• or anabolic - the building up (synthesis) of compounds (such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids). (wikipedia.org)
  • Most of the structures that make up animals, plants and microbes are made from four basic classes of molecules: amino acids, carbohydrates, nucleic acid and lipids (often called fats). (wikipedia.org)
  • Lipids are the polymers of fatty acids[citation needed] that contain a long, non-polar hydrocarbon chain with a small polar region containing oxygen. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lipids, amino acids, and nucleotides necessary for the biosynthesis of the daughter cells are mostly provided by intermediate metabolites of these pathways. (hindawi.com)
  • Nitrogen metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis and catabolism. (up.ac.za)
  • In normal cells, glucose participates in cellular energy production through glycolysis as well as through its complete catabolism via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). (hindawi.com)
  • The journal aims to cover a broad range of topics related to amino acids, including their biosynthesis, catabolism, metabolism, transport, signaling, and functions in the body. (springer.com)
  • In muscle and other tissues (except the brain), insulin causes rapid transport of glucose and amino acids intracellularly, promotes anabolism, and inhibits protein catabolism. (nih.gov)
  • disorders caused by deficiency of one or more subunits of a dehydrogenase active in the 2nd step of branched-chain amino acid catabolism. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Proteins are made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain joined by peptide bonds. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze the chemical reactions in metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Proteins are also important in cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, active transport across membranes, and the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Members of this protein family are ABC transporter permease proteins associated with urea transport and metabolism. (nih.gov)
  • Although there are more than 200 amino acids, those listed above are called 'proteinogenic' and are the building blocks of complex proteins, and crucial for the growth and maintenance of key tissues. (selfgrowth.com)
  • Fatty acid binding proteins are small cytoplasmic lipid binding proteins that are expressed in a tissue specific manner. (rndsystems.com)
  • The 37-Mb genome was predicted to contain a total of 12,074 genes encoding proteins with a length greater than 100 amino acid residues (see Methods). (nature.com)
  • Proteins involved in the transport of organic anions. (bvsalud.org)
  • Biosynthesis of neurotransmitters, pigments, hormones and nucleotides from amino acids. (up.ac.za)
  • In addition to its role in glucose metabolism, this pathway also regulates the redirection of free amino acids to protein synthesis via the mTOR-signaling pathway. (hindawi.com)
  • Glucose is the major substrate for ATP synthesis through glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), whereas intermediary metabolism through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle utilizes non-glucose-derived monocarboxylates, amino acids, and alpha ketoacids to support mitochondrial ATP and GTP synthesis. (molvis.org)
  • In addition to transporting fatty acids for energy synthesis, this amino acid participates in removing metabolic waste from cells. (outlookindia.com)
  • The blocks of A. oryzae -specific sequence are enriched for genes involved in metabolism, particularly those for the synthesis of secondary metabolites. (nature.com)
  • This enzyme participates in the two-step production (synthesis) of the compound creatine from the protein building blocks (amino acids) glycine, arginine, and methionine. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Beard E, Braissant O. Synthesis and transport of creatine in the CNS: importance for cerebral functions. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Examples of inborn errors of metabolism of nitrogen containing compounds. (up.ac.za)
  • In 1908, Sir Archibald Garrod identified cystinuria as one of the original "inborn errors of metabolism. (medscape.com)
  • Approach to the Patient With a Suspected Inherited Disorder of Metabolism Most inherited disorders of metabolism (inborn errors of metabolism) are rare, and therefore their diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Initial testing Most inherited disorders of metabolism (inborn errors of metabolism) are rare, and therefore their diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Biochemical genetic testing and newborn screening are essential laboratory services for the screening, detection, diagnosis, and monitoring of inborn errors of metabolism or inherited metabolic disorders. (cdc.gov)
