Amino acid reassortant viruses. Medical search. Frequent questions

Two Hantaan virus strains, clone 1 (cl-1), which is virulent in newborn mice, and its attenuated mutant (mu11E10), were used to examine the pathogenesis of Hantaan virus infection in a mouse model and identify virus factors relating to virulence. (elsevierpure.com)
Further understanding and determining host tropism would be important in identifying zoonotic influenza virus strains capable of crossing species barrier and infecting humans. (springer.com)
In addition, features from all 11 proteins were used to construct a combined model to predict host tropism of influenza virus strains. (springer.com)
One reason is that the constantly evolving nature of influenza viruses requires continuous global monitoring and frequent reformulation of the vaccine strains. (who.int)
The information provided by GISN through its participating institutions has identified new influenza threats, substantially helped define the epidemiology of influenza and the molecular evolution of the viruses, and formed the basis for selecting new influenza vaccine strains and for updating diagnostic tests. (who.int)
The CVI988 strain of Marek's disease virus (MDV) is a highly effective vaccine to protect chicken against very virulent strains of MDV. (thepoultrysite.com)
Shanika Kurukulasuriya of the Western College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Saskatchewan in Canada explained recent studies have demonstrated that the majority of Infectious Bursal Disease Viruses (IBDVs) circulating in Canada are 'variant' strains and capable of immunosuppression in broilers. (thepoultrysite.com)
In China, cases of people co-infected with both H7N9 and seasonal influenza virus strains have been reported during the period of overlapping seasonal and H7N9 epidemics 10 . (nature.com)
Clades can be further divided into sub-clades , and subclades (e.g. 2.3.4.4b ) into genotypes ( and variants within genotypes ), producing a myriad of quasi-similar viruses - sometimes with differing characteristics (see Differences In Virulence Between Closely Related H5N1 Strains ) - but still often referred to (outside of scientific journals ) as a single subtype. (blogspot.com)
To investigate the origin of these Chinese isolates and understand their genetic relationship with the globally circulating H5N1 viruses, we performed a detailed phylogenic analysis of 233 representative H5N1 strains that were isolated from 28 countries. (blogspot.com)
H5N1 viruses bearing the clade 2.3.4.4b HA gene have become the predominant strains causing global avian influenza outbreaks since October 2021. (blogspot.com)
The G1 viruses are the most widely circulating strains having been detected in wild birds or domestic poultry in 22 countries across Europe, Africa, Asia, and North America. (blogspot.com)
The 13 H5N1 viruses isolated in China belong to the G1, G7, G9, and G10 genotypes, and viruses of all four of these genotypes replicated efficiently in multiple organs of mice, although their pathogenicity varied among strains. (blogspot.com)
We examined the M splicing of human H1N1 and H3N2 viruses by comparing three H1N1 and H3N2 strains, respectively, through reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses. (biomedcentral.com)

The "6+2" reassortant H9N9 (having NP and NA from H7N9) virus was shed from contact chickens in a significantly higher proportion compared to most of the reassortant viruses, showed significantly increased replication fitness in human A549 cells, receptor binding toward human (α2,6) and avian (α2,3) sialic acid receptor analogues, and the potential to transmit via contact among ferrets. (bvsalud.org)

While much knowledge regarding the virus has been discovered, we are still no closer to having the ability to predict the next pandemic, such as in the case of 2009 H1N1 pandemic. (springer.com)
Influenza viruses are broadly categorized by their two surface glycoproteins - hemagglutinin ( HA ) and neuraminidase ( NA ) - hence we often talk about seasonal H1N1 or H3N2, or avian H5N1 or H9N2 viral subtypes. (blogspot.com)
We randomly selected M sequences of human H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2 viruses isolated from 1933 to 2020 and examined their phylogenetic relationships. (biomedcentral.com)
To explore the physiological role of the various levels of M2 protein in pathogenicity, we challenged C57BL/6 mice with the H1N1 WSN wild-type strain, mutant H1N1 (55T), and chimeric viruses including H1N1 + H3wt and H1N1 + H3mut. (biomedcentral.com)
Consequently, herboxidiene treatment dramatically decreased both the H1N1 and H3N2 virus titers. (biomedcentral.com)
However, a lower M2 expression only attenuated H1N1 virus replication and in vivo pathogenicity. (biomedcentral.com)
This attenuated phenotype was restored by M replacement of H3N2 M in a chimeric H1N1 virus, despite low M2 levels. (biomedcentral.com)
Splicing of PB2 generates PB2-S1, which was only identified in pre-2009 human H1N1, and may inhibit the retinoic acid-inducible gene I signaling pathway [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The novel pandemic A (H1N1) pdm09 virus was first identified in Mexico in April 2009 and since then it spread worldwide over a short period of time. (biomedcentral.com)
To monitor the genetic polymorphisms at position 222 of Haemagglutinin of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses from both outpatients with mild influenza and individuals with severe disease requiring hospitalization, during 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 seasons, a sequence-based genotypic assessment of viral populations to understand the prevalence of D222G mutation. (biomedcentral.com)
however, the existence and transmissibility of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 α2,3-SA specific viruses remain unclear. (biomedcentral.com)
To identify whether α2,3-SA specific viruses, which replicate well in swine, were spread during the early phase of the pandemic and whether α2,3-SA specific viruses are easily transmitted, the nucleotide sequences of the HA receptor binding site of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in clinical specimens were determined in this study. (biomedcentral.com)
An immunoinformatics study was conducted to determine the highly conserved antigenic epitope regions of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes in the humoral immunity and CD4+ and CD8+ T cellular immunity between 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) and seasonal H1N1 (sH1N1) viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
From biological studies using peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) from human donors not previously exposed to the pandemic virus, pre-existing CD4+ T cells can elicit cross-reactive effector responses against the pandemic H1N1 virus. (biomedcentral.com)
The 2009 H1N1 pandemic strain is a reassortant of avian, human, and swine influenza viruses. (virology.ws)
Constant monitoring of genetic changes in the circulating influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses is important for maintaining the sensitivity of molecular detection assays. (who.int)
1,2 In Viet Nam, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 spread quickly into communities in July 2009 and predominated, comprising about 85-90% of all influenza viruses during August and September of the 2009 season. (who.int)
After that, influenza A(H1N1)pdm02 became endemic, co-circulating with influenza A(H3N2) and B viruses. (who.int)

