Amino acid transport intracellular amino acid amino acids neutral. Medical search. Frequent questions

5.4) Which of the following drug permeation mechanisms is used for peptides, amino acids, glucose, and other large or insoluble molecules? (pharmacologycorner.com)

This is carried out via the regulation of both the influx from the extracellular environment and the recycling of intracellular resources. (spandidos-publications.com)
The prostate intracellular/extracellular conditions present a 40:1 concentration gradient. (biomedcentral.com)
I-FABP) and bovine heart fatty acid-binding pro- tissues and in intracellular as well as extracellular tein (H-FABP). (lu.se)

The knockdown of L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT-1) by siRNA also enhanced GEF-induced cytotoxicity. (spandidos-publications.com)
The members of the L-type amino acid transporter (LAT) family are Na + -independent transporters that deliver neutral amino acids into cells ( 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
have presented the crystal structure of apo-ApcT, a proton-coupled broad-specificity amino acid transporter, at 2.35 Å resolution. (tcdb.org)
Subsequent to our kinetic identification of the transport process, significant advances have been achieved in the genetic and protein identification and characterization of the X AG - transporter class as EAATs (excitatory amino acid transporters). (biomedcentral.com)

In contrast to the influx of amino acids, the degradation of proteins is also the important intracellular mechanism for releasing free amino acids both under steady-state conditions and during cellular stresses. (spandidos-publications.com)
The env gene maintained an ORF coding for a 538-amino acid polypeptide that has all the characteristic features of env proteins and mediates intercellular fusion in vitro [ 11 - 13 ]. (ecancer.org)
N-linked glycosylation is the most prevalent posttranslational modification of plasma membrane and secretory proteins and participates in many important biological roles such as protein folding, intracellular targeting, immune response, cell adhesion, and protease resistance. (jneurosci.org)
Thus, HERA is a novel cellular assay that can be used to predict how FcRn-binding proteins are rescued from intracellular degradation. (nature.com)
In the human body, solutes vary in different parts of the body, but may include proteins-including those that transport lipids, carbohydrates, and, very importantly, electrolytes. (edu.vn)
Plasma travels through the body in blood vessels and transports a range of materials, including blood cells, proteins (including clotting factors and antibodies), electrolytes, nutrients, gases, and wastes. (edu.vn)

Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated carboxylic acids containing between 12-24 carbon atoms. (biologyexams4u.com)
The most common chemical groups associated with organic acids are carboxylic acids which are present in the conjugate base form at neutral pH, 7.0, the pH of the inside of most living cells. (profithpm.com)
Organic acids with one carboxylic acid have one conjugate base while some organic acids may have two or three carboxylic acids and two or three conjugate bases. (profithpm.com)

The transport of serum amino acids into cells is an active process that is facilitated by plasma membrane-localized amino acid transporters. (spandidos-publications.com)
They proposed that Lys158 is central to proton-coupled transport and that the amine group serves the same functional role as the Na2 ion in LeuT, thus demonstrating common principles among proton- and sodium-coupled transporters. (tcdb.org)
The kinetic properties are representative of the Na+- dependent high-affinity glutamate-aspartate transporters referred to as the X AG - class of amino acid transporters. (biomedcentral.com)

Given its particular distribution in normal human tissues and its potential roll as an immune modulator and in amino acid transport, tissue tolerance and protection against retroviral infection, syncytin could be a potential target for immune therapy using specific inhibitors. (ecancer.org)
The presence of microscopic projections called villi and microvilli in the intestinal wall increases the surface area of absorption for molecules to be transported to tissues and glands via the blood (OpenStax, 2021). (hafsaabbas.com)
Perilipin 5 (PLIN5) is a lipid-droplet-associated protein that coordinates intracellular lipolysis in highly oxidative tissues and is thought to regulate lipid metabolism in response to phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA). (uci.edu)
Here, molecular mechanism involved in the Si uptake by root and subsequent transport to areal tissues is also illustrated. (researchsquare.com)

Therefore, these cells must possess a plasma membrane-associated aspartate uptake transport process to achieve their functional activity. (biomedcentral.com)

Albumin and IgG have remarkably long serum half-lives due to pH-dependent FcRn-mediated cellular recycling that rescues both ligands from intracellular degradation. (nature.com)

