• Infection and inflammation can result in cytokines, such as interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) stimulating hepcidin expression through molecular pathways that could include binding of STAT3 to the hepcidin promoter. (diff.org)
  • Although the human hepcidin promoter contains several consensus binding sites for hypoxia-inducible factor , these are not typical and not conserved in other mammals, and the molecular pathways that regulate hepcidin in response to hypoxia are not known [T Ganz et al, 2006] . (diff.org)
  • CONCLUSION: IL-10 can directly regulate hepcidin in primary macrophages but not in HepG2 cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Hepcidin secretion is regulated by iron stores, oxygenation, and inflammatory signals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • METHODS: We have measured secretion of hepcidin by primary macrophages and the hepatoma cell line HepG2 stimulated with IL-10, IL-6 and Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We found that IL-10 induced hepcidin secretion in primary macrophages in a dose-dependent manner but not in HepG2 cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • RESULTS: ASP significantly reduced hepcidin expression by inhibiting the expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3/5 (STAT3/5) and mothers against decapentaplegic protein 4 (SMAD4) in liver and stimulating the secretion of erythropoietin, which further down-regulated hepcidin by repressing CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα), SMAD4, and the phosphorylation process of STAT3/5. (alexbotsaris.com.br)
  • Mice bearing LC-06-JCK were administered rat anti-mouse IL-6 receptor antibody MR16-1 and their serum hepcidin levels and hematological parameters were determined. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Serum hepcidin and ferritin levels were statistically elevated in mice bearing LC-06-JCK. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Administration of MR16-1 to mice bearing LC-06-JCK significantly suppressed levels of both serum hepcidin and ferritin, with increased values of MCV and MCH. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, we evaluated serum hepcidin, transferrin saturation, ferritin, IL-6, IL-1, and hemoglobin levels in M. arthritidis injected C3H/HeJ (TLR2 +/+ , TLR4 -/- ) mice and C3H/HeSnJ (TLR2 +/+ , TLR4 +/+ ) mice over a 21 day period. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Both mice had an increase in serum hepcidin within three days after infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hepcidin levels were greater in C3H/HeJ mice despite a nonfunctioning TLR4 and low serum levels of IL-6. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In conclusion, serum hepcidin regulation in C3H/HeJ mice does not appear to be solely dependent upon TLR4 or IL-6. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mice injected with Borrelia burgdorferi develop severe arthritis and increased serum levels of hepcidin. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To determine if hepcidin could be expressed independent of TLR4 activation, we measured serum hepcidin levels in C3H/HeJ mice (TLR2 +/+ , TLR4 -/- ) and compared the values to C3H/HeSnJ mice (TLR2 +/+ , TLR4 +/+ ) after infection with M. arthritidis . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Erythropoietin and hepcidin levels in serum at different time points were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. (alexbotsaris.com.br)
  • Anemia associated with renal failure can be observed when the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is less than 50 mL/min or when the serum creatinine level is greater than 2 mg/dL. (medscape.com)
  • When iron levels are high, molecules such as the hemochromatosis gene product ( HFE ), hemojuvelin ( HJV ) and transferrin receptor 2 ( TfR2 ) increase hepatic hepcidin expression. (diff.org)
  • We demonstrated that inhibition of the IL-6 signaling pathway by MR16-1 treatment resulted in significant recovery of iron-deficiency anemia and alleviation of cancer-related symptoms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These results indicate that IL-6 signaling might be one possible target pathway to treat cancer-related anemia disorders. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This in turn activates the SMAD signaling pathway to induce hepcidin expression. (diff.org)
  • However, the pathway by which HFE and TfR2 induce hepcidin expression is unclear. (diff.org)
  • Little is known regarding the regulation of hepcidin in inflammatory states. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the mechanism of hepcidin regulation by iron is turning out to be unexpectedly complex. (diff.org)
  • Perhaps the best clue about hepcidin regulation by iron comes from the studies of genes involved in hereditary hemochromatosis. (diff.org)
  • Our recent clinical evidence suggests a potential role of IL-10 in the regulation of hepcidin in patients with acute P. falciparum malaria. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Hepcidin inhibits the cellular efflux of iron by binding to and inducing the degradation of ferroportin (FPN) , the sole iron exporter in iron-transporting cells, thereby blocking iron flow into plasma. (diff.org)
  • A mechanism linking cancer-related anemia and IL-6 through hepcidin production is suggested. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is suggested that hepcidin also decreases expression of proteins involved in intestinal iron absorption, such as duodenal cytochrome-b ( Dcytb ) and divalent metal transporter-1 ( DMT1 ), although the mechanism and extent of control is unknown. (diff.org)