This is highlighted by confirmed cases of human infections by highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses, and more recently, the H7N9 outbreak in China [ 5 ]. (springer.com)
The causative agent behind this outbreak was identified as H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV). (nature.com)
Genetic and phylogenetic analyses revealed that this Sanmenxia H5N1 virus was a novel reassortant, possessing a Clade 2.3.2.1c HA gene and a H9N2-derived PB2 gene. (nature.com)
Sanmenxia Clade 2.3.2.1c-like H5N1 viruses possess the closest genetic identity to A/Alberta/01/2014 (H5N1), which recently caused a fatal respiratory infection in Canada with signs of meningoencephalitis, a highly unusual symptom with influenza infections in humans. (nature.com)
Due to the geographical location of Sanmenxia, these novel H5N1 viruses also have the potential to be imported to other regions through the migration of wild birds, similar to the H5N1 outbreak amongst migratory birds in Qinghai Lake during 2005. (nature.com)
As of 31 March 2015, H5N1 virus caused at least 826 laboratory-confirmed human infections, including 440 deaths across 16 countries 2 . (nature.com)
The Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus was found to possess a high genetic relationship with viruses isolated from other countries on the migratory flyway of wild birds 4 , suggesting that the migration of wild birds played an important role in circulating H5N1 HPAIV viruses between the different avian populations. (nature.com)
This paper, and the accompanying Diagram, describe many aspects of the influenza vaccine process including important similarities and differences in how seasonal human influenza viruses and H5N1 viruses are handled. (who.int)
Before 2004, GISN primarily focused on seasonal influenza viruses for vaccine development but since 2004, has expanded its scope to include H5N1 viruses because this virus constitutes an unusually serious pandemic risk. (who.int)
Therefore, WHO now reviews the available antigenic and genetic data on animal and human H5N1 viruses in addition to the analyses of seasonal vaccine stains and has developed and made H5N1 candidate vaccine viruses available to vaccine producers so they can work on developing safe and effective human H5N1 vaccines for potential productioni. (who.int)
Some of these H5N1 candidate vaccine viruses have been used by manufacturers to produce human influenza H5N1 vaccines, some of which have been tested in clinical trials. (who.int)
More than all, the H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus called, Bird Flu, is the fear of mankind . (biblesearchers.com)
Acquisition of α2-6 sialoside receptor specificity by α2-3 specific highly-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (H5N1) is thought to be a prerequisite for efficient transmission in humans. (nih.gov)
Unlike the wild type H5N1, this mutant virus was transmitted by direct contact in the ferret model although not by airborne respiratory droplets. (nih.gov)
However, a reassortant virus with the mutant hemagglutinin, a human N2 neuraminidase and internal genes from an H5N1 virus was partially transmitted via respiratory droplets. (nih.gov)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 clade 2.3.2.1c virus in migratory birds, 2014-2015. (virosin.org)
On the other hand, an avirulent H5N1 strain, A/duck/Hokkaido/Vac-1/2004 (Vac1) (H5N1), acquired intranasal pathogenicity after a pair of di-basic amino acid residues was introduced into the cleavage site of the HA, followed by two passages by air sac inoculation in chicks. (biomedcentral.com)
The present results demonstrate that an H9N2 virus has the potential to acquire intravenous pathogenicity in chickens although the morbidity via the nasal route of infection is lower than that of H5N1 HPAIV. (biomedcentral.com)
Eight new full-length sequences from highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (H5N1) from 4 states in southwest Nigeria were analyzed. (lih.lu)
Our results suggest that highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (H5N1) initially imported into Nigeria in 2006 have been gradually replaced by various reassortments. (lih.lu)
In all reassortants, nonstructural genes were derived from sublineage C with 2 characteristic amino acids (compared with sublineage A). If the high prevalence of reassortants was typical for West Africa in 2007, the absence of such reassortants anywhere else suggests that reintroductions of influenza A (H5N1) from Africa into Eurasia must be rare. (lih.lu)
This page is dedicated to H5N1 Influenza A virus. (vadscorner.com)
Current widespread concern over the potential threat of a human pandemic caused by mutated H5N1 avian influenza viruses highlights the medical, social, and economic value of tools that enable correct assessment of the potential for transmissibility of avian flu viruses amongst human hosts [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
All of which brings us to a fascinating, and detailed, look at the growing diversity of avian H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses around the world. (blogspot.com)
Among their findings, they report that H5N1 viruses are becoming better adapted to mammals ( something we've discussed often, including here, here , and here ) , and could become more dangerous to humans over time. (blogspot.com)
H5N1 avian influenza viruses bearing the clade 2.3.4.4b hemagglutinin gene have been widely circulating in wild birds and are responsible for the loss of over 70 million domestic poultry in Europe, Africa, Asia, and North America since October 2020. (blogspot.com)
During our routine surveillance, 13 H5N1 viruses were isolated from 26,767 wild bird and poultry samples that were collected between September 2021 and March 2022 in China. (blogspot.com)
Our study reveals the overall picture of H5N1 virus evolution and provides insights for the control of these viruses. (blogspot.com)
In this study, we performed phylogenic analyses of 220 H5N1 viruses that were reported in 27 countries together with 13 viruses we isolated in China, and found that the globally circulating H5N1 viruses have formed 16 different genotypes. (blogspot.com)

