Aminoacyl trna to escherichia coli ribosomes peptide elongation factors. Medical search. Frequent questions

[17] Ivanov LL, Kovalenko MI, Turkovskaia GV, El'skaia AV. [Structure-functional properties of eukaryotic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase]. (org.ua)
[18] Mirande M. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family from prokaryotes and eukaryotes: structural domains and their implications. (org.ua)
To determine the biochemical consequence of the 8U→C mutation, the abilities of the U8 and 8U→C hmtRNAMet transcripts to be aminoacylated by the human mitochondrial methionyl-tRNA synthetase (hmMetRS) were tested. (ncsu.edu)
tRNA synthetase class II core domain (G, Seryl-tRNA synthetase N-terminal domain [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) enter ribosome-mediated protein biosynthesis in a translationally competent state, which includes post-transcriptional modifications at various positions, including the anticodon loop, and the presence of an intact single-stranded CCA-sequence at the 3′-terminus that is required for amino acid attachment by the corresponding aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase [7] . (prolekarniky.cz)
Such accumulation is known to be controlled by the activity of two enzymes, the ribosome-bound RelA enzyme (ppGpp synthetase I) that synthesises (p)ppGpp nucleotides upon the depletion of amino acids [ 19 ] and the bifunctional SpoT enzyme (ppGpp synthetase II) that is responsible for maintaining the intracellular levels of (p)ppGpp nucleotides via enzymatic degradation [ 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Here, we show that mammalian cells critically depended on the editing of mitochondrial threonyl-tRNA synthetase (mtThrRS, encoded by ), disruption of which accumulated Ser-tRNA and generated a large abundance of Thr-to-Ser misincorporated peptides in vivo. (cnrs.fr)

Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) carry the individual amino acids that become integrated into a protein sequence, and have an anticodon for the specific amino acid that they are charged with. (wikipedia.org)

In many cases, they lack a number of the conserved or semi-conserved nucleotides that play important roles in creating the L-shaped tertiary structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cytoplasmic tRNAs (3Dirheimer G. Keith G. Dumas P. Westhof E. RajBhandary U. Soll D. tRNA: Structure, Biosynthesis and Function. (ncsu.edu)
The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS . (lookformedical.com)

The slight differences between human ribosomes which are not bound by these antibiotics and bacterial ribosomes make this type of antibiotic ideal for treating many illnesses. (icr.org)
We suggest that the faster emergence of nascent proteins from bacterial ribosomes is one mechanistic and evolutionary reason for the pretranslational design of bacterial fMet/N‑degrons, in contrast to the cotranslational design of analogous Ac/N‑degrons in eukaryotes. (microbialcell.com)

As a family of elongation factors, EF-Tu also includes its eukaryotic and archaeal homolog, the alpha subunit of eEF-1 (EF-1A). (wikipedia.org)

EF-Tu participates in the polypeptide elongation process of protein synthesis. (wikipedia.org)
The hmtRNAMet serves both in translational initiation and elongation in human mitochondria making this tRNA of particular interest in mitochondrial protein synthesis. (ncsu.edu)
Aminoacylation is an early step required for the tRNA to be used in either the elongation or initiation phase of protein synthesis and is thus of central importance for protein synthesis in mitochondria. (ncsu.edu)
Ribosomes, the structures where protein synthesis is catalyzed, are the targets of many other Streptomyces antibiotics such as spectinomycin, tetracycline, and streptomycin. (icr.org)
Moreover, protein synthesis by the cytosolic ribosomes of eukaryotes does not involve the formylation of N-terminal Met. (microbialcell.com)
A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying leucine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis. (lookformedical.com)

Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetases from sheep liver and yeast. (org.ua)
Proofreading (editing) of mischarged tRNAs by cytoplasmic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs), whose impairment causes neurodegeneration and cardiac diseases, is of high significance for protein homeostasis. (cnrs.fr)

Elongation factors are part of the mechanism that synthesizes new proteins through translation in the ribosome. (wikipedia.org)
[16] Kudlicki W, Coffman A, Kramer G, Hardesty B. Ribosomes and ribosomal RNA as chaperones for folding of proteins. (org.ua)
The mitochondrial genome encodes 13 proteins necessary for energy production, two rRNAs and all of the 22 tRNAs required for the synthesis of these proteins (1Attardi G. Int. Rev. Cytol. (ncsu.edu)
The accuracy and efficiency with which tRNA decodes genomic information into proteins require posttranscriptional modifications in or adjacent to the anticodon. (ncsu.edu)
Our method allows for the identification of the proteins, identification of redox-sensitive cysteines within proteins, and quantification of the redox status of individual cysteine-containing peptides. (hindawi.com)
The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. (lookformedical.com)
Any of the enzymatically catalyzed modifications of the individual AMINO ACIDS of PROTEINS, and enzymatic cleavage or crosslinking of peptide chains that occur pre-translationally (on the amino acid component of AMINO ACYL TRNA), co-translationally (during the process of GENETIC TRANSLATION), or after translation is completed (POST-TRANSLATIONAL PROTEIN PROCESSING). (lookformedical.com)
Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. (lookformedical.com)

