• The terminal enzyme of AHBA formation, AHBA synthase, is a dimeric, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) dependent enzyme with pronounced sequence homology to a number of PLP enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of antibiotic sugar moieties. (rcsb.org)
  • The overall fold of AHBA synthase is similar to that of the aspartate aminotransferase family of PLP-dependent enzymes, with a large domain containing a seven-stranded beta-sheet surrounded by alpha-helices and a smaller domain consisting of a four-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet and four alpha-helices. (rcsb.org)
  • Nicotianamine synthase ( NAS ) genes , which encode enzymes that synthesize NA, are regulated by iron status in most plant species, and plant genomes have been found to contain anywhere from 1 to 9 NAS genes. (isaaa.org)
  • Because both of these cofactors are missing, the enzymes that require them (methylmalonyl CoA mutase and methionine synthase) do not function normally. (medlineplus.gov)
  • is the parent ROS molecule produced by the one electron reduction of oxygen catabolized by various enzymes including NADPH oxidase, cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenases, cytochrome P450 enzymes, enzymes in the mitochondrial electron transport chain ( Yang and Lüscher, 2002 ), and also endothelial NO ⋅ Synthase (eNOS, see below). (frontiersin.org)
  • Vitamin B12 functions as a cofactor for two enzymes, methionine synthase and L-methylmalonyl-CoA mutase [ 1-3 , 5 ]. (nih.gov)
  • The many biochemical reactions catalyzed by PLP-dependent enzymes are involved in essential biological processes, such as hemoglobin and amino acid biosynthesis, as well as fatty acid metabolism . (oregonstate.edu)
  • Other neurotransmitters, including glycine, D-serine, glutamate, histamine, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), are also synthesized in reactions catalyzed by PLP-dependent enzymes (7) . (oregonstate.edu)
  • Chen H, Wilkerson CG, Kuchar JA, Phinney BS, Howe GA (2005) Jasmonate-inducible plant enzymes degrade essential amino acids in the herbivore midgut. (springer.com)
  • A library of ~27,000 enzymes is generated by breeding combinations of natural amino-acid substitutions from the cyclic into the linear producer. (sri.com)
  • Prostacyclin is produced from arachidonic acid by a series of enzymes including cyclo-oxygenase (COX) and prostaglandin polymerase. (edskilling.com)
  • Because of its structural similarity to glycine, glyphosate binds the active site of the ESPS synthase enzyme that is critical for the production of aromatic amino acids. (ens-newswire.com)
  • The enzyme participates in biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. (cbd.int)
  • Biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids in plants, many bacteria, and microbes relies on the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase, a prime target for drugs and herbicides. (rcsb.org)
  • The biosynthesis of ansamycin antibiotics, including rifamycin B, involves the synthesis of an aromatic precursor, 3-amino-5-hydroxybenzoic acid (AHBA), which serves as starter for the assembly of the antibiotics' polyketide backbone. (rcsb.org)
  • The genomic organization of the granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSS I) in cassava was examined to increase our knowledge of starch biosynthesis and facilitate the production of modified starches in cassava. (scialert.net)
  • Major genomic deletions in independent eukaryotic lineages have led to repeated ancestral loss of biosynthesis pathways for nine of the twenty canonical amino acids. (elifesciences.org)
  • Whole genome sequencing across the tree of life has revealed the surprising observation that nine essential amino acid (EAA) biosynthesis pathways are missing from the metazoan lineage ( Payne and Loomis, 2006 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • Citrate synthase activity of these organisms is of interest due to its key role in acetate metabolism. (nih.gov)
  • Prior sequencing of the genome of Geobacter sulfurreducens revealed a putative citrate synthase sequence related to the citrate synthases of eukaryotes. (nih.gov)
  • All citrate synthase activity in G. sulfurreducens could be resolved to a single 49-kDa protein via affinity chromatography. (nih.gov)
  • The enzyme was dimeric and was slightly inhibited by ATP (Ki= 1.9 mM for acetyl coenzyme A), which is a known inhibitor for many eukaryotic, dimeric citrate synthases. (nih.gov)
  • NADH, an allosteric inhibitor of prokaryotic hexameric citrate synthases, did not affect enzyme activity. (nih.gov)