The deduced amino acid sequences of the outer capsid protein, VP7, of serotype G1 rotavirus clinical isolates collected over a 6 year period (1990-1995) in Melbourne, Australia, were examined. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Relation of VP 7 amino acid sequence to monoclonal antibody neutralization of rotavirus and rotavirus monotype. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Polymerase chain reaction amplification and typing of rotavirus nucleic acid from stool specimens. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Divergence of VP7 genes of G1 rotaviruses isolated from infants vaccinated with reassortant rhesus rotavirus. (microbiologyresearch.org)
We are studying the effects of gastrointestinal proteases and acid secretion on rotavirus pathogeneis in vitro and in vivo. (stanford.edu)

Here, we performed a time-resolved phylogenetic analysis of 129 HA sequences representing all 1891 available H5N8 viruses collected from 2010 to 2020. (mdpi.com)
Sitnik S, Masemann D, Leite Dantas R, Wixler V, and Ludwig S. (2020) PD-1 IC Inhibition Synergistically Improves Influenza A Virus-Mediated Oncolysis of Metastatic Pulmonary Melanoma. (uni-muenster.de)
Schreiber A, Boff L, Anhlan D, Krischuns T, Brunotte L, Schuberth C, Wedlich-Söldner R, Drexler H, and Ludwig S. (2020) Dissecting the mechanism of signaling-triggered nuclear export of newly synthesized influenza virus ribonucleoprotein complexes. (uni-muenster.de)
Schloer S, Goretzko J, Pleschka S, Ludwig S, and Rescher U. (2020) Combinatory Treatment with Oseltamivir and Itraconazole Targeting Both Virus and Host Factors in Influenza A Virus Infection. (uni-muenster.de)

The prediction models were trained on influenza protein sequences isolated from both avian and human samples, which were transformed into amino acid physicochemical properties feature vectors. (springer.com)
For protein sequences, our scheme also allows the incorporation of biophysical properties of each amino acid. (iospress.com)
The genome sequences of these viruses were compared with those of the viruses from earlier outbreaks in South Africa and in other countries. (researcher.life)
This paper describes a novel method for identifying amino acid sites that distinguish specific sets of protein sequences, by comparative analysis of matched alignments. (biomedcentral.com)
From Texas A&M University, Blanca Lupiani reported that she and her colleagues recently showed that insertion of LTR (long term repeat) sequences into the CVI988 resulted in the generation of CVRM, a virus with similar protective efficacy.The CVRM virus was cloned as a bacterial artificial chromosome, by insertion of mini-F sequences into the US2 gene by homologous recombination. (thepoultrysite.com)
In this study, the highly conserved antigenic epitopes sequences and the locations of HA and NA proteins, including B-cell epitopes, MHC I and MHC II epitopes between pH1N1 and sH1N1 viruses, based on immunoinformatics, were analyzed. (biomedcentral.com)
The HA and NA gene sequences of nine pH1N1 viruses isolated from Guangdong, China, were sequenced (GenBank accession numbers GU471691-GU471695 and GU562466- GU562469 for NA and CY120915-CY120924 and CY120952 for HA), and the global corresponding genes (59 isolates) were obtained from GenBank. (biomedcentral.com)
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories. (lookformedical.com)

