AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and Processes
Notophthalmus viridescensSalamandridaeRegenerationExtremitiesAmphibiansAmbystoma mexicanumAmbystomaMuscle, SkeletalForelimbSatellite Cells, Skeletal MuscleTriturusMuscle DevelopmentMusclesCardiotoxinsMyoblastsCobra Cardiotoxin ProteinsMuscle Fibers, SkeletalLimb BudsMyoblasts, SkeletalMyoD ProteinNerve RegenerationPAX7 Transcription FactorMuscle ProteinsMice, Inbred mdxLiver RegenerationUrodelaHindlimbCell DifferentiationMuscular DiseasesMuscle ContractionChytridiomycotaMyogeninTurbellariaPlanariansMuscular Dystrophy, AnimalAnimal FinsMyogenic Regulatory Factor 5Muscle, SmoothMuscle Fibers, Slow-TwitchTailMuscle Fibers, Fast-TwitchElectromyographyMuscular AtrophyStem CellsNotophthalmusMice, Inbred C57BLMuscular DystrophiesAmputationMuscular Dystrophy, DuchenneAmphibian ProteinsMuscle CellsMuscle, Smooth, VascularGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalBone RegenerationTime FactorsCell ProliferationCells, CulturedLower ExtremityMyostatinLimb SalvageMuscle FatigueLegWound Healing
XenopusTissue regenerationFrogs and toadsAppendage regenerationRegenerate limbsAmong vertebratesAmputationSalamandersAppendagesHindlimbTailOccursTissuesScarlessWoundRemarkableHumansCellularCoordinationGenesCellCompleteDevelopmentCasesCellsEarlyGrowth
Xenopus8
  • This type of regeneration is rare among vertebrates but does occur in the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis , traditionally a model organism for the study of early development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Xenopus tadpoles can regenerate their tails, limb buds and the lens of the eye, although the ability of the latter two organs to regenerate diminishes with advancing developmental stage. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Activation of this transgene blocks regeneration of the tail and limb of Xenopus tadpoles. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Gene Ontology analysis showed that genes involved in embryonic development and growth are significantly over-represented in regenerating early hindlimb buds and that successful regeneration in the Xenopus hindlimb correlates with the induction of stress response pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Gene over-expression analyses in Xenopus limb and tail regeneration have indicated that successful regeneration requires the re-activation of developmental FGF or BMP signalling pathways [ 8 - 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have developed a heat shock inducible transgenic line ( N1 ) of Xenopus in which the BMP antagonist Noggin can be induced at a specific time during either development or regeneration, repressing BMP signalling [ 10 , 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here we review recent insights into the biophysical, biochemical, and epigenetic processes that underlie regenerative healing in amphibians, focusing particularly on tail and limb regeneration in Xenopus . (frontiersin.org)
  • We examined the bioelectric properties (resting potential gradients in the epidermis) of Xenopus laevis froglets undergoing hindlimb amputation and observed that the contralateral (undamaged) limb exhibits apparent depolarization signals immediately after the opposite hindlimb is amputated. (biologists.com)
Tissue regeneration2
Frogs and toads1
Appendage regeneration2
  • We have used this line to show that BMP function is not only required for appendage regeneration but that it is specifically needed to generate a proliferating blastema while being dispensable for wound healing [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Appendage regeneration, particularly of the tadpole tail, has been widely studied before, during and after this period. (frontiersin.org)
Regenerate limbs1
  • Many arthropods can regenerate limbs and other appendages following either injury or autotomy. (wikipedia.org)
Among vertebrates1
  • Injuries that sever tissues such as the limb or spinal cord are met with radically different outcomes among vertebrates. (frontiersin.org)
Amputation5
  • The whole limb of a salamander or a triton will grow again and again after amputation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The wound epithelium of N1 transgenic hindlimb buds, which forms over the cut surface of the limb bud after amputation, does not transition normally into the distal thickened apical epithelial cap. (biomedcentral.com)
  • N1 transgenic hindlimbs, which do not regenerate, do not form an apical epithelial cap or cone shaped blastema following amputation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Amputation-induced proliferation occurred predominantly within the epidermal and intestinal epithelium, as well as wound-adjacent muscle fibers, where clusters of cells at the same stage of the cell cycle were found. (mdpi.com)
  • In mammals, a limb amputation or spinal cord transection is followed by inflammation and fibrotic scarring that leaves the animal with a permanent disability. (frontiersin.org)
Salamanders1
  • salamanders and newts), an order of tailed amphibians, is possibly the most adept vertebrate group at regeneration, given their capability of regenerating limbs, tails, jaws, eyes and a variety of internal structures. (wikipedia.org)
