compared with standard hepatocyte scaling approaches that do not take into account hepatic uptake. (aspetjournals.org)
  • However, hepatic uptake will have little overall impact on half-life, because of the concomitant impact on both Cl and V ss , as long as hepatic extraction is not high. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The objective of this study was to clarify the mechanism underlying hepatic uptake of dioscin (diosgenyl 2,4-di- O -a- L -rhamnopyranosyl- p - D -glucopyranoside), an herbal ingredient with antihepatitis activity, in rats and humans. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The liver uptake index (LUI) in vivo, perfused rat liver in situ, rat liver slices, isolated rat hepatocytes, and human organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP)-transfected cells in vitro were used to evaluate hepatic uptake of dioscin. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Hepatic uptake of cholephilic organic compounds is mediated by members of the organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) family. (nih.gov)
  • Our data demonstrate that high serum glibenclamide concentrations and an increased t 1/2 of glibenclamide in the blood of Hnf-1α −/− mice are caused by a defect in hepatic uptake of glibenclamide. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Impaired delivery of bilirubin to the liver in conditions such as congestive heart failure or in patients with portosystemic shunts can decrease the hepatic bilirubin uptake by the liver. (medscape.com)
  • Occasionally, cirrhosis can cause unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, as hepatic fibrosis leads to capillarization of the sinusoids, causing decreased bilirubin uptake by hepatocytes. (medscape.com)
  • The FHA cycle is active inside the cell, detoxifying superoxide anion radicals (O2·-), which are mainly generated as a result of so-called 'electron leakage' to triplet oxygen (O2) in photosynthetic, mitochondrial, peroxisomal, and probably other electron transport chains (Ozyigit et al. (deepdyve.com)
  • Superoxide anion release was determined by a spectrophotometric procedure. (cdc.gov)
  • PAF induced a moderate release of hydrogen - peroxide and a weak release of superoxide anion. (cdc.gov)
  • In several models of lymphocyte apoptosis, two alterations of mitochondrial function precede advanced DNA fragmentation: (1) a reduction of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (delta psi m) and (2) an increase in mitochondrial generation of superoxide anion. (nih.gov)
  • The induction of oxidative stress is shown by increased levels of lipid peroxidation, total peroxide, superoxide anion and lipoxygenase activity. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • These results suggest an important role of hOAT3 in the excretion/detoxification of endogenous and exogenous organic anions in the kidney. (aspetjournals.org)
  • first, organic anions are transported from the peritubular plasma by basolateral organic anion transporter(s) and subsequently effluxed into the tubular lumen by luminal transporter(s). (aspetjournals.org)
  • Analysis of heterologous expression systems of rOAT1 in oocytes and culture cells revealed that rOAT1 has the ability to transport anionic drugs, such as β-lactam antibiotics, NSAIDs, methotrexate, and antiviral drugs, as well as various endogenous organic anions and exogenous substances. (aspetjournals.org)
  • All of these isoforms are commonly expressed in the kidney, and their potential roles in renal handling of organic anions have been indicated. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Among the OAT isoforms, rOAT3, as well as rOAT1, exhibits a markedly wide substrate selectivity, and its human homolog is considered a key molecule in the renal handling of organic anions. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Proximal tubular cells respond to OTA with a dramatic reduction in the secretory capacity for organic anions. (karger.com)
  • Drugs interacting with organic anion transporter-1 affect uptake of Tc-99m-mercaptoacetyl-triglycine (MAG3) in the human kidney: therapeutic drug interaction in Tc-99m-MAG3 diagnosis of renal function and possible application of Tc-99m-MAG3 for drug development. (bvsalud.org)
  • Renal uptake of Tc-99m-MG3 involves organic anion transporter ( OAT ). (bvsalud.org)
  • A cDNA encoding a multispecific organic anion transporter 3 (hOAT3) was isolated from a human kidney cDNA library. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Using Arabidopsis thaliana , we show guard cell GABA production is necessary and sufficient to reduce stomatal opening and transpirational water loss, which improves water use efficiency and drought tolerance, via negative regulation of a stomatal guard cell tonoplast-localised anion transporter. (nature.com)
  • Because renal uptake likely plays a role in the etiology of cidofovir- and adefovir-associated nephrotoxicity, we attempted to identify a renal transporter capable of interacting with these therapeutics. (aspetjournals.org)
  • A cDNA clone was isolated from a human renal library and designated human organic anion transporter 1 (hOAT1). (aspetjournals.org)