An experiment with genetic reassortant viruses showed that in newborn mice the M segment is the most related to virulence and the L segment is partly related. (elsevierpure.com)
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating that cocirculation of H7N9 and G1 lineage H9N2 viruses could represent a threat for the generation of novel reassortant H9N9 viruses with greater virulence in poultry and a zoonotic potential. (bvsalud.org)
However, many amino acid changes in eight gene segments were identified to enhance polymerase activity and increase adaptation and virulence in mice and mammals. (bvsalud.org)
Human infections with H7N9 viruses occurred each year and the viruses gained virulence markers that potentially enhance the risk for humans and may have increased their spread into the human population, making this virus a notable pandemic threat 3 , 4 . (nature.com)
She then integrated the Viroscience Department for her post-doctoral studies, which have focused on the pathogenesis, virulence and transmissibility of influenza A viruses, with special emphasis on genetic and phenotypic viral factors involved in the emergence of new pandemics. (erasmusmc.nl)
Deletion of the A56R gene results in varying effects on vaccinia virus virulence. (microbiologyresearch.org)

surveillance focused on the subset of avian influenza viruses that pose significant risk of infecting humans, including certain viruses of low pathogenicity in poultry. (nationalacademies.org)
It has been difficult to eradicate the H9N2 virus because of its low pathogenicity, frequently causing in apparent infection. (biomedcentral.com)
It is important for the control of AI to assess whether the H9N2 virus acquires pathogenicity as H5 and H7 viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
In the present study, we investigated whether a non-pathogenic H9N2 virus, A/chicken/Yokohama/aq-55/2001 (Y55) (H9N2), acquires pathogenicity in chickens when a pair of di-basic amino acid residues is introduced at the cleavage site of its HA molecule. (biomedcentral.com)
rgY55sub (H9N2), which had four basic amino acid residues at the HA cleavage site, replicated in MDCK cells in the absence of trypsin after six consecutive passages in the air sacs of chicks, and acquired intravenous pathogenicity to chicken after four additional passages. (biomedcentral.com)
It is important for controlling avian influenza and for preparing for pandemic influenza to assess whether the H9N2 virus aquires pathogenicity as H5 and H7 viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
An H7N9 low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus (LPAIV) emerged in 2013 through genetic reassortment between H9N2 and other LPAIVs circulating in birds in China. (bvsalud.org)
Research Summary Chen Hualan presided over the National Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory and systematically carried out the epidemiological monitoring and research work of avian influenza in China, and achieved a series of significant progress and creative research results, and initially clarified the molecular genetics, antigenic variation and pathogenicity of the avian influenza virus. (wikipedia.org)
The association between M segment splicing and pathogenicity remains ambiguous in human influenza A viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
The discrepancy in M2-dependence emphasizes the importance of M2 in human influenza A virus pathogenicity, which leads to subtype-specific evolution. (biomedcentral.com)
Although the virus infection is generally associated with mild disease and a relatively low mortality, it is projected that mutations in specific regions of the viral genome, especially within the receptor binding domain of the haemagglutinin (HA) protein could result in more virulent virus stains, leading to a more severe pathogenicity. (biomedcentral.com)

By in vitro selection for binding α2-6 sialosides, we identified four variant viruses with amino acid substitutions in the hemagglutinin (S227N, D187G, E190G, and Q196R) that revealed modestly increased α2-6 and minimally decreased α2-3 binding by glycan array analysis. (nih.gov)
Four chimeric rVHSVdk viruses with the substitutions of the G, NV, G and NV, or G, NV and L genes from the avirulent pVHSVmi constructs were still highly virulent (100% mortality), while the reciprocal four chimeric rVHSVmi viruses with genes from pVHSVdk remained avirulent (0-10% mortality). (biomedcentral.com)

One nucleotide change, but no amino acid substitution, was observed in the noncoding region of the L segment. (elsevierpure.com)
The C55T substitution significantly reduced both M2 mRNA and protein levels regardless of the virus subtype. (biomedcentral.com)
D222E substitution was found in virus taken from one patient with severe clinical syndrome (2%) out of 42 severe cases analyzed and E374K substitution was found in two severe cases (4%) out of 42 severe cases studied. (biomedcentral.com)
however, the real-time RT-PCR negative viruses were located in a subgroup that referred to substitution I295V. (who.int)