Instead of the phosphoric acid esterified to the amino alcohol, an oligo saccharide made usually of glucose or galactose is attached to the sphingosine. (biologyexams4u.com)
Organic acidemias are disorders of intermediary metabolism that lead to the accumulation of toxic compounds that derange multiple intracellular biochemical pathways including glucose catabolism (glycolysis), glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis), amino acid and ammonia metabolism, purine and pyrimidine metabolism, and fat metabolism. (profithpm.com)

Since epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitors, including gefitinib (GEF) have been reported to induce the apoptosis of several cancer cell lines, in the present study, we examined whether the cytotoxic effects of GEF are further enhanced under amino acid starvation (AAS) culture conditions. (spandidos-publications.com)

Cysteine and derivatives are compounds containing cysteine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of cysteine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. (cannabisdatabase.ca)
Organic acids are chemical compounds excreted in the urine of mammals that are products of metabolism. (profithpm.com)
Organic acids are organic compounds that are acidic. (profithpm.com)

The length of the hydrogen (H) chain differs from one fatty acid to another. (biologyexams4u.com)
It depends on the kinds of covalent bonds in the fatty acid parts of the molecule. (biologyexams4u.com)
Membrane probes include fluorescent analogs of natural lipids, as well as lipophilic organic dyes that have little structural resemblance to natural biomolecules ( Figure 13.2.1 in Fatty Acid Analogs and Phospholipids-Section 13.2 ). (thermofisher.com)
Despite their overall structural similarity ( Figure 13.1.1 ), natural phospholipids exhibit subtle differences in their fatty acid compositions, degree of acyl chain unsaturation and type of polar head group. (thermofisher.com)
Fluorescent phospholipid analogs ( Fatty Acid Analogs and Phospholipids-Section 13.2 ) can be classified according to where the fluorophore is attached. (thermofisher.com)
The attachment position of the fluorophore determines whether it is located in the nonpolar interior or at the water/lipid interface when the phospholipid analog is incorporated into a lipid bilayer membrane ( Figure 13.2.1 in Fatty Acid Analogs and Phospholipids-Section 13.2 ). (thermofisher.com)
Certain fluorescent fatty acids ( Fatty Acid Analogs and Phospholipids-Section 13.2 ) are readily metabolized by live cells to phospholipids, mono-, di- and triacylglycerols, cholesteryl esters and other lipid derivatives. (thermofisher.com)
The structural backbone of sphingolipids is the lipophilic amino-dialcohol sphingosine (2-amino-4-octadecen-1,3-diol, Figure 13.1.1 ) to which a single fatty acid residue is attached via an amide linkage. (thermofisher.com)
Expression of phosphorylation-defective PLIN5 S155A in Plin5 null cells resulted in decreased rates of lipolysis and triglyceride-derived fatty acid oxidation. (uci.edu)
Goethe-Universita¨t, DE-60439 tein (I-LBP) and intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP). (lu.se)
I-LBP, ileal lipid-binding to the aqueous solubility of the fatty acid. (lu.se)

Here we investigated the link between cellular cholesterol and L. pneumophila intracellular replication and discovered that disruption of cholesterol biosynthesis or cholesterol trafficking lowered bacterial replication in infected cells. (microbialcell.com)
therefore, host lipids and their biosynthesis pathways have emerged as critical regulators of intracellular replication for vacuolar pathogens both as organelle membrane building blocks as well as nutrients [8] [9] . (microbialcell.com)

Neutral triglycerides are important because of their ability to store energy. (biologyexams4u.com)
Triglycerides are esters of fatty acids with alcohols like glycerol. (biologyexams4u.com)
We offer fluorescent and, in a few cases, biotinylated analogs of five naturally occurring lipid classes-phospholipids, sphingolipids (including ceramides), fatty acids, triglycerides and steroids. (thermofisher.com)

An acid is a substance that can donate hydrogen ions (H + ). A base is a substance that can accept H + ions. (medscape.com)

They are long hydrocarbon chain organic acids with a terminal carboxyl group (COOH). (biologyexams4u.com)

Thus, organic acids in urine are often present at 100 times their concentration in the blood serum and thus are more readily detected in urine. (profithpm.com)
This is why organic acids are rarely tested in blood or serum. (profithpm.com)

1 L/d of drinking water was associated with concurrent changes in carbohydrate, protein, lipid, and micronutrient metabolism, a metabolomic pattern of carbohydrate oxidation via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, instead of glycolysis to lactate, and a reduction of chronic disease risk factors in Week 6. (ppexmed.com)

Based on 3-d structures of APC superfamily members, Rudnick ( 2011 ) has proposed the pathway for transport and suggested a 'rocking bundle' mechanism of transport. (tcdb.org)