  • Understanding the role and mechanism of raised hepcidin and so reduced iron availability during infection is critical to establish evidence-based guidelines for management of malaria anemia. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Although hepatocytes are the main sources of hepcidin, and the simplest model would place the iron sensor there (Fig 1), it is not certain that iron sensing takes place in hepatocytes. (diff.org)
  • CONCLUSIONS: ASP can suppress the expression of hepcidin in normal rats, and may be used in the treatments of hepcidin-induced diseases. (alexbotsaris.com.br)
  • Anemia is a major source of morbidity and mortality worldwide [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Consequently, the phrase "anemia in the elderly" has come into use, indicating that anemia in an elderly patient mandates a workup to identify correctable causes of anemia, so that treatment can prevent the resulting morbidity and mortality. (medscape.com)
  • We also measured arthritis severity in these mice and the amount of hepcidin transcripts produced by the liver and spleen. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The NHANES data from 2001-2004 to 2013-2016 showed a statistically insignificant trend toward increased prevalence of anemia in men aged 75 to 84 years, and a significant increase (from 24.2% to 39.5%) in men aged 85 and older. (medscape.com)
  • To clarify the hypothesis that overproduction of IL-6 elevates hepcidin levels and contributes to the development of cancer-related anemia, we evaluated anti-IL-6 receptor antibody treatment of cancer-related anemia in an IL-6-producing human lung cancer xenograft model. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Currently the only universally used definition of anemia in adults is the one proposed by WHO in 1968 as hemoglobin less than 13 g/dL in men and less than 12 g/dL in women. (medscape.com)
  • [ 2 ] This definition has since been used in population studies for anemia in elderly groups as well, though it is not an "elderly specific" definition. (medscape.com)
  • Nude mice were subcutaneously inoculated with cells of the IL-6-producing human lung cancer cell line LC-06-JCK and assessed as a model of cancer-related anemia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is suggested that HJV and soluble HJV (sHJV) modulates hepcidin expression through activating bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. (diff.org)
  • LC-06-JCK-bearing mice developed anemia according to the production of human IL-6 from xenografts, with decreased values of hemoglobin, hematocrit, and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) compared to non-tumor-bearing (NTB) mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • [ 12 ] An increase in the prevalence of anemia with increasing age was noted in all survey cycles for men and all but one survey cycle for women. (medscape.com)
  • [ 12 ] Even if rates of anemia in the elderly were to remain stable, however, the number of elderly patients with anemia is likely to increase dramatically in the coming years because of the aging population globally. (medscape.com)
  • By contrast, increased erythropoietic activity suppresses hepcidin expression, as do anemia and hypoxia. (diff.org)
  • How these three processes inhibit hepcidin expression is unclear, but they are closely related. (diff.org)
  • Diels that has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for treating gynecological disorders and anemia. (alexbotsaris.com.br)
  • Splenic hepcidin production in C3H/HeJ mice was delayed compared to C3H/HeSnJ mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hepcidin production is suppressed by anemia and hypoxemia. (diff.org)
  • Patients with diabetes may experience anemia with a GFR of less than 60 mL/min. (medscape.com)
  • In a study of 832 hospitalized patients with diabetes, Almoznino-Sarafian et al determined that 334 of the patients had anemia, a rate (40%) higher than that reported in ambulatory patient populations. (medscape.com)
  • [ 15 ] A study of homebound older adults found that the rate of anemia was 4 times as high as that reported from NHANES III data. (medscape.com)
  • They do not include institutionalized persons, a population with higher rates of anemia. (medscape.com)
  • Our results suggest that overproduction of hepcidin by IL-6 signaling might be a major factor that leads to functionally iron-deficient cancer-related anemia in the LC-06-JCK model. (biomedcentral.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Acute malarial anemia remains a major public health problem. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Hepcidin, the major hormone controlling the availability of iron, is raised during acute and asymptomatic parasitemia. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Anemia-induced fatigue is thought to be one of the major contributors to the uremic syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • However, emerging data show that anemia in this age group does reflect poor health status and results in adverse outcomes. (medscape.com)
  • The main mechanisms by which sport leads to iron deficiency are an increased iron demand, an elevated iron loss and a blockage of iron absorption due to hepcidin bursts. (sems-journal.ch)
  • [ 17 ] A systematic review of 34 studies showed that, in Europeans older than 65 years, the prevalence of anemia was 12% in community-dwelling persons, 40% in hospitalized persons, and 47% in nursing home residents. (medscape.com)