Appendages1
  • Regeneration-competent wound healing of amphibian appendages is generally rapid and involves covering the wound surface with a specialised epidermis lacking a basement membrane and dermis [ 3 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Hindlimb1
Tail3
  • The case of autotomy, for example, serves as a defensive function as the animal detaches a limb or tail to avoid capture. (wikipedia.org)
  • After the limb or tail has been autotomized, cells move into action and the tissues will regenerate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Elegant experiments using heat-shock inducible expression of inhibitory proteins have further refined these observations to establish epistatic relationships, in which BMP acts upstream of Wnt, which in turn acts upstream of FGF during regeneration of the limb bud and tail ( Lin and Slack, 2008 ). (frontiersin.org)
Occurs2
  • Epimorphic regeneration is the process by which complete regeneration of a complex structure such as a limb occurs through production of a proliferating blastema. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The complete integumentary organ system (IOS) regeneration and scarless wound healing mechanism, which occurs in specific species, body sites and developmental stages, clearly shows that mechanical stress signals and immune responses play important roles in determining the wound healing mode. (mdpi.com)
Tissues3
  • Dedifferentiation of cells means that they lose their tissue-specific characteristics as tissues remodel during the regeneration process. (wikipedia.org)
  • Once the wound is healed, the cells of the stump must mobilise under the wound epidermis and begin the process of replacing lost tissues, by forming a proliferating blastema. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The pattern of depolarization matches that of the amputated limb and is correlated to the position and type of injury, revealing that information about damage is available to remote body tissues and is detectable non-invasively in vivo by monitoring the bioelectric state. (biologists.com)
Scarless1
  • In urodele amphibians such as axolotls and newts, the same injury is followed by scarless regenerative healing that can fully restore both the lost tissue and its function (reviewed in Tanaka, 2016 ). (frontiersin.org)
Wound1
Remarkable1
  • The remarkable regenerative capabilities of amphibians have captured the attention of biologists for centuries. (frontiersin.org)
Humans1
Cellular4
  • At its most elementary level, regeneration is mediated by the molecular processes of gene regulation and involves the cellular processes of cell proliferation, morphogenesis and cell differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Regeneration in biology, however, mainly refers to the morphogenic processes that characterize the phenotypic plasticity of traits allowing multi-cellular organisms to repair and maintain the integrity of their physiological and morphological states. (wikipedia.org)
  • Above the genetic level, regeneration is fundamentally regulated by asexual cellular processes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here we try to elucidate the cellular aspects of regeneration by EdU incorporation in intact and posteriorly amputated annelid Alitta virens using quantitative analysis. (mdpi.com)
Coordination1
  • Regeneration of damaged body parts requires coordination of size, shape, location and orientation of tissue with the rest of the body. (biologists.com)
Genes2
  • Cells in the primordia of zebrafish fins, for example, express four genes from the homeobox msx family during development and regeneration. (wikipedia.org)
  • Using Affymetrix Gene Chip analysis, we have identified genes linked to regenerative success downstream of BMP signalling, including the BMP inhibitor Gremlin and the stress protein Hsp60 ( no blastema in zebrafish). (biomedcentral.com)
Cell2
  • This should not be confused with the transdifferentiation of cells which is when they lose their tissue-specific characteristics during the regeneration process, and then re-differentiate to a different kind of cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • In recent years, interest in the possible molecular regulators of cell proliferation and differentiation in a wide range of regeneration models has grown significantly, but the cell kinetics of this process remain largely a mystery. (mdpi.com)
Complete1
  • Regeneration can either be complete where the new tissue is the same as the lost tissue, or incomplete after which the necrotic tissue becomes fibrosis. (wikipedia.org)
Development1
Cases1
  • In some cases a shed limb can itself regenerate a new individual. (wikipedia.org)
Cells1
  • In biology, regeneration is the process of renewal, restoration, and tissue growth that makes genomes, cells, organisms, and ecosystems resilient to natural fluctuations or events that cause disturbance or damage. (wikipedia.org)
Early1
  • It is well-established that early embryonic signaling pathways are critical for growth and patterning of new tissue during regeneration. (frontiersin.org)
Growth1