The endonucleolytic tRNA cleavage is a conserved feature in higher eukaryotes. (prolekarniky.cz)
In bacteria, the rate of polypeptide chain elongation is nearly an order of magnitude higher than in eukaryotes. (microbialcell.com)

Contribution of the esterified amino acid to the binding of aminoacylated tRNAs to the ribosomal P- and A-sites. (colorado.edu)

GTP binds all correctly-charged aa-tRNAs with approximately identical affinity, except those charged with initiation residues and selenocysteine. (wikipedia.org)
A Disease-causing Point Mutation in Human Mitochondrial tRNA(Met) Results in tRNA Misfolding Leading to Defects in Translational Initiation and Elongation. (ncsu.edu)
The small fraction of hmtRNAMet that can be aminoacylated is not formylated by the mitochondrial Met-tRNA transformylase preventing its function in initiation, and it is unable to form a stable ternary complex with elongation factor EF-Tu preventing any participation in chain elongation. (ncsu.edu)
One is used solely for initiation, and the other functions in polypeptide chain elongation. (ncsu.edu)
Animal mitochondria are quite unusual in that they contain a single gene for tRNAMet, which functions in both polypeptide chain initiation and chain elongation. (ncsu.edu)
As a result of this dual role, mitochondrial Met-tRNAMet must be recognized by the mitochondrial Met-tRNA transformylase (MTFmt) and be brought as fMet-tRNAMet to the ribosome for translational initiation (19Spencer A.C. Spremulli L.L. Nucleic Acids Res. (ncsu.edu)
The role of this modification in (hmtRNAMetCAU) for the decoding of AUA, as well as AUG, in both the peptidyl- and aminoacyl-sites of the ribosome in either chain initiation or chain elongation is still unknown. (ncsu.edu)
The modification contributes to the tRNA's anticodon domain structure, thermodynamic properties and its ability to bind codons AUA and AUG in translational initiation and elongation. (ncsu.edu)
Wang W, Li W, Ge X, Yan K, Mandava CS, Sanyal S and Gao N, Loss of a single methylation in 23S rRNA delyas 50S assembly at multiple late stages and impairs translation initiation and elongation. (uu.se)
Translation is divided into three distinct phases: initiation, elongation and termination. (prolekarniky.cz)
A key mechanism to repress translation initiation is the phoshorylation of the alpha-subunit of translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2) by stress-activated kinases [5] , [6] . (prolekarniky.cz)

Via dephosphorylation, calcineurin is the enzyme responsible for activating nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NF-AT), a T cell transcriptional regulatory factor. (medindex.am)
protein_coding" "AAC74888","manY","Escherichia coli","mannose-specific enzyme IIC component of PTS [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
This CCA deactivation is reversible and quickly repairable by the CCA-adding enzyme [ATP(CTP):tRNA nucleotidyltransferase]. (prolekarniky.cz)
Some bacteria carry tRNA genes encoding CCA termini, thus the CCA-adding enzyme is primarily involved in repairing damaged CCA ends in these organisms [9] . (prolekarniky.cz)
The functional repertoire of the CCA-adding enzyme has been expanded by its recently discovered role in the quality control of hypo-modified tRNAs [12] . (prolekarniky.cz)
Thereby, two tRNA-halves (designated 5′- and 3′-tiRNAs) are generated by a ubiquitously expressed enzyme, angiogenin [18] . (prolekarniky.cz)
A zinc containing enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the removal of the N-terminal amino acid from most L-peptides, particularly those with N-terminal leucine residues but not those with N-terminal lysine or arginine residues. (lookformedical.com)

The A4435G mutation leads to the change of A37 to G37 in the anticodon loop of the tRNA (21Qu J. Li R. Zhou X. Tong Y. Lu F. Qian Y. Hu Y. Mo J.Q. West C.E. Guan M.X. Investig. (ncsu.edu)