Furthermore in the mice fed L diet, increasing the concentration of amino acid in the diet from 12 to 28% greatly enhanced immune responsiveness by both parameters measured. (immunehealthscience.com)
In the C-fed mice, a comparable enhancement of mitogen responsiveness with increasing amino acid level of diet was seen, but there was no change in the humoral immune response. (immunehealthscience.com)
The enhancement of immune responsiveness observed in mice fed the 28% L diet was moderately reduced by the addition of phenylalanine to the diet, indicating that the lower level of this amino acid in the L protein may be of some significance. (immunehealthscience.com)
The principal factor responsible for the observed immune effect does not appear to be the availability or concentration of single essential amino acids but rather the composite effect of the specific amino acid distribution in the protein. (immunehealthscience.com)

However, an analysis of the synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions indicated a relatively high degree of amino acid change in hominoids [ 15 ], which could be consistent with a low degree of selective pressure. (ecancer.org)

In humans, the CRYAA gene encodes a 173 amino acid residue protein by single copy genes located on chromosome 21. (molvis.org)

Either at genomic or at proteomic level, mutations have significant impact on normal gene or protein function, and human diseases could be associated with mutations like nonsynonymous single-nucleotide variations (nsSNVs) on amino acids. (hindawi.com)
We show that, in general, the prediction tools are able distinguish disease causing mutations from those mutations which are thought to have a neutral affect. (biomedcentral.com)

The maintenance of the intracellular level of amino acids is crucial for cellular homeostasis. (spandidos-publications.com)
Amino acids are essential for cellular homeostasis, growth and proliferation via their contribution to a diverse range of cellular processes. (spandidos-publications.com)

The Organic Acids Test (OAT) offers a comprehensive metabolic snapshot of a patient's overall health with 75 markers. (profithpm.com)
Many people with chronic illnesses and neurological disorders often excrete several abnormal organic acids in their urine. (profithpm.com)
Our Organic Acids Test also includes markers for vitamin and mineral levels, oxidative stress, neurotransmitter levels, and is the only OAT to include markers for oxalates, which are highly correlated with many chronic illnesses. (profithpm.com)
What are organic acids? (profithpm.com)
Organic acids are substances in which carbon and hydrogen are always present but which may also contain the elements of oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus as well. (profithpm.com)
The names of most organic acids contain the suffix -ic, followed by the word "acid" such as lactic acid. (profithpm.com)
Every organic acid has one or more conjugate bases named with the suffix -ate. (profithpm.com)
Many times, the name of the organic acid and its conjugate base(s) are used interchangeably when discussing physiology and biochemistry, such as lactate or lactic acid. (profithpm.com)
How are organic acids measured for medical reasons? (profithpm.com)
Almost all organic acids used for human testing are measured by a combination of gas or liquid chromatography linked with mass spectrometry. (profithpm.com)
Organic acids are most commonly analyzed in urine because they are not extensively reabsorbed in the kidney tubules after glomerular filtration. (profithpm.com)
The number of organic acids found in urine is enormous. (profithpm.com)
Over 1,000 different organic acids have been detected in urine since this kind of testing started. (profithpm.com)
How are organic acids tests used for the treatment of diseases? (profithpm.com)
An organic acid is any compound that generates protons at the prevailing pH of human blood. (profithpm.com)
Although some organic acidemias result in lowered blood pH, other organic acidemias are associated with organic acids that are relatively weak and do not typically cause acidosis. (profithpm.com)
The accumulation of an organic acid in cells and fluids (plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, or urine) leads to a disease called organic acidemia or organic aciduria. (profithpm.com)

however, fatty acids transfer more readily between aqueous and lipid phases. (thermofisher.com)

Our findings suggest that plasma glycogenic amino acids are sensitive indicators of brain glycogen levels in endurance exercise. (frontiersin.org)
Plasma lipoproteins are complex lipids that transport other lipids through the blood stream. (biologyexams4u.com)
The plasma membranes and intracellular membranes of live cells and the artificial membranes of liposomes represent a significant area of application for fluorescent probes. (thermofisher.com)
The intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment is the system that includes all fluid enclosed in cells by their plasma membranes. (edu.vn)

