• Anaplasma phagocytophilum (formerly Ehrlichia phagocytophilum) is a Gram-negative bacterium that is unusual in its tropism to neutrophils. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ehrlichia chaffeensis causes a tick-borne disease affecting both animals and humans. (kenyon.edu)
  • Ehrlichia and Anaplasma species, members of the family Rickettsiae, are gram-negative, obligate, intracellular coccobacilli that resemble Rickettsia species. (medscape.com)
  • For an additional fee, ticks can be submitted and tested for the following diseases: Lyme disease, Anaplasma, Babesia, Ehrlichia, Bartonella, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Tularemia. (blogspot.com)
  • Ehrlichia and Anaplasma are two genera of Gram-negative pleomorphic bacteria, which means they can take different shapes - round like a coccus, or coccobacillary, which means somewhere between a spherical coccus and a rod-like bacillus. (osmosis.org)
  • Now, Ehrlichia and Anaplasma have a thin peptidoglycan layer, so they don't retain the crystal violet dye during Gram staining. (osmosis.org)
  • Finally, Ehrlichia and Anaplasma don't grow on routine culture media and they need to be cultivated in vitro in different cell lines. (osmosis.org)
  • So, Ehrlichia chaffeensis can be isolated in DH82 canine histiocytic cell line and Anaplasma phagocytophilum can be isolated in promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cell line. (osmosis.org)
  • Now, Ehrlichia and Anaplasma enter circulation following a tick bite and once inside the body , they infect circulating leukocytes. (osmosis.org)
  • Once inside the cell, both Ehrlichia and Anaplasma live in an early endosome, which normally merge with lysosomes to kill invading bacteria. (osmosis.org)
  • Ehrlichia and Anaplasma are bacteria that are transmitted by ticks. (osmosis.org)
  • Bacteria of the genus Ehrlichia cause a variety of diseases, both in humans and animals. (texas.gov)
  • HGE is now known as anaplasmosis, which is caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum (previously known as Ehrlichia phagocytophilum ). (texas.gov)
  • Polymerase chain reaction assays are used to detect A. phagocytophilum DNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • Design, Setting, and Patients: After exposure to an index patient whose fatal illness was characterized by fever and hemorrhage at a primary care hospital and regional tertiary care hospital's isolation ward, secondary cases with febrile illness who were suspected of being exposed were tested for antibodies against Anaplasma phagocytophilum and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing for A phagocytophilum DNA. (utmb.edu)
  • Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae and Argasidae) transmit multiple and diverse pathogens (including bacteria, protozoa, and viruses), which cause a wide range of human and animal diseases, including rickettsial diseases, caused by bacteria in the order Rickettsiales. (cdc.gov)
  • Currently prevention of both granulocytic and bovine anaplasmosis rely on tick control, either through careful avoidance of ticks in the case of humans, or repeated use of acaricides, which are toxic, expensive and partially effective in cattle. (usda.gov)
  • So, with a surge in anaplasmosis cases, we wanted to know if it had to do with increased transmission, and by that I mean more tick bites, or more transmission of the agent of anaplasmosis from those ticks, or could it be a manifestation of increasing testing efforts. (cdc.gov)
  • Major surface protein Msp5 is conserved among the Anaplasma species and expressed in the salivary glands of infected ticks. (surmodics.com)
  • Anaplasmosis is common in the United States and Canada , especially in the Gulf states, California, and the upper Midwest, North East, Mid-Atlantic, and Southwest regions where transmitting species of ticks thrive. (wideopenspaces.com)
  • An investigation of the presence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum as well as Anaplasma platys was conducted in a forest area of Selenge province, Mongolia, where ticks are widely distributed and tick-borne diseases are highly endemic. (who.int)
  • The human Sp110 gene is a member of the nuclear body (NB) components that functions as a nuclear hormone receptor transcriptional coactivator and plays an important role in immunoprotective mechanisms against pathogens in humans. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The family Anaplasmataceae include bacterial pathogens that cause a number of diseases in humans and animals. (usda.gov)
  • These pathogens include Anaplasma marginale and A. phagocytophilum, which cause bovine and granulocytic anaplasmosis, respectively. (usda.gov)
  • are obligate intracellular, tick-borne,bacterial pathogens that cause bovine and human anaplasmosis. (usda.gov)
  • Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Anaplasma marginale are closely related tick-transmitted obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens that cause debilitating and potentially fatal diseases. (usda.gov)
  • This review examines the major human-biting ixodid tick species and transmitted pathogens of North America. (mdpi.com)
  • Anaplasma phagocytophilum shares its tick vector with other human pathogens, and about 10% of patients with HGA show serologic evidence of coinfection with Lyme disease , babesiosis , or tick-borne meningoencephalitis . (mdwiki.org)
  • Human granulocytic anaplasmosis is a tickborne rickettsial infection of neutrophils caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum . (cdc.gov)