  • Amino acids also contribute to cellular energy metabolism by providing a carbon source for entry into the citric acid cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle), especially when a primary source of energy, such as glucose, is scarce, or when cells undergo metabolic stress. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our goals were twofold: 1) to characterize the gene expression, protein expression, and activity of key synthesizing and regulating enzymes of energy metabolism in the whole mouse retina, retinal compartments, and/or cells and 2) to provide an integrative analysis of the results related to function. (molvis.org)
  • Diagnosis of maple syrup urine disease is by finding elevated plasma levels of branched-chain amino acids (particularly leucine) and confirmed by genetic testing. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The 3rd step of leucine metabolism is the conversion of isovaleryl CoA to 3-methylcrotonyl CoA, a dehydrogenation step. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Although this grain contains adequate tryptophan, it also contains high levels of leucine, another amino acid that interferes with the enzymatic conversion of tryptophan to niacin. (medscape.com)
  • The word metabolism can also refer to the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transportation of substances into and between different cells, in which case the above described set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary (or intermediate) metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
  • The intermediary metabolism of small molecules is the meat and potatoes of cell function. (cshlpress.com)
  • The synthesized ATP then provides the energy necessary for other reactions of intermediary metabolism that simultaneously regenerate NAD from the reduced NADH. (medscape.com)
  • The high-affinity system mediates uptake of 10% of L-cystine and the dibasic amino acids at the apical membrane of the straight third segment (S3) of the proximal tubule. (medscape.com)
  • Specific expansion of genes for secretory hydrolytic enzymes, amino acid metabolism and amino acid/sugar uptake transporters supports the idea that A. oryzae is an ideal microorganism for fermentation. (nature.com)
  • SLC7A5, complexed with SLC3A2 in the plasma membrane, mediates the uptake of neutral amino acids. (reactome.org)
  • The L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is a key mediator in uptake and intracellular accumulation of melphalan and correlates with melphalan sensitivity and response in MM and other cancers ( 8 - 10 ). (snmjournals.org)
  • Electron transport chain and energy production through oxidative phosphorylation. (up.ac.za)
  • There he was able to develop his interest in metabolic disorders and renal medicine and he published a series of important papers of which the most significant, in his own view, was that on the excretion of weak acids and bases. (wikipedia.org)
  • [ 9 ] showed abnormal excretion of the dibasic amino acids lysine, arginine, and ornithine in persons with cystinuria. (medscape.com)
  • Update on amino acid transporter functions and on possible amino acid sensing mechanisms in plants. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • In 1993, Lee et al cloned a human complementary DNA, rBAT (renal basic amino acid transporter) in chromosome 2, encoding a transport protein for cystine and dibasic amino acids. (medscape.com)
  • In contrast to normal cells, most cancer cells predominantly produce energy by a high rate of glycolysis followed by lactate fermentation, even in the presence of oxygen, a less efficient metabolism compared to a low rate of glycolysis followed by mitochondrial oxidation of pyruvate [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • When oxygen is limited, as in muscles that have undergone prolonged exercise, pyruvate is not consumed in the TCA cycle but is rather converted into lactic acid by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in a process termed anaerobic glycolysis. (hindawi.com)
  • Amino Acids is an international peer-reviewed journal dedicated to publishing high-quality research related to the chemistry, biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, and toxicology of amino acids and related compounds. (springer.com)
  • American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism. (lu.se)