  • Importantly, both hOAT1 and rat renal organic anion transporter 1 (rROAT1) mediated saturable, probenecid-sensitive uptake of cidofovir, adefovir, and other nucleoside phosphonate antivirals. (aspetjournals.org)
  • This research seeks to explore the relationship between polymer backbone composition, water uptake, and conductivity to contribute to the development of high-performance, yet inexpensive, ion exchange membranes. (rpi.edu)
  • This will enable electrochemical energy devices, such as fuel cells and electrolyzers, that utilize ion-transporting membranes to become more economically viable routes for the production of cleaner and more sustainable energy.In this work, novel polymer backbones were designed, synthesized by anionic polymerization, functionalized by the post-polymerization addition of alkyl side chains with terminal ionic groups, and characterized as anion exchange membranes. (rpi.edu)
  • The anion exchange membrane properties, including ion conductivity and water uptake, of the quaternized polymer was then compared to quaternized polystyrene controls of similar ion content for a baseline comparison to a well-known and used polymer for anion exchange membranes. (rpi.edu)
  • In the present work, anion exchange membranes with high-conductivity were fabricated by aligning ion channels of the polymer electrolyte impregnated in porous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) under electric fields. (rsc.org)
  • In this respect, broadly speaking, aspects of electrocatalysis in alkaline media and phenomena active in hydroxide-conducting anion exchange membranes were explored. (cornell.edu)
  • A prototypical quaternary-ammonium based anion exchange membrane material was the subject of electroanalytical investigations into the processes relevant to the application of anion exchange membranes in fuel cells. (cornell.edu)
  • The studies, further, established that the membranes exhibit a finite capacity of carbonate/formate uptake which would preclude any precipitation. (cornell.edu)
  • Specifically, investigators will discuss the development and performance of prototype of anion exchange membranes as passive samplers for PFAS, as well as the development of the Sentinel passive sampler and its use for groundwater, surface water, and stormwater monitoring in accordance with EPA 1633. (serdp-estcp.org)
  • In this project, we leveraged the anionic head groups of prioritized PFAS to enable passive sampling strategies with anion exchange membranes, which are widely used in other water/wastewater processes. (serdp-estcp.org)
  • This presentation will describe the justification for using ion exchange membranes as passive samplers for PFAS, the uptake and transport of PFAS in anion exchange membranes under different water quality conditions, and the development and performance of prototype samplers. (serdp-estcp.org)
  • Thus, they all share the Na+ or K+ cation and the P2O74-/PO43- anion as common functional groups. (europa.eu)
  • Calcium, being a cation, cannot exist alone in a soil solution without an anion (negatively charged ion) such as phosphate, nitrate and sulphate. (apal.org.au)
  • The decomposition of the organic matter, the imbalance of the N, S, and C cycles, the excess in the cation uptake on anions and the N fixation by the legumes influence the concentration of protons [H + ] in the soil solution. (frontiersin.org)
  • In vitro, the majority of bosentan uptake into liver cells was shown to depend on active transport and to be efficiently inhibited by cyclosporin A. All known members of the organic anion transporting polypeptide (oatp) transport protein family expressed in rat liver, i.e., oatp1, oatp2, and oatp4, were shown to be involved in the uptake of bosentan. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Desk 1 The SLC26 Multifunctional Anion Exchanger /Anion Route gene Family includes a one SulP polypeptide, YchM. (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • Any such materials must also have good mechanical integrity, as well as properties that prevent excessive swelling from water uptake, which is known to lead to the failure of membrane materials. (rpi.edu)
  • OATP-B is the third bromosulphophthalein uptake system localized at the basolateral membrane of human hepatocytes. (nih.gov)
  • Presumably, the uptake of cidofovir across the basolateral tubular membrane is more efficient than the subsequent secretion into tubular lumen resulting in drug accumulation in renal tubules. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The underlying mechanism is most probably a blockade of anion conductance in the plasma membrane at nanomolar concentrations of OTA with subsequent disturbance of cellular acid-base homeostasis as shown in cultured kidney cells. (karger.com)
  • 1988). The resulting damage leads to loss of membrane permeability, reduced ion uptake, loss of plasma ions, and changes in blood parameters relating to respiration. (canada.ca)
  • The uptake of carbonate ions, and any subsequent carbonate precipitation in the membrane, was studied using the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) technique. (cornell.edu)
  • Further, during the EQCM measurements, the extent of swelling in the membrane changed ii dynamically in response to the electrochemically driven anion exchange process in the membrane. (cornell.edu)