Understanding and predicting host tropism of influenza proteins lay an important foundation for future work in constructing computation models capable of directly predicting interspecies transmission of influenza viruses. (springer.com)
Type I interferon antagonistic properties of influenza B virus polymerase proteins. (uni-muenster.de)
There were compared with epitopes in the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) which contains experimentally identified epitopes in sH1N1 HA proteins, which may be helpful in design of common antigens of pH1N1 influenza and sH1N1 viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. (lookformedical.com)
Proteins synthesized by HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSES such as the HIV-1 and HIV-2 . (lookformedical.com)
The vaccinia virus A56 protein was one of the earliest-described poxvirus proteins with an identifiable activity. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The A56 protein is capable of binding two viral proteins, a serine protease inhibitor (K2) and the vaccinia virus complement control protein (VCP), and anchoring them to the surface of infected cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Furthermore, this virus was shown to be highly pathogenic to both birds and mammals and demonstrate tropism for the nervous system. (nature.com)
This virus was highly pathogenic in chickens and humans and posed a significant threat to public health. (nature.com)
Genetically divergent highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n8) viruses in wild birds, eastern China. (virosin.org)
Pathobiological features of a novel, highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n8) virus. (virosin.org)
Pathogenesis and transmission of novel highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n2 and h5n8 viruses in ferrets and mice. (virosin.org)
Outbreaks of avian influenza (AI) caused by infection with low pathogenic H9N2 viruses have occurred in poultry, resulting in serious economic losses in Asia and the Middle East. (biomedcentral.com)
More than 75% of chickens inoculated intravenously with the passaged virus, rgY55sub-P10 (H9N2), died, indicating that it is pathogenic comparable to that of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) defined by World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). (biomedcentral.com)
The NS gene of the KNU18-28 and KNU18-86 isolates was closely related to that of China's H10N3 strain, whereas the KNU18-93 strain originated from the H12N2 strain in Japan, showing two different reassortment events and different from a low pathogenic H5N3 (KNU18-91) virus which was isolated at the same day and same place with KNU18-86 and KNU18-93. (bvsalud.org)
These H5N2 isolates were characterized as low pathogenic avian influenza viruses. (bvsalud.org)
The continuing prevalence of H7 viruses in poultry could lead to the generation of highly pathogenic variants and further sporadic human infections, with a continued risk of the virus acquiring human-to-human transmissibility. (ox.ac.uk)
Genetic evidence supports sporadic and independent introductions of subtype H5 low pathogenic avian influenza A viruses from wild birds to domestic poultry in North America. (cdc.gov)
Highly pathogenic influenza A virus H5 subtype remains a risk for transmission in humans. (mdpi.com)
In addition, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N9 viruses emerged that featured a polybasic cleavage site in the hemagglutinin (HA) and were lethal for poultry 7 , 8 . (nature.com)
The research of her team focusses on the understanding of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) emergence, their pathogenesis and the development of new vaccination strategies to cope with antigenic diversity in the context of pandemic preparedness. (erasmusmc.nl)
De Bruin ACM, Spronken MI, Bestebroer TM, Fouchier RAM, Richard M . Reduced Replication of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Duck Endothelial Cells Compared to Chicken Endothelial Cells Is Associated with Stronger Antiviral Responses. (erasmusmc.nl)
Chen P., Jiang Y., Guan Y., Liu J., Gu W., Han S., Chen H.. Rapid Evolution of H7N9 Highly Pathogenic Viruses that Emerged in China in 2017. (caas.cn)

One crucial determinant of host tropism is hemagglutinin (HA) receptor specificity, in particular, preference of specific species of sialic acid on host cells. (springer.com)
Dr. Richard and her team found subtype-specific secondary RNA structures in the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of influenza viruses that might be implicated in the emergence of HPAIV. (erasmusmc.nl)
The surface glycoproteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) involved in receptor binding and virus release are used to classify IAVs. (biomedcentral.com)