  • Unlike most prokaryotic dimeric citrate synthases, the enzyme did not have any methylcitrate synthase activity. (nih.gov)
  • A unique feature of the enzyme, in contrast to citrate synthases from both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, was a lack of stimulation by K+ ions. (nih.gov)
  • Similar citrate synthase sequences were detected in a diversity of other Geobacteraceae members. (nih.gov)
  • This first characterization of a eukaryotic-like citrate synthase from a prokaryote provides new insight into acetate metabolism in Geobacteraceae members and suggests a molecular target for tracking the presence and activity of these organisms in the environment. (nih.gov)
  • Also, the same technology was applied for reducing citrate synthase. (pharmiweb.com)
  • The following product was used in this experiment: Citrate Synthase Polyclonal Antibody from Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog # PA5-22126, RRID AB_11154268. (thermofisher.com)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a Krebs tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of citrate from oxaloacetate and acetyl coenzyme A. The enzyme is found in nearly all cells capable of oxidative metabolism. (thermofisher.com)
  • The overall reaction catalyzed by ATP synthase is: ADP + Pi + 2H+out ⇌ ATP + H2O + 2H+in ATP synthase lies across a cellular membrane and forms an aperture that protons can cross from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration, imparting energy for the synthesis of ATP. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the 1960s through the 1970s, Paul Boyer, a UCLA Professor, developed the binding change, or flip-flop, mechanism theory, which postulated that ATP synthesis is dependent on a conformational change in ATP synthase generated by rotation of the gamma subunit. (wikipedia.org)
  • According to the current model of ATP synthesis (known as the alternating catalytic model), the transmembrane potential created by (H+) proton cations supplied by the electron transport chain, drives the (H+) proton cations from the intermembrane space through the membrane via the FO region of ATP synthase. (wikipedia.org)
  • A six-lobed membrane spanning cellulose synthesis complex (CSC) containing multiple cellulose synthase (CESA) glycosyltransferases mediates cellulose microfibril formation. (osti.gov)
  • MenH (SHCHC synthase) was previously thought to be a thioesterase involved in hydrolyzing DHNA-CoA in a later step of menaquinone synthesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • delta-aminolevulinate synthase controls heme synthesis, and requires what co-factor? (brainscape.com)
  • PLP functions as a coenzyme of 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase, which is involved in the synthesis of heme , an iron -containing component of hemoglobin . (oregonstate.edu)
  • The second group inhibits deoxy-D-xylulose phosphate synthase (DOXP), a key component to plastid isoprenoid synthesis. (ufl.edu)
  • L-methylmalonyl-CoA mutase converts L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA in the metabolism of propionate, a short-chain fatty acid [ 2 ]. (nih.gov)
  • This is because folic acid helps enhance B12 effectiveness while biotin supports metabolism. (chiroeco.com)
  • These include reactions of cellular respiration, the release of glucose stores, and amino acid metabolism. (mskcc.org)
  • Overview of Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders Amino acid metabolism disorders are hereditary metabolic disorders. (msdmanuals.com)
  • ATP synthase is a protein that catalyzes the formation of the energy storage molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) using adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi). (wikipedia.org)
  • The crystal structure of the MenH enzyme in E.coli (SHCHC synthase) exists as a complex of three protein molecules shown in the diagram. (wikipedia.org)
  • This enzyme helps break down certain protein building blocks (amino acids), fat building blocks (fatty acids), and cholesterol. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Since plants must synthesize all the amino acids they need for protein production, inhibition of EPSP synthase by glyphosate makes the plant cells to starve for amino acids, causing the plants to die. (ens-newswire.com)
  • 38678) Cobalamin-independent synthase MetE domain protein CP001857 CDS Arcpr_0044 complement(38683. (go.jp)
  • HM038439), was 731 nucleotides long and encoded a partial protein of 124 amino acids with predicted molecular weight of 13.65 kDa and calculated 10.01 isoelectric point. (scialert.net)