  • Nitrate and thiocyanate are polyatomic anions that can disrupt thyroid function by competitively inhibiting iodide uptake, similar to the action of perchlorate. (cdc.gov)
  • Nitrate, thiocyanate and perchlorate interact additively to impair iodide uptake by the thyroid. (cdc.gov)
  • Nitrate anion can also form endogenously. (cdc.gov)
  • Some of this acidity is neutralized by plant uptake of nitrate in which the plant roots exude basic anions. (farmprogress.com)
  • Plant proteins that participate in the active uptake of NITRATE from soil and its transport throughout the plant. (bvsalud.org)
  • Uptake of dioscin by rat liver slices and isolated rat hepatocytes was inhibited significantly by Oatp modulators, such as ibuprofen (Oatp1a1 inhibitor), digoxin (Oatp1a4 substrate), and glycyrrhizic acid (Oatp1b2 inhibitor), but not by TEA or p -aminohippurate. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Uptake of dioscin in rat hepatocytes and OATP1B3-human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells indicated a saturable process with a K m of 3.75 ± 0.51 μ M and 2.08 ± 0.27 μ M, respectively. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Glibenclamide uptake into hepatocytes was dramatically decreased in vivo and in vitro. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Characterization techniques included differential scanning calorimetry, ion conductivity, and water uptake. (rpi.edu)
  • [ 11 ] Reduced gastrointestinal motility and increased bilirubin absorption and uptake are thought to be the mechanisms. (medscape.com)
  • Inflammatory cytokines in human milk, especially interleukin (IL)-1 beta and IL-6, are increased in individuals with breast milk jaundice and are known to be cholestatic and reduce the uptake, metabolism, and excretion of bilirubin. (medscape.com)
  • Drugs such as rifamycin, rifampin, probenecid, flavaspidic acid, and bunamiodyl inhibit bilirubin uptake, which can be reversed upon cessation of these drugs. (medscape.com)
  • 2) All members of the group will ultimately dissociate into the common breakdown products of the Na+ or K+ cations and the P2O74-/PO43- anion. (europa.eu)
  • High amounts of these competing cations will reduce calcium uptake. (apal.org.au)
  • Moreover, organic material in decomposition, imbalance in N, S, and C cycles, excessive uptake of cations over anions and the uptake of nitrogen by leguminous crops all increase the concentration of H + and reduce soil pH (Figure 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Until early 1990s, renal organic anion transport was thought to be carried out by a few carrier proteins that showed wide substrate specificity. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Other genes regulated by DtxR include those that encode proteins involved in siderophore-mediated iron uptake. (rcsb.org)
  • Hence, inhibition of the active drug uptake into proximal tubular cells may provide an effective strategy to ameliorate the renal toxicity syndromes. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Treatment with drugs showing OAT affinity might interfere with renal uptake of Tc-99m-MAG3, leading to misinterpretation in Tc-99m-MAG3. (bvsalud.org)
  • Renal uptake and plasma clearance of Tc-99m-MAG3 were analyzed in healthy volunteers under control and OAT1 and OAT3 related drug treatment conditions. (bvsalud.org)
  • Both PAH and probenecid treatment induced delays in Tc-99m-MAG3 clearance from blood , and reductions in the renal uptake clearance. (bvsalud.org)
  • Drugs with OAT1 affinity affect the renal uptake of Tc-99m-MAG3 and blood clearance. (bvsalud.org)
  • Here we used direct patch-clamp of skin and eye melanosomes to identify a novel chloride-selective anion conductance mediated by OCA2 and required for melanin production. (elifesciences.org)
  • An in vitro uptake study using OAT1 or OAT3 expressing cells was also conducted. (bvsalud.org)
  • Results from both series of experiments point to inhibition of active bosentan uptake into the liver by cyclosporin A as the major underlying mechanism for this pharmacokinetic interaction that is in line with reports on other oatp-transported drugs. (aspetjournals.org)
  • It also demonstrates that inhibition of uptake into the liver might become rate-limiting in the overall elimination process even for compounds whose clearance is dependent on metabolism. (aspetjournals.org)
  • It is, however, clear that inhibition of CYP3A4-mediated metabolism by cyclosporin A alone is insufficient to explain the increased bosentan concentrations and that inhibition of hepatocellular uptake offers an attractive mechanistic alternative also in human. (aspetjournals.org)
  • CBC1/CBC2 redundantly stimulate stomatal opening by inhibition of S-type anion channels in response to both BL and low concentrations of CO 2 . (nature.com)
  • OATP-B, OATP-C, and OATP8 account for the major part of sodium-independent bile salt, organic anion, and drug clearance of human liver. (nih.gov)
  • For example, N -benzoyl-β-alanine (betamipron) has been shown to reduce the nephrotoxicity of cephaloridine by inhibiting its tubular uptake ( Tune, 1997 ). (aspetjournals.org)
  • The high affinity nutritional proline uptake porter, PutP. (tcdb.org)
