Ancestral karyotype comparative paint your chromosomes. Medical search. Frequent questions

Furthermore, Theodosius Dobzhansky and Alfred Sturtevant articulated the principles of ancestral reconstruction in a phylogenetic context in 1938, when inferring the evolutionary history of chromosomal inversions in Drosophila pseudoobscura. (wikipedia.org)
This comparative approach allows tracing of chromosomal rearrangements that occurred during bird evolution. (kent.ac.uk)
Thus comparative analysis with chicken chromosome-specific painting probes proves to be a rapid and comprehensive approach to elucidate the chromosomal relationships of the extant birds. (kent.ac.uk)
Also, the analyses indicate that chromosomal rearrangements occurred independently within the distinct lineages of S . marmoratus complex, which resulted in the appearance of distinct karyotypic variants in a non-linear fashion related to diploid numbers and in the appearance of similar non-homologous chromosomes. (scielo.br)
In the process, chromosomal fusions occurred in the equidae, causing karyotypes to evolve that range from 66 to 32 chromosomes, whilst preserving the same amount of DNA. (ivis.org)

These states include the genetic sequence (ancestral sequence reconstruction), the amino acid sequence of a protein, the composition of a genome (e.g., gene order), a measurable characteristic of an organism (phenotype), and the geographic range of an ancestral population or species (ancestral range reconstruction). (wikipedia.org)
Today, computational methods for ancestral reconstruction continue to be extended and applied in a diversity of settings, so that ancestral states are being inferred not only for biological characteristics and the molecular sequences, but also for the structure or catalytic properties of ancient versus modern proteins, the geographic location of populations and species (phylogeography) and the higher-order structure of genomes. (wikipedia.org)
Striking homologies in the chromosomes of the different species were noted, indicating a high degree of evolutionary conservation in avian karyotypes. (kent.ac.uk)
In two species, the quail and the goose, all chicken paints specifically labeled their corresponding chromosomes. (kent.ac.uk)
In three pheasant species as well as in the American rhea and blackbird, GGA4 hybridized to chromosome 4 and additionally to a single pair of microchromosomes. (kent.ac.uk)
Hybridization of various chicken probes to two different chromosomes or to only the short or long chromosome arm of one chromosome pair in the species representing the orders Passeriformes, Strigiformes, and Columbiformes revealed translocations and chromosome fissions during species radiation. (kent.ac.uk)
The investigated species present a stable chromosome number (2n = 22), but differ in their karyotype formulae, suggesting the presence of chromosome rearrangements. (bvsalud.org)
In this work, we comparatively analysed the karyotypes of six species (Macroptilium atropurpureum, Macroptilium bracteatum, Macroptilium erythroloma, Macroptilium gracile, Macroptilium lathyroides, and Macroptilium martii) from the two main clades that form the genus. (bvsalud.org)
Single copy bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) previously mapped in the related genera Phaseolus L. and Vigna Savi were used to establish chromosome orthologies and to investigate possible rearrangements among species. (bvsalud.org)
Although karyotypes were similar, species could be differentiated mainly by the number and position of the 5S and 35S rDNA sites. (bvsalud.org)
The karyotypes of the six species could be differentiated, shedding light on its karyotype evolution. (bvsalud.org)
We also used oligo-FISH probes of two P. vulgaris chromosomes to paint the orthologous chromosomes of two non-sequenced Phaseolinae species. (bvsalud.org)
The development of the GB system and the proposed APK provide useful approaches for future comparative genomic analyses of legume species. (bvsalud.org)
The FISH barcode system emerges as an effective tool to understand the chromosome evolution of economically important legumes and their related species. (bvsalud.org)
Current status on plant cytogenetic and cytogenomic research has allowed the selection and design of oligo-specific probes to individually identify each chromosome of the karyotype in a target species. (bvsalud.org)
and chromosomes 2 and 3) between both species. (bvsalud.org)
The aim of the project will thus be to generate a freely available comparative genomic resource that can be used to compare the genome structures of 25-30 bird species. (ukri.org)
Phylogenomic studies using chromosome painting confirms the high conservation of DNA between even distantly related species [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Cytogenetically, the species of the genus Melipona show variation in the amount and distribution of heterochromatin along their chromosomes and can be separated into 2 groups: the first with low content of heterochromatin and the second with high content of heterochromatin. (karger.com)
In general, Melipona species have 2n = 18 chromosomes, and the species of each subgenus share the same characteristics in relation to heterochromatin regions, DAPI/CMA 3 fluorophores, and the number and distribution of 18S rDNA sites. (karger.com)
The karyotypes of the remaining species differed from the ancestral karyotypes. (pensoft.net)
Pamphagidae species with the neo-X neo-Y/neo-X neo-X sex chromosome system from Central Asia ( Bugrov 1986 ) has drawn our attention to this family. (pensoft.net)
Other authors, however, have considered the extinct Tarpan to be the ancestral species of the domestic horses. (ivis.org)
The highly skewed distribution of recombination events towards the chromosome ends in zebra finches and other estrildid species may function to minimize crossovers in the inverted regions. (biomedcentral.com)