In earlier kinetic studies we identified the existence of a unique Na+-dependent high-affinity L-aspartate transport process in rat prostate secretory epithelial cells. (biomedcentral.com)
EAAC1 expression and high-affinity L-aspartate transport are correspondingly down-regulated by EAAC1 siRNA knock down. (biomedcentral.com)
Exposure of prostate cells to physiological levels of prolactin or testosterone results in an up-regulation of EAAC1 expression and a corresponding increase in the high-affinity transport of L-aspartate into the cells. (biomedcentral.com)
This is achieved by the existence of a Na+-dependent high-affinity L-aspartate transport process with kinetic properties that result in cellular accumulation of aspartate from circulation [ 5 - 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Microscopy analyses indicate that cholesterol regulates a step in L. pneumophila intracellular lifecycle that occurs after bacteria begin to replicate within an established intracellular niche. (microbialcell.com)

Fatty acids with even numbers of carbon atoms occur most frequently in nature. (biologyexams4u.com)

Consumption of tea has been linked to a sense of relaxation commonly associated with the content of the non-proteinogenic amino acid theanine, which is found within the tea leaves. (mdpi.com)

In contrast, in citrate-producing prostate cells, aspartate is an essential amino acid that must be derived from circulation. (biomedcentral.com)

Fatty acids are liberated by the enzymatic action of phospholipase A on phospholipids ( Probes for Lipid Metabolism and Signaling-Section 17.4 ) and also by various other lipases. (thermofisher.com)

solfataricu developed a super-acid resistant phenotype, even though its genome had not changed from the reference sequence. (wikipedia.org)

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is considered a strong acid because it is present only in a completely ionized form in the body, whereas carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ) is a weak acid because it is ionized incompletely, and, at equilibrium, all three reactants are present in body fluids. (medscape.com)
Hasselbalch equation for the ratio of solubility for the weak acid or weak base? (pharmacologycorner.com)

Investigation revealed that the acid resistance was conferred by a difference in the methylation of Sso7d and Cren7, both Naps. (wikipedia.org)

The addition of essential amino acids, but not non-essential amino acids to the cell culture medium resulted in the cancellation of this pronounced cytotoxicity. (spandidos-publications.com)
Some fatty acids (e.g., arachidonic acid) are important in cell signaling. (thermofisher.com)
Functional annotation clustering showed that they belong to cell cycle, organelle or nuclear lumen, protein transport, and DNA binding and repair clusters. (molvis.org)

Together, these results indicate that the structure of the rhodopsin N terminus must be maintained by an appropriate amino acid sequence surrounding N2 and may require a carbohydrate moiety at N15. (jneurosci.org)

for example, H-FABP makes up 3% of the plasmic intracellular LBPs from three different cytoplasmic protein content in rat heart. (lu.se)

Intracellular levels of amino acids are maintained by the balance between their influx, utilization and recycling ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
The nutritional efficiency of these diets was similar at both 12 and 28% amino acid levels. (immunehealthscience.com)

The regulation of EAAC1 expression and L-aspartate transport by testosterone and prolactin is consistent with their regulation of citrate production in prostate cells. (biomedcentral.com)
In these specialized prostate cells, aspartate is an essential amino acid that is derived from circulation. (biomedcentral.com)
The intracellular fluid (ICF) is the fluid within cells. (edu.vn)

the carbonic acid, in turn, forms water and CO 2 . (medscape.com)
Most of the water in the body is intracellular fluid. (edu.vn)

With the development of high throughput technologies such as tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and next generation sequencing, more and more nonsynonymous single-nucleotide variations (nsSNVs) that cause variation of amino acids have been identified, some of which result in the damage of PTMs. (hindawi.com)

It may occur free or as an ester with fatty acids. (biologyexams4u.com)

Strong acids are those that are completely ionized in body fluids, and weak acids are those that are incompletely ionized in body fluids. (medscape.com)

Anatomy16

Organisms11

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs111

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment24

Phenomena and Processes57

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science4

Health Care1

Peptides1

Extracellular3

Transporter4

Proteins6

Carboxylic acids3

Transporters3

Tissues4

Uptake1

Degradation1

Glucose2

Tyrosine1

Compounds3

Fatty acid11

Replication2

Triglycerides3

Hydrogen ions1

Carboxyl group1

Serum2

Glycolysis1

Mechanism1

Immune4

Substitutions1

Genes1

Mutations2

Homeostasis2

Organic17

Aqueous1

Plasma4

Affinity4

Cholesterol1

Carbon1

Commonly1

Contrast1

Phospholipids1

Genome1

Weak acid2

Methylation1

Cell3

Sequence1

Protein content1

Levels2

Cells3

Water2

Single1

Free1

Fluids1