  • 1993), as well uptake and translocation of long-chain fatty acids as NMR solution structures (Hodsdon et al. (lu.se)
  • Sever and Merzel 2023 determined the influence of the energetic and dynamic properties of SGLT1 as they are influenced by selected sugar uptake inhibitors on water permeation. (tcdb.org)
  • At site 1, three side chains and a sulfate or phosphate anion are involved in metal coordination. (rcsb.org)
  • Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing hOAT1 supported probenecid-sensitive uptake of [ 3 H] p -aminohippurate ( K m = 4 μM), which was trans -stimulated in oocytes preloaded with glutarate. (aspetjournals.org)
  • In particular, the organic anion transport pathway has been shown to mediate the elimination of various drugs. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The methodology described here is particularly useful when there is no allometric relationship between species as a result of interspecies differences in liver uptake. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The time course of dioscin uptake by rat liver slices was temperature-dependent. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Because hOAT1 has been suggested to show rather limited capacity for organic anion transport, hOAT3 might play a large role in the human kidney. (aspetjournals.org)
  • 14. Uptake of toxic elements, mechanism of their accumulation, hyperaccumulation. (elte.hu)
  • The accumulated K + salt in guard cells decreases the water potential and causes water uptake, resulting in stomatal opening. (nature.com)
  • 7. Uptake of nitrogen forms and its regulation. (elte.hu)
  • 2003). At physiological pH, Cr (VI) exists predominantly as the chromate anion and as such can enter cells via non-specific anion channels. (strath.ac.uk)
  • In water solutions, this substance is present as a monovalent anion, ascorbate- (Asc-), which easily donates electrons to oxidized molecules and scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS). (deepdyve.com)
  • The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of the presence of chromium in RBCs on oxygen uptake capacity of blood [oxyhaemoglobin saturation (O2-SAT) at specific pO2 values] and to evaluate the suitability of the two commonly used anti-coagulants, heparin and EDTA, for oxygen uptake studies. (strath.ac.uk)
  • Intriguingly, the replacement of gluconate with ascorbate in the patch-clamp pipette reveals a large ascorbate efflux current, which shows sensitivity to the anion channel blocker, anthracene-9-carboxylic acid (A9C), indicative of the ascorbate release via anion channels. (deepdyve.com)
  • Low-energy electron-induced dissociation in condensed-phase L-cysteine II: a comparative study on anion desorption from chemisorbedand physisorbed films. (usherbrooke.ca)
  • The phylogenetically ancient SLC26 gene family encodes multifunctional anion exchangers and anion channels transporting a wide selection of substrates, including Cl? (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • 3. Uptake of calcium and its regulation. (elte.hu)
  • Conversely, if there is a sustained period of too much water, anaerobic soil conditions can develop which will severely reduce root function and therefore calcium uptake. (apal.org.au)
  • Pollination is important in calcium uptake because apples with higher seed numbers accumulate more calcium. (apal.org.au)
  • The uptake of water in surfactants is investigated by means of a sorption calorimeter. (lu.se)
  • EPR spectroscopy measurements demonstrate that salinity (NaCl) triggers the accumulation of root apoplastic ascorbyl radicals in an A9C-dependent manner, confirming that l-ascorbate leaks through anion channels under depolarization. (deepdyve.com)
  • however, the signaling components connecting the phototropins, the H + -ATPase, and the anion channels remain unknown. (nature.com)
  • The disposition of seven marketed and two AstraZeneca acid (organic anion) compounds with a range of volume of distribution at steady state ( V ss ) and clearance have been profiled in rat and dog. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Here we review recent advances in the study of Al in plants at physiological, biochemical and molecular levels, focusing mainly on the beneficial effect of Al in plants (stimulation of root growth, increased nutrient uptake, the increase in enzyme activity, and others). (frontiersin.org)
  • If the nutrients are out of balance the remedy will regulate their uptake in the plant. (hpathy.com)
  • Values of 11.9% ± 1.6% and 15.0% ± 0.9% of dose for uptake of dioscin were observed by LUI in vivo and perfused rat livers in situ, respectively. (aspetjournals.org)
  • However, the health assessor will find the information in this report useful in characterizing the significance of exposure pathways and the importance of the physical and chemical properties of the lead compounds that may impact on persons' uptake of lead. (cdc.gov)
  • The resorptive capacity for small molecules like amino acids is affected only to a minor extent, whereas endocytic uptake of albumin is clearly reduced. (karger.com)
  • Thus, a melanosomal anion channel that requires OCA2 is essential for skin and eye pigmentation. (elifesciences.org)