The ribosome creates the protein chain by following the mRNA code and integrating the amino acid of an aminoacyl-tRNA (also known as a charged tRNA) to the growing polypeptide chain. (wikipedia.org)
These are the aminoacyl/acceptor site (abbreviated A), the peptidyl site (abbreviated P), and the exit site (abbreviated E). The P-site holds the tRNA connected to the polypeptide chain being synthesized, and the A-site is the binding site for a charged tRNA with an anticodon complementary to the mRNA codon associated with the site. (wikipedia.org)
After binding of a charged tRNA to the A-site, a peptide bond is formed between the growing polypeptide chain on the P-site tRNA and the amino acid of the A-site tRNA, and the entire polypeptide is transferred from the P-site tRNA to the A-site tRNA. (wikipedia.org)
The aa-tRNA then fully enters the A-site, where its amino acid is brought near the P-site's polypeptide and the ribosome catalyzes the covalent transfer of the polypeptide onto the amino acid. (wikipedia.org)
This delay period is a second opportunity for incorrectly charged aa-tRNAs to move out of the A-site before the incorrect amino acid is irreversibly added to the polypeptide chain. (wikipedia.org)

In translation, a fundamental problem is that near-cognate anticodons have similar binding affinity to a codon as cognate anticodons, such that anticodon-codon binding in the ribosome alone is not sufficient to maintain high translational fidelity. (wikipedia.org)
104: 15299-15304Crossref PubMed Scopus (38) Google Scholar), and from the failure of the tRNA to be correctly modified leading to translational defects (18Kirino Y. Yasukawa T. Ohta S. Akira S. Ishihara K. Watanabe K. Suzuki T. Proc. (ncsu.edu)
In addition, Met-tRNAMet must interact with elongation factor EF-Tumt and bind to the A-site of the ribosome during translational elongation. (ncsu.edu)
B) The translational machinery depends on the translocation along the mRNA whereby a new acetylated-tRNA is positioned in the ribosome. (biomedcentral.com)

This can be accomplished because although different amino acid residues have varying side-chain properties, the tRNAs associated with those residues have varying structures to compensate for differences in side-chain binding affinities. (wikipedia.org)
Directed mutagenesis identifies amino acid residues involved in elongation factor Tu binding to yeast Phe-tRNAPhe. (colorado.edu)
A large superfamily of transcription factors that contain a region rich in BASIC AMINO ACID residues followed by a LEUCINE ZIPPER domain. (lookformedical.com)

aa-tRNA ternary complex. (wikipedia.org)
GTP allows for the ternary complex to be translocated to the A-site of an active ribosome, in which the anticodon of the tRNA binds to the codon of the mRNA. (wikipedia.org)

Then, in a process catalyzed by the prokaryotic elongation factor EF-G (historically known as translocase), the coordinated translocation of the tRNAs and mRNA occurs, with the P-site tRNA moving to the E-site, where it dissociates from the ribosome, and the A-site tRNA moves to take its place in the P-site. (wikipedia.org)
Majumdar S, Emmerich A, Krakovka S, Mandava CS, Svärd SG, Sanyal S. 1 Insights into translocation mechanism and ribosome evolution from cryo-EM structures of translocation intermediates of Giardia intestinalis. (uu.se)

De Tarafder A, Parajuli NP, Majumdar S, Kaçar B, and Sanyal S. 1 , Kinetic Analysis Suggests Evolution of Ribosome Specificity in Modern Elongation Factor-Tus from 'Generalist' Ancestors. (uu.se)

43: 9743-9754Crossref PubMed Scopus (38) Google Scholar) have shown that the transcript of mitochondrial tRNAMet has aminoacylation properties similar to those observed with the native tRNA. (ncsu.edu)
(i) non-enzymatic RNA replication of a hemi-protonated cytosine-rich oligonucleotide, and (ii) specific aminoacylation of tRNA/hairpins through triple helix interactions between the helical aminoacyl stem and a single-stranded aminoacylating ribozyme. (biomedcentral.com)

The mitochondrial tRNA genes are hot spots for mutations that lead to human disease. (ncsu.edu)
Considerable interest in mitochondrial tRNAs centers on the occurrence of diseases arising from mutations in their genes that lead to maternally inherited genetic disorders (9Wittenhagen L.M. Kelley S.O. Trends Biochem. (ncsu.edu)
To answer these questions a discussion of several factors involved in antibiotic resistance will show that resistance is a designed feature of pre-existing genes enabling bacteria to compete with the antibiotic producers in their environment. (icr.org)
Indeed, the identification of biologically relevant concepts in free text, namely genes, tRNAs, mRNAs, gene products and small molecules, is crucial to capture the structure and functioning of different responses. (biomedcentral.com)
Here, we demonstrate that the transcription factor E2F6, a member of the polycomb repressive complex 1.6 (PRC1.6), is critical to target and initiate epigenetic silencing at germline genes in early embryogenesis. (cnrs.fr)
Our findings elucidate the mechanisms of epigenetic targeting of germline genes and provide a paradigm for how transient repression signals by DNA-binding factors in early embryonic cells are translated into long-term epigenetic silencing during mouse development. (cnrs.fr)