The future of molecular cytogenetics is likely to depend on a better knowledge of chromosome structure and function. (biomedcentral.com)
Cyril Darlington pioneered plant cytogenetics in 1920-30 and made important advances in our understanding of mechanisms of chiasma formation and the behavior of sex chromosomes in meiosis [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
One of the purposes of this review is to encourage research into chromosome structure as this could help advance molecular cytogenetics. (biomedcentral.com)
Comparative Cytogenetics 14(4): 549-566. (pensoft.net)
The probes have been used for molecular hybridizations (fluorescence in situ hybridization, or FISH) in clinical cytogenetics, Y chromosome mapping, sequencing, gene discovery, and comparative Y chromosome studies between the horse and other equids/ Perssodactyls. (veteriankey.com)

Morgan, Sturtevant, Bridges and Muller constructed the first genetic linkage maps from recombination studies in crosses made in the fruit fly and from cytological preparations of its polytene salivary gland chromosomes [ 4 - 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

BAC markers demonstrated conserved synteny of the main rDNA sites on orthologous chromosomes 6 and 10, as previously observed for Phaseolus and Vigna. (bvsalud.org)
Modern genomic research generally focuses on the role of individual genes but the role of chromosomes and homologous synteny blocks (HSBs) is often disregarded. (ukri.org)

In a Zoo-FISH study chicken autosomal chromosome paints 1 to 9 (GGA1-GGA9) were hybridized to metaphase spreads of nine diverse birds belonging to primitive and modern orders. (kent.ac.uk)
We now recognize that, following DNA replication, the metaphase chromosome consists of two chromatids held together by a centromere and by cohesin. (biomedcentral.com)
Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only during the metaphase of cell division (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form). (wikipedia.org)
During metaphase the X-shaped structure is called a metaphase chromosome, which is highly condensed and thus easiest to distinguish and study. (wikipedia.org)

In addition, using sequences of three mitochondrial genes, the phylogenetic relationships between every sample with a known karyotype were determined, which revealed significant nucleotide divergence among the karyomorphs. (scielo.br)
In 1944 it was realized that genetic transformation in bacteria was due to DNA and not protein and that DNA was the molecule responsible for heredity in genes and chromosomes [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Ancestral reconstruction relies on a sufficiently realistic statistical model of evolution to accurately recover ancestral states. (wikipedia.org)
Comparative genomic studies have evidenced the preservation of large genomic blocks among legumes, although chromosome dynamics during Phaseoleae evolution has not been investigated. (bvsalud.org)
The data obtained has allowed us to hypothesize that the origin and early phase of evolution of the neo-Xneo-Y♂ sex chromosome in the subfamily Pamphaginae , are linked to the Iranian highlands. (pensoft.net)

Walter Sutton (left) and Theodor Boveri (right) independently developed the chromosome theory of inheritance in 1902. (wikipedia.org)
In his famous textbook The Cell in Development and Heredity , Wilson linked together the independent work of Boveri and Sutton (both around 1902) by naming the chromosome theory of inheritance the Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory (the names are sometimes reversed). (wikipedia.org)

To better understand the karyotype organization in Melipona and the relationship among the subgenera, we mapped repetitive sequences and analyzed previously reported cytogenetic data with the aim to identify cytogenetic markers to be used for investigating the phylogenetic relationships and chromosome evolution in the genus. (karger.com)

Here, we developed the first chromosome identification system for legumes based on oligo-FISH barcode probes. (bvsalud.org)
Therefore, microdissected Y-chromosome probes are good for FISH but not suitable for cloning and sequencing of the male-specific or pseudoautosomal regions of the chromosome. (veteriankey.com)

We inferred the APK as having n = 11 and 19 GBs (A to S), hypothesizing five chromosome fusions that reduced the ancestral legume karyotype to n = 11. (bvsalud.org)

We conducted a comparative genomic analysis to define an informative genomic block (GB) system and to reconstruct the ancestral Phaseoleae karyotype (APK). (bvsalud.org)
An important breakthrough in horse Y chromosome research came with the availability of new genomics tools and resources, such as large-insert genomic bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries (for review, see Rubes et al. (veteriankey.com)
2009), chromosome flow sorting and microdissection technology, and various genomic DNA amplification systems (Telenius et al. (veteriankey.com)

We report information about the chromosome number and morphology, C-banding patterns, and localization of ribosomal DNA clusters and telomeric ( TTAGG ) n repeats. (pensoft.net)

In mammals, there are sufficient assembled reference genomes to make assembly by comparative analysis. (ukri.org)
Classical approaches involving karyotyping and FISH coupled with comparative genomics browser technology provide a straightforward solution for the many avian genomes that are assembled to the point of 100+ large scaffolds. (ukri.org)