With the huge influenza A virus reservoir in wild birds, it is a cause for concern when a new influenza strain emerges with the ability to cross host species barrier, as shown in light of the recent H7N9 outbreak in China. (springer.com)
To examine a natural reassortment scenario between H7N9 and G1 lineage H9N2 viruses predominant in the Indian subcontinent, we performed an experimental coinfection of chickens with A/Anhui/1/2013/H7N9 (Anhui/13) virus and A/Chicken/Pakistan/UDL-01/2008/H9N2 (UDL/08) virus. (bvsalud.org)
The viable "6+2" reassortant H9N9 (having nucleoprotein [NP] and neuraminidase [NA] from H7N9 and the remaining genes from H9N2) was successfully shed from the oropharynx of contact chickens, plus it showed an increased replication rate in human A549 cells and a significantly higher receptor binding to α2,6 and α2,3 sialoglycans compared to H9N2. (bvsalud.org)
The reassortant H9N9 virus also had a lower fusion pH, replicated in directly infected ferrets at similar levels compared to H7N9 and transmitted via direct contact. (bvsalud.org)
IMPORTANCE We evaluated the consequences of reassortment between the H7N9 and the contemporary H9N2 viruses of the G1 lineage that are enzootic in poultry across the Indian subcontinent and the Middle East. (bvsalud.org)
Coinfection of chickens with these viruses resulted in the emergence of novel reassortant H9N9 viruses with genes derived from both H9N2 and H7N9 viruses. (bvsalud.org)
The genesis and source of the H7N9 influenza viruses causing human infections in China. (ox.ac.uk)
A novel H7N9 influenza A virus first detected in March 2013 has since caused more than 130 human infections in China, resulting in 40 deaths. (ox.ac.uk)
We show that the H7 viruses subsequently reassorted with enzootic H9N2 viruses to generate the H7N9 outbreak lineage, and a related previously unrecognized H7N7 lineage. (ox.ac.uk)
Human infections with avian H7N9 subtype influenza viruses are a major public health concern and vaccines against H7N9 are urgently needed for pandemic preparedness. (nature.com)
In early 2013, novel H7N9 influenza viruses emerged in China that caused about 1600 human cases of infection with a high associated case fatality rate. (nature.com)
In addition, heterologous antibody titers against older H7 subtype viruses of the North American lineage (H7N7, H7N3) and newer H7 subtype viruses of the Eurasian lineage (H7N9) were detected in the animals receiving the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines. (nature.com)
In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the AS03-adjuvanted H7N9 vaccines elicited high levels of homologous and heterologous antibodies and protected against H7N9 virus damage post-challenge. (nature.com)
In 2013, an avian H7N9 virus strain emerged in China that caused hundreds of human infections. (nature.com)
From 2013 to 2017, the H7N9 virus led to annual epidemics. (nature.com)
During the fifth wave of H7N9 epidemics the virus split into two phylogenetically distinct lineages, the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta clades 5 . (nature.com)
Currently, there is no licensed H7N9 vaccine available and people infected with H7N9 viruses are only treated therapeutically with neuraminidase inhibitors. (nature.com)
However, H7N9 is quickly acquiring resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors 13 which is leading to an unreliable public health strategy to combat this virus. (nature.com)
The deadly Asian H7N9 virus is a far cry from the relatively benign North American H7N9 virus that hit a few farms in 2017. (blogspot.com)
The novel avian influenza H7N9 virus has caused severe diseases in humans in eastern China since the spring of 2013. (biomedcentral.com)
On January 18th 2014, a doctor working in the emergency department of a hospital in Shanghai died of H7N9 virus infection. (biomedcentral.com)
Important reasons for the patient's death might include late treatment with oseltamivir, and the infected H7N9 virus carrying both mammalian-adapted signature (HA-Q226L) and aerosol transmissibility (PB2-D701N). (biomedcentral.com)

Most viruses in the European VHSV genotype Ia are highly virulent for rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ), whereas, VHSV genotype IVb viruses from the Great Lakes region in the United States, which caused high mortality in wild freshwater fish species, are avirulent for trout. (biomedcentral.com)

Together, this network processes an estimated 150,000 to 200,000 respiratory specimens per year with approximately 5000 viruses voluntarily shared by the NICs undergoing extensive antigenic and genetic characterization among the WHO CCs. (who.int)
The World Health Organization scientists also continue to caution that this slim chance to stop this pandemic is due only to one small genetic link that is yet to be made by this virus. (biblesearchers.com)
This study demonstrated the ability of viruses that already exist in nature to exchange genetic material, highlighting the potential emergence of viruses from these subtypes with zoonotic potential. (bvsalud.org)
There are various ways to achieve genetic variation and gene expression, and viruses explore all aspects of this space. (virology.ws)
Both conventional RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR assays are rapid, sensitive methods for detecting the genetic material of influenza viruses. (who.int)

These results suggest that the single amino acid change in the glycoprotein alters peripheral growth, which affects invasion of the central nervous system in mice. (elsevierpure.com)

Dominant subtype switch in avian influenza viruses during 2016-2019 in China. (virosin.org)
Humans are immunologically naive to H7 subtype viruses and possess little to no pre-existing, humoral immunity 12 . (nature.com)
Simply put, you can't tell an HxNx virus by its subtype alone. (blogspot.com)

Ludwig S, Hrincius ER, and Boergeling Y (2021) The Two Sides of the Same Coin-Influenza Virus and Intracellular Signal Transduction. (uni-muenster.de)
Patil A, Anhlan D, Ferrando V, Mecate-Zambrano A, Mellmann A, Wixler V, Boergeling Y, and Ludwig S (2021) Phosphorylation of influenza A virus NS1 at serine 205 mediates its viral polymerase-enhancing function. (uni-muenster.de)
2021) Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay does not restrict influenza A virus propagation. (uni-muenster.de)
Masemann D, Meissner R, Schied T, Lichty BD, Rapp UR, Wixler V, and Ludwig S. (2021) Synergistic anti-tumor efficacy of oncolytic influenza viruses and B7-H3 immune- checkpoint inhibitors against IC-resistant lung cancers. (uni-muenster.de)
Del Sarto J, Gerlt V, Friedrich ME, Anhlan D, Wixler V, Teixeira MM, Boergeling Y, Stephan Ludwig (2021) Phosphorylation of JIP4 at S730 presents anti-viral properties against influenza A virus infection. (uni-muenster.de)