Folding on the ribosome of Escherichia coli tryptophan synthase beta subunit nascent chains probed with a conformation-dependent monoclonal antibody. (org.ua)

If the correct anticodon binds to the mRNA codon, the ribosome changes configuration and alters the geometry of the GTPase domain of EF-Tu, resulting in the hydrolysis of the GTP associated with the EF-Tu to GDP and Pi. (wikipedia.org)
This is addressed by the ribosome not activating the GTPase activity of EF-Tu if the tRNA in the ribosome's A-site does not match the mRNA codon, thus preferentially increasing the likelihood for the incorrect tRNA to leave the ribosome. (wikipedia.org)

[7] Kudlicki W, Odom OW, Kramer G, Hardesty B. Activation and release of enzymatically inactive, full-length rhodanese that is bound to ribosomes as peptidyl-tRNA. (org.ua)

In prokaryotes, the primary function of EF-Tu is to transport the correct aa-tRNA to the A-site of the ribosome. (wikipedia.org)

The modification uridine-5-oxyacetic acid (cmo (5)U 34) is found at wobble position 34 in a single isoaccepting tRNA species for six amino acids, alanine, leucine, proline, serine, threonine, and valine, each having 4-fold degenerate codons. (ncsu.edu)

This work establishes a foundation for understanding the physiological consequences of the numerous mitochondrial tRNA mutations that result in disease in humans. (ncsu.edu)
Mammalian mitochondrial tRNAs have several unusual features that distinguish them from canonical tRNAs. (ncsu.edu)
No data are currently available that examine the structure of mammalian mitochondrial tRNAs with single nucleotide resolution. (ncsu.edu)
In particular, a number of the long range interactions between the D- and T-arms of the tRNAs appear to be missing.All 22 tRNAs that function in mammalian mitochondria are encoded in the mitochondrial DNA. (ncsu.edu)
The diseases associated with mitochondrial tRNA mutations may arise from failure in the processing of the tRNA (13Levinger L. Jacobs O. James M. Nucleic Acids Res. (ncsu.edu)
Reaction mixtures (100 ;l) contained 50 mm Tris-HCl, pH 7.6, 2.5 mm MgCl2, 2.5 mm ATP, 0.2 mm spermine, 200 ;g/ml bovine serum albumin, 0.2 units/;l SUPERase·In RNase inhibitor, 40 ;m [35S]methionine (4,000 cpm/pmol), 50 nm human mitochondrial MetRS or 8 nm E. coli MetRS, and 1 ;m U8 or 8U→C hmtRNAMet. (ncsu.edu)

[11] Baram D, Yonath A. From peptide-bond formation to cotranslational folding: dynamic, regulatory and evolutionary aspects. (org.ua)
Eaglesfield R, Madsen MA, and Sanyal S , Reboud J, Amtmann A, Cotranslational recruitment of ribosomes in protocells recreates a translocon-independent mechanism of proteorhodopsin biogenesis. (uu.se)

EF-Tu (elongation factor thermo unstable) is a prokaryotic elongation factor responsible for catalyzing the binding of an aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) to the ribosome. (wikipedia.org)
GDP is acted on by the prokaryotic elongation factor EF-Ts, which causes EF-Tu to release its bound GDP. (wikipedia.org)
the corresponding prokaryotic factor is also designated EF1A) (16Ling J. Roy H. Qin D. Rubio M.A. Alfonzo J.D. Fredrick K. Ibba M. Proc. (ncsu.edu)

Mature, translationally competent tRNAs are very stable under normal growth conditions, with a half-life of approximately one to several hours [13] . (prolekarniky.cz)

protein_coding" "AAC74185","ptsG","Escherichia coli","fused glucose-specific PTS enzymes: IIB component/IIC component [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)

As such, the ribosome functions as a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for EF-Tu. (wikipedia.org)

[15] Das B, Chattopadhyay S, Bera AK, Dasgupta C. In vitro protein folding by ribosomes from Escherichia coli, wheat germ and rat liver: the role of the 50S particle and its 23S rRNA. (org.ua)