  • These tests can be performed to determine an A. phagocytophilum infection: Indirect immunofluorescence assay is the principal test used to detect infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • In October 2008, a report was made of an apparent nosocomial infection with A phagocytophilum that was transmitted from blood donated by an infected woman who had spent time in Minnesota just prior to donating. (medscape.com)
  • The tick-borne intracellular pathogen, Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis after infection of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this research, we hypothesized that Sp110 may be involved in the infection of human promyelocytic HL-60 cells with A. phagocytophilum . (biomedcentral.com)
  • The human Sp110 and A. phagocytophilum msp4 mRNA levels were evaluated by real-time RT-PCR in infected human HL-60 cells sampled at 0, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours post-infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The effect of Sp110 expression on A. phagocytophilum infection was determined by RNA interference (RNAi). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The A. phagocytophilum infection levels were evaluated in HL-60 cells after RNAi by real-time PCR of msp4 and normalizing against human Alu sequences. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While Sp110 mRNA levels increased concurrently with A. phagocytophilum infections in HL-60 cells, the silencing of Sp110 expression by RNA interference resulted in decreased infection levels. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These results demonstrated that Sp110 expression is required for A. phagocytophilum infection and multiplication in HL-60 cells, and suggest a previously undescribed mechanism by which A. phagocytophilum modulates Sp110 mRNA levels to facilitate establishment of infection of human HL-60 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • After infection, A. phagocytophilum undergoes a developmental cycle in parasitophorous vacuoles that includes reticulated and dense forms, and this infection modulates host cell growth and differentiation [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Preliminary clinical, epidemiological and immunological studies suggest that infection with the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) could be transferred from person to person via intimate human contact without a tick vector. (blogspot.com)
  • Cause of tick-borne infection in humans. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Scorpio DG , Dumler JS, Barat NC, Cook JA, Barat CE, Stillman BA, Debisceglie KC, Beall MJ, Chandrashekar R. (2011) Comparative Strain Analysis of Anaplasma phagocytophilum Infection and Clinical Outcomes in a Canine Model of Granulocytic Anaplasmosis. (rossu.edu)
  • The ongoing presence of specific antibodies and Anaplasma DNA in one dog indicates one year of persisting infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • No single symptom can be appointed as pathognomonic for an A. phagocytophilum infection, but fever with severe pain and thrombocytopenia warrants serological and molecular testing for Anaplasma . (biomedcentral.com)
  • An active Anaplasma -infection can be diagnosed by microscopic detection of morulae in granulocytic white blood cells or by demonstrating emerging specific antibodies (seroconversion) [ 17 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Awareness, diagnosis, and control of tickborne rickettsial diseases are most effectively addressed by considering the intersecting components of human, animal, and environmental health that collectively form the foundation of One Health ( 1 ), an approach that integrates expertise from multiple disciplines and facilitates understanding of these complex zoonoses. (cdc.gov)
  • Tickborne rickettsial diseases in humans often share similar clinical features yet are epidemiologically and etiologically distinct. (cdc.gov)
  • It causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis, which is a tick-borne rickettsial disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is caused by the rickettsial bacteria called Anaplasma phagocytophilum . (medlineplus.gov)
  • BACKGROUND: Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) is a tick-borne rickettsial infectious disease. (notifylibrary.org)
  • In 1991, E. chaffeensis was isolated from a military recruit stationed at Fort Chaffee, Arkansas, this was the first isolation from a human in the US. (kenyon.edu)
  • E. chaffeensis has been isolated in white-tailed deer and even dogs, with the latter being a possible carrier of the tick which can infect humans with HME. (kenyon.edu)
  • It causes anaplasmosis in sheep and cattle, also known as tick-borne fever and pasture fever, and also causes the zoonotic disease human granulocytic anaplasmosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Anaplasma phagocytophilum is a zoonotic agent of public health importance, infecting both humans and animals. (who.int)
  • Therefore, humans should be prevented from intruding into natural zoonotic foci and protected against infective bites of sand flies. (elanco.com)
  • A. phagocytophilum infects neutrophils to cause granulocytic anaplasmosis in humans (HGA), dog, horses and sheep (in the United Kingdom and Europe). (usda.gov)
  • A. phagocytophilum, a human and veterinary pathogen, infects neutrophils to cause granulocytic anaplasmosis. (usda.gov)