The reassortant viruses shed by contact chickens also showed selective enrichment of polymerase genes from H9N2 virus. (bvsalud.org)
It was found that in sH1N1 viruses, 29 epitope regions of HA genes and 8 epitope regions of NA genes which had been experimentally identified, were highly conserved (97.1-100.0%) in the corresponding genes and predictive epitopes of the pH1N1 viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
Influenza pandemics occur when human have no immunity against a particular influenza virus, in this case, containing both HA and NA genes that evolve to be efficiently transmitted from human-to-human. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, since the gene encoding the A56 protein is non-essential, it can be used as an insertion point for foreign genes and has been deleted in some viruses that are in clinical development as oncolytic agents. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Moreover, we found that these viruses were antigenically similar to and well matched with the H5-Re14 vaccine strain currently used in China. (blogspot.com)

Majority of influenza A viruses reside and circulate among animal populations, seldom infecting humans due to host range restriction. (springer.com)
This virus causes inapparent clinical disease in chickens, but zoonotic transmission results in severe and fatal disease in humans. (bvsalud.org)
So far, little is known about how this virus evolves and adapts to infect humans. (mdpi.com)
By August 2010, 232 confirmed infections had been reported in humans, with 26 confirmed deaths.To investigate the evolutionary dynamics of RVF viruses (RVFVs) circulating in South Africa, we undertook complete genome sequence analysis of isolates from animals at discrete foci of the 2008-2010 outbreaks. (researcher.life)
This virus has limited zoonotic potential: only four influenza subtypes have been known to circulate amongst humans, while at least 100 subtypes have been observed in birds. (biomedcentral.com)
Our findings provide insights into virus adaptation processes in humans and highlights splicing regulation as a potential antiviral target. (biomedcentral.com)
1 Since then, the virus has become a seasonal influenza virus and continues to circulate worldwide in humans and pigs. (who.int)

in this paper, we demonstrated that using a binary encoding scheme coupled with dimension reduction technique, we were able to capture the intrinsic mutation pattern of the virus. (iospress.com)
Mutation is an important source of RNA virus diversity that is made possible by the error-prone nature of RNA synthesis. (virology.ws)

Sequence comparison detected a single deduced amino acid change (cl-1 Ile to mu11E10 Thr) at amino acid number 515 in glycoprotein G1. (elsevierpure.com)

The chapter concludes with an example of a low-pathogen avian influenza outbreak in a group of commercial poultry farms and the steps the industry took to contain further spread of the virus, minimize the risk of exposure, and monitor and prevent further infections. (nationalacademies.org)
The outbreaks of H5N2 avian influenza viruses have occasionally caused the death of thousands of birds in poultry farms. (bvsalud.org)
Wang C., Zhang Y., Xing X., Zeng X., Liu L., Tian G., Yasuo Suzuki, Li C., Deng G .*, Chen H.*. Novel H5N6 reassortants bearing the clade 2.3.4.4b HA gene of H5N8 virus have been detected in poultry and caused multiple human infections in China. (caas.cn)

For this purpose, the VP2 gene of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) was cloned into CVRM genome by recombination. (thepoultrysite.com)
IAV is an enveloped virus carrying a segmented genome that comprises eight negative-sense and single-stranded RNA segments. (biomedcentral.com)
This was possible in the lab because the molecular biology of replication is well characterised and that measles virus is polyploid allowing the engineering of a tri-segmented genome that can replicate and be packaged into virions. (virology.ws)
Genome characterization and p-distance analyses based on complete open reading frames revealed that the virus is probably a natural reassortant of the Echarate virus (large and small segments) with a yet-unidentified phlebovirus (M segment). (cdc.gov)
Therefore, continuous public health surveillance, including genome characterization as a complementary tool, is critical to identifying novel and emerging viruses of clinical relevance in the Americas. (cdc.gov)

Viruses with segmented RNA genomes can produce at least one protein per segment, sometimes more. (virology.ws)
External envelope protein of the human immunodeficiency virus which is encoded by the HIV env gene. (lookformedical.com)
Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. (lookformedical.com)
Transmembrane envelope protein of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS which is encoded by the HIV env gene. (lookformedical.com)
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) ORF1 protein (pORF1) contains methyltransferase (MetT), papain-like cysteine protease (PCP), RNA helicase (Hel) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) domains. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The protein encompassing the predicted MetT-PCP domains of HEV ORF1 was tested for deubiquitinating activity using fluorogenic substrates - ubiquitin-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (AMC), IFN-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15)-AMC, Nedd8-AMC and SUMO-AMC. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The amino acid numbering (based on the original protein) is definitely indicated below each section. (biotechpatents.org)