This cleavage, however, does not significantly reduce the level of mature tRNAs, which implies that tiRNAs may rather act as a signal transducer to modulate translation of specific mRNAs, than to globally repress translation [18] . (prolekarniky.cz)

We have used structural probing and molecular reconstitution experiments to examine the structures formed by the normal and mutated tRNAs. (ncsu.edu)
The contributions of this important modification to the structures and codon binding affinities of the unmodified and fully modified anticodon stem and loop domains of tRNA (Val3) UAC (ASL (Val3) UAC) were elucidated. (ncsu.edu)

Molecular basis of the pleiotropic effects by the antibiotic amikacin on the ribosome. (uu.se)

An oxidative-stress activated nuclease, angiogenin, cleaves first within the conserved single-stranded 3′-CCA termini of all tRNAs, thereby blocking their use in translation. (prolekarniky.cz)

However, chemical and enzymatic probing has lead to the idea that these tRNAs have retained the basic cloverleaf structure of canonical tRNAs but that they lack several conserved tertiary interactions leading to a weaker three-dimensional structure (4Watanabe Y.-I. Kawai G. Yokogawa T. Hayashi N. Kumazawa Y. Ueda T. Nishikawa K. Hirao I. Miura K.-I. Watanabe K. Nucleic Acids Res. (ncsu.edu)

This modification may play a role in the unusual codon recognition requirements of this tRNA, which must recognize both AUG and AUA codons. (ncsu.edu)
cmo (5)U 34 makes possible the decoding of 24 codons by just six tRNAs. (ncsu.edu)

Thus, we believe that this mutation has disrupted a critical Mg2+-binding site on the tRNA required for formation of the biologically active structure. (ncsu.edu)

In this study, we demonstrate that exposure to oxidative stress results in a quick repression of translation by deactivation of the aminoacyl-ends of all transfer-RNA (tRNA). (prolekarniky.cz)

A sequence element that tunes Escherichia coli tRNA(Ala)(GGC) to ensure accurate decoding. (colorado.edu)

Functional recognition of the modified human tRNA(UUU)(Lys3) anticodon domain by HIV's nucleocapsid protein and a peptide mimic. (ncsu.edu)

29: 4334-4340Crossref PubMed Scopus (51) Google Scholar), from reduced stability of the tRNA (14Hao H. Moraes C.T. Mol. (ncsu.edu)
This is supported by the enhanced stability at acidic pH of not only the RNA phosphodiester bond but also of the aminoacyl-(t)RNA and peptide bonds. (biomedcentral.com)

presents an opportunity to manipulate gene expression within the cells to treat various diseases, and acts as a powerful tool for studying gene function utilizing antisense agents to manage the diseases by regulating the expression of the specific factor that actually causes the particular disease. (genomicglossaries.com)

Interestingly, whereas the 8U→C hmtRNAMet was poorly aminoacylated by the hmMetRS, it was not aminoacylated at all by the E. coli MetRS (Fig. 1C) suggesting that the mutated tRNA had a significantly altered structure. (ncsu.edu)

The structural basis of ribosome activity in peptide bond synthesis. (org.ua)
In the presence of Mg2+, the normal tRNA displays the structural features expected of a tRNA. (ncsu.edu)
There is little detailed structural information on these tRNAs. (ncsu.edu)

Thus, it was possible to use the normal transcript and a transcript containing the 8U→C mutation for studies on the effect of the mutation on the properties of the tRNA. (ncsu.edu)

Pundir S, Ge X, and Sanyal S. 1 , GGQ methylation enhances both speed and accuracy of stop codon recognition by bacterial class-I release factors. (uu.se)

Anatomy14

Organisms19

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs125

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment27

Phenomena and Processes71

Disciplines and Occupations3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science5

Health Care3

Synthetase7

RNAs1

Biosynthesis2

Bacterial ribosomes2

Eukaryotic1

Protein synthesis6

Synthetases2

Proteins8

Eukaryotes2

Ribosomal1

Initiation11

Enzyme7

Anticodon loop1

Polypeptide5

Translational4

Residues3

Ternary complex2

Translocation2

Specificity1

Aminoacylation2

Genes6

Subunit1

MRNA2

Peptidyl1

Prokaryotes1

Amino acids1

Mitochondrial6

Cotranslational2

Prokaryotic3

Stable1

Enzymes1

GTPase1

Vitro1

Cleavage1

Structures2

Antibiotic1

Single-stranded1

Interactions1

Codons2

Biologically1

Translation1

Sequence1

Functional1

Stability2

Diseases1

Significantly1

Structural3

Properties1

Recognition1