  • Anaplasma , on the other hand, primarily targets neutrophils , and infects them with the help of a P-selectin glycoprotein which binds on the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1, or PSGL-1 found on the surface of neutrophils . (osmosis.org)
  • The human disease was first identified in 1990, although the pathogen was defined as a veterinary agent in 1932. (cdc.gov)
  • The niche for A . phagocytophilum , the neutrophil, indicates that the pathogen has unique adaptations and pathogenetic mechanisms. (cdc.gov)
  • Using Anaplasma marginale, which causes bovine anaplasmosis, and Dermacentor andersoni tick cells, we determine that iron is required for pathogen replication in tick cells. (usda.gov)
  • In mammalian and arthropod host cells, A. phagocytophilum and A. marginale reside in host cell derived pathogen-occupied vacuoles (POVs). (usda.gov)
  • Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) was first reported in the United States of America in 1994, 2 and since then Anaplasma phagocytophilum has been considered an emerging pathogen of public health importance. (who.int)
  • According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), HME is one of the most frequent life-threatening tick-borne zoonoses (a disease that can be transmitted from an animal to a human) but frequently goes unreported in the United States since symptoms are similar to many other diseases or infections a person may get from insect bites, like Lyme disease from a tick. (kenyon.edu)
  • Borrelia burgdorferi, the cause of Lyme disease, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the cause of human granulocytic anaplasmosis. (cdc.gov)
  • We still have seasonal flu underway and we have Lyme disease, for example, and now we have anaplasmosis taking center stage in the state. (cdc.gov)
  • Susan Elias] Well, so compared to Lyme disease, for example, anaplasmosis has a faster onset. (cdc.gov)
  • Many people are familiar with the classic bull's-eye rash of Lyme disease, that doesn't happen with anaplasmosis. (cdc.gov)
  • So, those are the three prevalent tickborne diseases in Maine: Lyme disease, anaplasmosis, and babesiosis. (cdc.gov)
  • Anaplasmosis is caused by a type of bacteria transmitted to humans by the bite of a blacklegged tick, the same kind of tick that transmits Lyme disease. (countylive.ca)
  • [13] A. phagocytophilum infects the most vast array of living things, including humans, and all around the world. (mdwiki.org)
  • Anaplasma marginale infects cattle. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne bacterial disease that infects the bloodstream of dogs and humans . (wideopenspaces.com)
  • The most prevalent type of the disease, Anaplasma phagocytophilum , is spread through deer tick bites and infects white blood cells. (wideopenspaces.com)
  • During the process of classification of the human agent, phylogenetic studies showed taxonomic disarray among organisms broadly referred to as ehrlichiae, and a careful reorganization now places those bacteria previously classified as E . phagocytophila , E . equi , and the HGE agent into a different genus as a single species, A . phagocytophilum ( Figure 2 ) ( 1 , 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Vertebrate animals play an integral role in the life cycle of tick species, whereas humans are incidental hosts. (cdc.gov)
  • species protect with human Check. (drgregorybach.com)
  • The specific aim was to evaluate the scientific support for laboratory diagnosis of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, rickettsiosis, neoehrlichiosis, babesiosis, hard tick relapsing fever, tularemia and bartonellosis, as well as tick-borne co-infections and persistent LB in spite of recommended standard antibiotic treatment. (frontiersin.org)
  • 1888. The first North American case of human babesiosis was recognized in 1969. (cdc.gov)
  • In Maine, the number two tickborne disease is anaplasmosis, and number three is babesiosis. (cdc.gov)
  • Susan Elias] Yes, so anaplasmosis, similar to babesiosis, can make certain people, certain individuals, severely ill and requiring intensive care unit support, and it can lead to death in some instances. (cdc.gov)
  • However, other tick-borne microorganisms with potential to cause human disease are less known and clear recommendations on diagnosis and management are scarce. (frontiersin.org)
  • If an infected tick then latches onto a human the disease is then transmitted to the human host and A. phagocytophilum symptoms can arise. (mdwiki.org)
  • We'll be discussing an increase in cases of the tickborne disease anaplasmosis in Maine. (cdc.gov)
  • Context: Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) is an emerging tick-borne disease in China. (utmb.edu)
  • Tick prevention is the best way to prevent Anaplasmosis or any other tick-borne disease. (wideopenspaces.com)
  • This dataset essentially presents as a prospective study enabling the association of the Anaplasma infections with occurring disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • HPEPH states this is the first probable case of anaplasmosis identified in the region since the disease was identified as a reportable disease of public health significance in Ontario on July 1, 2023. (countylive.ca)
  • While it was recently demonstrated that the A. phagocytophilum-occupied vacuole (ApV) intercepts membrane traffic from the trans-Golgi network, it is unclear if it or the A. marginale-occupied vacuole (AmV) interacts with other secretory organelles. (usda.gov)
  • [13] The main difference between these two MSPs is that the host cell for A. phagocytophilum is the granulocyte, while the host cell for A. marginale is erythrocytes. (mdwiki.org)