  • Increasing amino acid supply in pea embryos reveals specific interactions of N and C metabolism, and highlights the importance of mitochondrial metabolism", PLANT JOURNAL , vol. 55, 2008, pp. 909-926. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • Furthermore, HIF-1 actively limits the mitochondrial consumption of pyruvate at two levels: (i) through the enzyme PDK (PDH-kinase), which in turn inhibits PDH activity preventing the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA, and thereby limiting mitochondrial metabolism of pyruvate [ 6 ] and (ii) through the direct activation of LDH [ 7 , 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Differential expression of amino acid metabolism-related genes (AAMRGs) was identified for prognostic gene selection. (frontiersin.org)
  • Meanwhile, new insights into the metabolic signatures of tumors have revealed the potential of risk prediction model, which is based on the amino acid metabolism-related genes (AAMRG) ( 13 , 14 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • This protein is found in a conserved five-gene transport operon typically found adjacent to urease genes. (nih.gov)
  • In addition, important genes related to osmoregulation, such as ion transport and carbonic anhydrase, were also detected in the correlation analysis for same trend DEPs_DEGs. (hindawi.com)
  • 0.001) enrichment in genes associated with amine metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In contrast, cancer cells shift their metabolism toward lactate production even in the presence of oxygen [ 4 ], partly through genetic modifications that stabilize the transcription factor Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) involved in the adaptation of the cells to hypoxia, under nonhypoxic conditions as well as generating an adaptive response to the hypoxic microenvironment (Figure 1 ). (hindawi.com)
  • Confocal studies showed differential cellular and compartmental distribution of isozymes involved in glucose, glutamate, glutamine, lactate, and creatine metabolism. (molvis.org)
  • Vitamin B6 aids the conversion of the amino acid, tryptophan, to niacin. (sun.ac.za)
  • Besides ingestion, niacin can be endogenously synthesized from its natural precursor, the amino acid tryptophan, a process that requires 2 other B vitamins, B2 and B6. (medscape.com)
  • Pellagra occurs when intake of niacin and tryptophan are low (primary) or when conversion of the essential amino acid to the coenzyme (secondary) is impaired. (medscape.com)
  • Diets based on unfortified maize (corn) are pellagragenic for the following two reasons: (1) These diets are low in tryptophan, the amino acid precursor of niacin, which can be used to offset a diet low in niacin, and (2) any endogenous niacin in untreated corn is bound in a nonbioavailable form. (medscape.com)
  • Elucidation of biochemical mechanisms regarding the metal-transporting ability of ZIP8 and its alteration by mutation is required for better understanding of the role of ZIP8 in human diseases. (nih.gov)
  • Hereditary pellagra-like skin rash with temporary cerebellar ataxia, constant renal amino-aciduria, and other bizarre biochemical features. (medscape.com)
  • In a recent study, 20 children diagnosed with ADHD were treated with either RitalinĀ® or food supplements containing a mix of vitamins, minerals, phytonutrients, amino acids, essential fatty acids, phospholipids, and probiotics targeting biochemical risk factors for ADHD. (lifeextension.com)
  • The journal welcomes original research articles, reviews, rapid communications, and mini-reviews on all aspects of amino acids and their derivatives. (springer.com)
  • The journal also aims to provide a platform for researchers to publish their findings on the therapeutic applications of amino acids and their derivatives in the treatment of various diseases, such as metabolic and neurological disorders, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. (springer.com)
  • An investigation of the utility of QuEChERS for extracting acid, base, neutral and amphiphilic species from example environmental and clinical matrices. (swansea.ac.uk)
  • Neutral amino acid transport in epithelial cells and its malfunction in Hartnup disorder. (medscape.com)
  • Organic acidurias (acidemias) - a group of inherent diseases, which is characterized by the disorder of intermediate metabolism with the accumulation of carboxyl acids. (clingenetic.com.ua)
  • In disorders of fatty acid oxidation, excessive lipid accumulation occurs in muscle, heart, and liver, with cardiac and skeletal myopathy and hepatomegaly. (medscape.com)
  • The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, each step being facilitated by a specific enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
  • A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways among vastly different species. (wikipedia.org)
  • Inside the mitochondria, pyruvate is completely oxidized through the TCA cycle, feeding reductive equivalents to the electron transport chain. (hindawi.com)
  • Various authors have studied amino acid transport in cell membranes obtained from the proximal renal tubule of humans, rats, and rabbits. (medscape.com)