Among the analyzed specimens, a large degree of cytogenetic variation related to diploid numbers and karyotype structure was observed, with karyotypes showing 2n=42, 44 and 46 chromosomes. (scielo.br)
Finally, the integration of both molecular cytogenetic and phylogenetic approaches allowed the determination of specific chromosomes possibly involved in rearrangements and a better understanding about the evolutionary processes involved in the differentiation of Synbranchus genus. (scielo.br)
Poor cytogenetic studies of Pamphagidae were associated not only with the low density of their populations, but also with the uniformity of their karyotypes. (pensoft.net)
Compared to autosomes and the X chromosome, relatively few numerical or structural cytogenetic abnormalities have been reported for ECAY. (veteriankey.com)
This might be because rearrangements in the gene-poor Y chromosome have milder effect on the phenotype, as a result of which the affected individuals escape attention and are not subjected to cytogenetic analysis. (veteriankey.com)

KEY MESSAGE: An Oligo-FISH barcode system was developed for two model legumes, allowing the identification of all cowpea and common bean chromosomes in a single FISH experiment, and revealing new chromosome rearrangements. (bvsalud.org)
The only true Y chromosome structural rearrangements, reported so far, are large-scale ECAY deletions in 64,XY sex reversal mares (Raudsepp et al. (veteriankey.com)

Progress in the field of ancestral reconstruction has relied heavily on the exponential growth of computing power and the concomitant development of efficient computational algorithms (e.g., a dynamic programming algorithm for the joint maximum likelihood reconstruction of ancestral sequences). (wikipedia.org)
Motivated by the development of techniques for determining the primary (amino acid) sequence of proteins by Frederick Sanger in 1955, Zuckerkandl and Pauling postulated that such sequences could be used to infer not only the phylogeny relating the observed protein sequences, but also the ancestral protein sequence at the earliest point (root) of this tree. (wikipedia.org)

In the context of evolutionary biology, ancestral reconstruction can be used to recover different kinds of ancestral character states of organisms that lived millions of years ago. (wikipedia.org)
This is despite the ubiquity of HSBs and the phenotypic consequences/evolutionary implications of chromosome rearrangement. (ukri.org)

Almost every chromosome is affected by numeric or structural aberrations. (neurotransmitter.net)

[4] Before this happens, each chromosome is duplicated ( S phase ), and both copies are joined by a centromere , resulting either in an X-shaped structure (pictured above), if the centromere is located equatorially, or a two-arm structure, if the centromere is located distally. (wikipedia.org)

A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. (wikipedia.org)

These heterochromatin patterns and the number of chromosomes are characteristics exclusive to Melipona karyotypes that distinguish them from the other genera of the Meliponini. (karger.com)

This polymorphism is primarily attributed to the various amount of Y heterochromatin, though earlier studies also suggest variation in the euchromatic portion of the chromosome (Power, 1988). (veteriankey.com)

Ancestral reconstruction (also known as Character Mapping or Character Optimization) is the extrapolation back in time from measured characteristics of individuals (or populations) to their common ancestors. (wikipedia.org)
The mechanisms of transmission of both discontinuous and continuous characteristics across the generations were unknown before Mendel's laws were explained at the turn of the 20th Century by the behavior of chromosomes in germ cells [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Improvements in the resolution of chromosome analysis has followed closely the introduction of innovative technology. (biomedcentral.com)

White (1973) reported a conservative karyotype consisting of 19 acrocentric chromosomes in males and 20 in females with X0♂/XX♀ sex chromosome system. (pensoft.net)

We will anchor each of the scaffolds physically to chromosomes by FISH. (ukri.org)

Inversions are intrachromosomal structural mutations which result in the reversal of gene order (and no change in the genic content of a chromosome) [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

These studies reaffirmed that chromosome structure and behavior in somatic and germ cell divisions were common to all plants and animals. (biomedcentral.com)

The review provides a brief account of the structure of somatic and meiotic chromosomes, stressing the high conservation of structure in plants and animals, with emphasis on aspects that require further research. (biomedcentral.com)
Since the genetic code was deciphered much has been learnt about the chromosome structure shared by all organisms from yeast to human. (biomedcentral.com)
[1] [2] These chromosomes display a complex three-dimensional structure, which plays a significant role in transcriptional regulation . (wikipedia.org)

Since the long arm of ECAY carries the MSY and the PAR, the cells with i(Y) are genetically similar to those with Y chromosome disomy (YY). (veteriankey.com)

The latter is a Y chromosome that has lost the short arm and replaced it with an identical copy of the long arm. (veteriankey.com)

Stains used by pathologists to identify bacteria also served to identify chromosomes. (biomedcentral.com)

Some use the term chromosome in a wider sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin in cells, either visible or not under light microscopy. (wikipedia.org)

The two individuals carrying isochromosome Y had mosaic karyotypes 63,XO/64,Xi(Y), and both animals were phenotypically abnormal. (veteriankey.com)

Aided by the rediscovery at the start of the 1900s of Gregor Mendel 's earlier work, Boveri was able to point out the connection between the rules of inheritance and the behaviour of the chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)

Additionally, there are two reports about infertile stallions having XXY sex chromosomes - an equine counterpart to human Kleinfelter syndrome (Kubien et al. (veteriankey.com)

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