  • Genes Genes are segments of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that contain the code for a specific protein that functions in one or more types of cells in the body or the code for functional ribonucleic. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Multiple resistance has evolved to herbicides in the Groups 1 (Legacy A), and Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B). These particular biotypes are known to have resistance to clodinafop-propargyl, and iodosulfuron-methyl-Na and they may be cross-resistant to other herbicides in the Groups 1 (Legacy A), and Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B). (weedscience.org)
  • Mixtures of Group 2 herbicides with the amino acid-inhibiting herbicides glyphosate (Group 9) and glufosinate (Group 10), however, can improve weed control and may delay herbicide resistance development. (bioone.org)
  • The enzyme is a target for herbicides as these amino acids are only synthesized in plants and microorganisms. (cbd.int)
  • The elucidation of the active site of EPSP synthase and especially of the binding pattern of glyphosate provides a valuable roadmap for engineering new herbicides and herbicide-resistant crops, as well as new antibiotic and antiparasitic drugs. (rcsb.org)
  • The introduction of Clearfield (CL) rice cultivars resistant to imidazolinone herbicides, acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors, has raised concerns of gene flow to weedy rice genotypes collectively called ''red rice'' that infest rice-growing areas in the southern United States. (weedscience.com)
  • Increased levels of glycine, organic acids (from phenylalanine), and free tryptophan and decreased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the CSF may be responsible for early phases of the disorder. (medscape.com)
  • eg PKU - without this enzyme an amino acid (called phenylalanine) rises to harmful levels and can lead to developmental delay. (nsu.govt.nz)
  • that is caused by a lack of the enzyme cystathionine beta-synthase, which is needed to metabolize the amino acid homocysteine. (msdmanuals.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Classical homocystinuria (HCU) results from deficient cystathionine -synthase activity, causing elevated levels of Met and homocysteine (Hcy). (cdc.gov)
  • The dietary requirement for niacin and the niacin coenzyme , nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), can be also met, though to a fairly limited extent, by the catabolism of the essential amino acid tryptophan in the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway ( Figure 2 ). (oregonstate.edu)
  • Children with homocystinuria are unable to break down (metabolize) the amino acid homocysteine, which, along with certain toxic by-products, builds up to cause a variety of symptoms. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Structurally, glyphosate resembles the chemical structure of the amino acid glycine. (ens-newswire.com)
  • Glyphosate appears to occupy the binding site of the second substrate of EPSP synthase (phosphoenol pyruvate), mimicking an intermediate state of the ternary enzyme.substrates complex. (rcsb.org)
  • In a pilot randomized controlled trial of the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) and MET, whose participants were characterized by different components of metabolic syndrome, we tested the effect of MET on serum levels of B 12 , holo transcobalamin II (holo-TC-II), and methylmalonic acid (MMA). (mdpi.com)
  • N-Acetylglutamate synthase (NAGS) deficiency is an extremely rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder affecting the urea cycle, leading to episodes of hyperammonemia which can cause significant morbidity and mortality. (nih.gov)
  • Arginine is a semi-essential amino acid, meaning that under healthy conditions, endogenous arginine production is adequate for metabolic needs, but under stress conditions, when arginine is excessively catabolized by the enzyme arginase, dietary intake of this amino acid is required. (medscape.com)
  • In prokaryotic cells ATP synthase lies across the plasma membrane, while in eukaryotic cells it lies across the inner mitochondrial membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • Located within the thylakoid membrane and the inner mitochondrial membrane, ATP synthase consists of two regions FO and F1. (wikipedia.org)
  • The FO region of ATP synthase is a proton pore that is embedded in the mitochondrial membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this report, the authors devised synthetic genomic strategies to introduce essential amino-acid biosynthetic pathways into mammalian cells. (elifesciences.org)