  • Sp110 expression is induced in human peripheral blood leukocytes and spleen but not in other tissues [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Results: In a regional hospital of Anhui Province, China, between November 9 and 17, 2006, a cluster of 9 febrile patients with leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and elevated serum aminotransferase levels were diagnosed with HGA by PCR for A phagocytophilum DNA in peripheral blood and by seroconversion to A phagocytophilum. (utmb.edu)
  • More specifically, episodes of general malaise with fever and purpura with thrombocytopenia and bacterial inclusions in granulocytes, were found concurrently with Anaplasma DNA and specific antibodies in peripheral blood samples. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Detection of Anaplasma DNA in peripheral blood is more sensitive presenting before and after morulae. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While it is rare, it is possible for HGA to be transmitted human-to-human via a blood transfusion , in which case it is called Transfusion-Transmitted Anaplasmosis (TTA). (mdwiki.org)
  • Transfusion-transmitted anaplasmosis from leukoreduced red blood cells. (notifylibrary.org)
  • To date four cases of transfusion-transmitted anaplasmosis (TTA) have been described in the literature, and only one from leukoreduced red blood cells (RBCs). (notifylibrary.org)
  • Vets may prescribe a course of doxycycline or tetracycline to dogs that test positive for canine Anaplasmosis. (wideopenspaces.com)
  • In this study two lifelong cases of canine anaplasmosis (CGA) are presented. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Dr. Torsten Naucke from the German organization "Parasitus Ex", Niederkassel , reported on eleven cases of autochthonous (human/canine/feline/equine) leishmaniosis in Germany since 1991. (elanco.com)
  • This statement from Dr. Jean-Pierre Dedet, University of Montpellier, France , summarizes the discussions of 36 experts in natural sciences, veterinary and human medicine from Europe, North America and Asia during the 3rd International CVBD (companion vector-borne diseases) Symposium in Wiesbaden, Germany. (elanco.com)
  • Therefore, we performed a systematic review of published studies and reviews focusing on evaluation of laboratory methods for clinical diagnosis of human tick-borne diseases (TBDs), other than acute LB and TBE. (frontiersin.org)
  • All of these diseases are spread to humans by a tick , flea, or mite bite. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The diseases are not spread between humans other than through blood transfusions. (maryland.gov)
  • A. phagocytophilum then divides until cell lysis or when the bacteria leave to infect other cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • These bacteria infect white blood cells in humans. (maryland.gov)
  • All six dogs were infected, and two of them developed particular clinical symptoms that could be associated with Anaplasma infections over time. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The first symptoms of anaplasmosis usually appear within one to two weeks after being bitten by an infected tick. (countylive.ca)
  • 2008) Sequential analysis of A. phagocytophilum msp2 transcription in murine and equine models of human granulocytic anaplasmosis. (rossu.edu)
  • The acute and convalescent phase serum samples can be evaluated to look for a four-fold change in antibody titer to A. phagocytophilum. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2022. https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540609/all/Anaplasma_phagocytophilum. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The genus Anaplasma consists of tick-transmitted obligate intracellular bacteria that invade white or red blood cells to cause debilitating and potentially fatal infections. (usda.gov)
  • In the laboratory, A. phagocytophilum can be propagated in undifferentiated human promyelocytic HL-60 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • If anaplasmosis is suspected, treatment should not be delayed while waiting for a definitive laboratory confirmation, as prompt doxycycline therapy has been shown to improve outcomes. (mdwiki.org)
  • A. phagocytophilum binds to fucosylated and sialylated scaffold proteins on neutrophil and granulocyte surfaces. (wikipedia.org)
  • The data show that dogs can be naturally infected concurrently with A. phagocytophilum variant 1, variant 4 and the HGE agent. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The major mammalian reservoir for A. phagocytophilum in the eastern United States is the white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus . (mdwiki.org)
  • The use of recombinant human GzmA expressed in a mammalian system induced inhibition of intracellular mycobacteria to the same degree as previous human native protein findings. (bvsalud.org)
  • Incompetence of the Asian longhorned tick (Acari: Ixodidae) in transmitting the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis in the United States. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Currently, there is no vaccine against human granulocytic anaplasmosis, so antibiotics are the only form of treatment. (mdwiki.org)
  • The clinical signs of A phagocytophilum will appear anytime between one and seven days. (wideopenspaces.com)
  • Data collected from clinical observations , hemograms, serology and detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum , either by microscopy or by DNA amplification and typing, were placed in a time line. (biomedcentral.com)