  • Structures of IARC Group 1 aromatic amines, drugs that are urothelial cancer in humans ( IARC, metabolized to Group 1 aromatic amines, and aristolochic acids. (who.int)
  • Initial RNAseq results indicate that AFFF exposure affects cell proliferation, antioxidant response, amino acid metabolism, and molecular transport functions while SFFF caused changes in pathways and functions associated acute phase inflammation and membrane functions consistent with a surfactant irritant-like response. (cdc.gov)
  • Human FABP6 isoform 2 contains 128 amino acid residues and is believed to be acetylated on Ala2. (rndsystems.com)
  • The metabolism of cancer cells is also different from the metabolism of normal cells, and these differences can be used to find targets for therapeutic intervention in cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • The main focus of the journal is to publish research studies that enhance our understanding of the biological and physiological roles of amino acids in the human body as well as plants and microbes. (springer.com)
  • Furthermore, changes in salinity can lead to increased O 2 consumption in shrimps and crabs, increased energy requirements, and accelerated metabolism, consequently resulting in physiological dysfunction and reduced immune defense capacity [ 19 , 20 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Phthalate-organophosphate interactions: Toxicity, penetration, and metabolism studies with house flies. (cdc.gov)
  • The coenzymes of vitamin B6 are needed for the activity of several enzymes involved in carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism. (sun.ac.za)
  • One of the most important functions of vitamin B6 is its role in protein metabolism as the vitamin B6 coenzymes are required to metabolise amino acids. (sun.ac.za)
  • The coenzymes participate in reactions that allow a cell to synthesize nonessential amino acids. (sun.ac.za)
  • Often, if the diet has not been properly maintained for long periods of time, essential amino acid supplementation must be adhered to until the levels are corrected, and the proper diet is being consistently maintained. (selfgrowth.com)
  • It is a precursor to the non-essential amino acid histamine, which is released by the immune system as a response to allergic reactions. (bodybuilding.com)
  • In addition, the journal features articles on the nutritional and dietary aspects of amino acids, such as their dietary intake, supplementation, and metabolism, and how these factors influence human health and disease. (springer.com)
  • To counter potential harmful effects, getting enough vitamins and minerals is important because they insure proper conversion of protein to amino and vice versa. (bodybuilding.com)
  • SLC22A5 mutations can affect carnitine transport by impairing maturation of transporters to the plasma membrane. (medscape.com)
  • Citrulline is an amino acid used to enhance nitric oxide (NO) production and for the detoxification of ammonia levels. (a1supplements.com)
  • Ammonia is a toxic byproduct of muscle metabolism which decreases performance. (a1supplements.com)
  • Find out how nutrients such as essential fatty acids, B vitamins, choline, phosphatidylserine, amino acids, and zinc can help manage ADHD symptoms without the dangerous side effects of stimulant drugs. (lifeextension.com)
  • Overview of Amino Acid and Organic Acid Metabolism Disorders The kidneys actively reabsorb significant amounts of amino acids. (merckmanuals.com)
  • In secondary carnitine deficiency, which is caused by other metabolic disorders (eg, fatty acid oxidation disorders, organic acidemias), carnitine depletion may be secondary to the formation of acylcarnitine adducts and the inhibition of carnitine transport in renal cells by acylcarnitines. (medscape.com)
  • As an amino acid, L-carnitine contributes significantly to human metabolism. (outlookindia.com)
  • Support healthy metabolism and energy production by making carnitine -- the amino acid responsible for transporting fat to mitochondria for conversion to energy. (jigsawhealth.com)
  • Carnitine is a naturally occurring hydrophilic amino acid derivative, produced endogenously in the kidneys and liver and derived from meat and dairy products in the diet. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] Intracellular carnitine deficiency impairs the entry of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix. (medscape.com)
  • Valproic acid may cause an acquired type of secondary carnitine deficiency by directly impairing renal tubular reabsorption of carnitine. (medscape.com)
  • The presence of pathologic changes in a pregnant, such as continued toxicosis or an acute fatty dystrophy of the liver, can be the result of the disorder of fatty acid oxidation in a fetus. (clingenetic.com.ua)