  • Altogether, this work was found to be of substantial interest as it provides pioneering evidence that mammalian systems may be permissive to the restoration of essential amino acid biosynthetic pathways and is thus anticipated to have a broad impact in the fields of synthetic biology, biotechnology and beyond. (elifesciences.org)
  • We begin with amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ADS) and ( E)-β-farnesene synthase (BFS), a pair of terpene synthases that produce cyclic or linear terpenes, respectively. (sri.com)
  • in particular, PLP is the cofactor for the enzyme kynureninase, which catalyzes the conversion of 3-hydroxykynurenine to 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid. (oregonstate.edu)
  • also known as hydroxymethylbilane synthase [HMBS]), which catalyzes the conversion of porphobilinogen to hydroxymethylbilane. (medscape.com)
  • Guanidinosuccinic acid, methylguanidine, guanidine, and creatinine inhibited responses to GABA and glycine (inhibitory amino acids) in cultured mouse neurons. (medscape.com)
  • Now comes evidence that elevated levels of serial circulating Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the bloodstream has been associated with a higher likelihood of healthy aging. (prosource.net)
  • Each softgel capsule contains an ultra-potent 750 mg of the highest quality Omega-3 fatty acids, including high amounts of EPA (450 mg) and DHA (300 mg). (prosource.net)
  • The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine. (mcw.edu)
  • Here, we explore the catalytic reaction pathways of both product-promiscuous and product-specific santalene synthases (i.e. (nature.com)
  • 18874) imidazoleglycerol phosphate synthase%2C cyclase subunit CP001857 CDS Arcpr_0021 19046. (go.jp)
  • Three partial genomic clones were generated and the sequence analysis revealed that they were identical at both nucleotide and amino acid levels. (scialert.net)
  • Purification and characterization of the bifunctional aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase with lysine-ketoglutarate reductase and saccharopine dehydrogenase activities. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The AASS gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The structure of AHBA synthase from Amycolatopsis mediterranei has been determined to 2.0 A resolution, with bound cofactor, PLP, and in a complex with PLP and an inhibitor (gabaculine). (rcsb.org)
  • The uptake of Arg-Lys*, beta-Ala-Lys*, and Gly-Sar-Lys* was blocked (approximately 50%) by cephradine (an inhibitor of PepT1 for peptide transport) but not by Lys (an inhibitor on cationic amino acid transporter 2B for Arg transport). (cdc.gov)
  • Another useful antimetabolite is L-asparaginase, an enzyme that inhibits lymphoma cells with an absolute requirement for the pre-formed amino acid asparagine. (vin.com)
  • Fatty acid-amino acid conjugates (FACs) are HAMPs present in oral secretions (OS) of lepidopteran larvae that induce defense responses in many plant species. (springer.com)
  • While the evolutionary forces driving these polyphyletic deletion events are not well understood, the consequence is that extant metazoans are unable to produce nine essential amino acids (EAAs). (elifesciences.org)
  • The active site is composed of residues from two subunits of AHBA synthase, indicating that AHBA synthase is active as a dimer. (rcsb.org)
  • Eukaryotic ATP synthases are F-ATPases, running "in reverse" for an ATPase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most of these mutations change single amino acids in aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Only fifteen amino acid residues are absolutely conserved across mutations of the enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
  • Corynebacterium glutamicum is the most important industrial organism for amino acid production. (pharmiweb.com)
  • Roles of neuroactive amino acids in ammonia neurotoxicity. (cdc.gov)
  • 1987. Ammonia emissions and their role in acid deposition. (cdc.gov)
  • If one is recommended as one of the best B12 vitamin supplements, it is one that also contains folic acid and biotin as it may provide better effects. (chiroeco.com)
  • A special diet and supplements of vitamin B6, betaine, and folic acid may help some children. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Levels of serum methylmalonic acid (MMA), a vitamin B12-associated metabolite, are the most sensitive markers of vitamin B12 status, and an MMA level greater than 0.271 micromol/L suggests vitamin B12 deficiency [ 6-8 ]. (nih.gov)
  • ATP synthase is a molecular machine. (wikipedia.org)
  • The research group of John E. Walker, then at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, crystallized the F1 catalytic-domain of ATP synthase. (wikipedia.org)