The chickens inoculated with the virus via the intranasal route, however, survived without showing any clinical signs. (biomedcentral.com)
This structure permits ubiquitous proteases such as furin and PC6, which recognize multiple basic amino acids, to cleave the HA, leading to systemic infection in chickens. (biomedcentral.com)
Plaque purification and genotyping of the reassortant viruses shed via the oropharynx of contact chickens showed H9N2 and H9N9 as predominant subtypes. (bvsalud.org)
The discovery here of a related H7N7 influenza virus in chickens that has the ability to infect mammals experimentally, suggests that H7 viruses may pose threats beyond the current outbreak. (ox.ac.uk)

Preliminary analyses suggest that the virus is a reassortant of H7, N9 and H9N2 avian influenza viruses, and carries some amino acids associated with mammalian receptor binding, raising concerns of a new pandemic. (ox.ac.uk)
Using a combination of active surveillance, screening of virus archives, and evolutionary analyses, here we show that H7 viruses probably transferred from domestic duck to chicken populations in China on at least two independent occasions. (ox.ac.uk)
The primer and probe sets in the HA gene were checked for mismatches, and phylogenetic analyses were performed to determine the molecular epidemiology of these viruses. (who.int)

Then the HA of that virus reassorted again and acquired 7 new segments from temporary H3N2. (flutrackers.com)

Along with an expanding global swine production, the commercial housing and management of swine herds, provide an optimal environment for constant circulation of swine influenza virus (swIAV), thereby challenging farmers and veterinarian in determining optimal control measures. (biomedcentral.com)

Most influenza A viruses are restricted to their host species, having limited capability to cross species barrier and infect a new host. (springer.com)
Influenza viruses infect millions of people worldwide and result in ~290,000-650,000 influenza-related deaths each year 1 . (nature.com)
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) of the Orthomyxoviridae family infect various species, including mammals and birds. (biomedcentral.com)

She completed her PhD in 2010 in France under the supervision of Prof. Bruno Lina studying the resistance of influenza A viruses to neuraminidase inhibitors. (erasmusmc.nl)

After subcutaneous inoculation of newborn BALB/c mice, cl-1 caused fatal disease with high viral multiplication in peripheral organs, but mu11E10 produced nonfatal infection with a low level of virus multiplication. (elsevierpure.com)
Chances of containment are limited because the potentially catastrophic infection may not be detected until it has already spread to several countries , like the SARS virus in 2003. (biblesearchers.com)
Several clinical observations point to an intricate crosstalk between iron (Fe) metabolism and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. (microbiologyresearch.org)

1. H5N8 viruses emerged in the wild bird habitat at Yishui Lake. (virosin.org)
Circulation, evolution and transmission of h5n8 virus, 2016-2018. (virosin.org)

An example of the evolutionary importance of reassortment is the exchange of RNA segments between mammalian and avian influenza viruses that give rise to pandemic influenza. (virology.ws)

We report the identification and characterization of a novel ECHV virus variant isolated from a patient with acute febrile illness (AFI) in Peru. (cdc.gov)

The Yanagi group in Japan managed to segment the naturally nonsegmented measles virus into three segments and the recovered viruses were viable in vitro. (virology.ws)

The remaining of the 2009 and 2010 isolates cluster within Lineage H, except isolate M259_RSA_09, which is a probable segment M reassortant. (researcher.life)

The double-shelled particle is the complete infectious form of the virus. (medscape.com)
Antibodies that reduce or abolish some biological activity of a soluble antigen or infectious agent, usually a virus. (lookformedical.com)

Another reason is that the rapid spread of these viruses during seasonal epidemics, as well as the occasional pandemic, means that each step in the vaccine process must be completed within very tight time frames if vaccine is to be manufactured and delivered in time. (who.int)
The results of that data examination in turn allow these experts to select candidate vaccine viruses that might be included -- if they pass additional testing -- in the following season's vaccines. (who.int)
It will take scientists four to six months to develop a vaccine that protects against the pandemic virus, by which time thousands could have died. (biblesearchers.com)

Novel avian influenza a (h5n6) viruses isolated in migratory waterfowl before the first human case reported in China, 2014. (virosin.org)
It can't be that the viruses meet each other so it must be human immunity. (flutrackers.com)
In addition to seasonally occurring human infections, zoonotic infections caused by avian influenza A viruses are a major public health concern and pose a pandemic threat. (nature.com)
In addition, an avian H7N2 virus caused an outbreak in cats in an animal shelter in New York that led to one human case 11 . (nature.com)
In this study, we aimed to investigate M splicing in various human influenza A viruses and characterize its physiological roles by applying the splicing inhibitor, herboxidiene. (biomedcentral.com)

However, a mutant virus combining Q196R with mutations from previous pandemic viruses (Q226L and G228S) revealed predominantly α2-6 binding. (nih.gov)

Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that these viruses arose from reassortment events among various virus subtypes circulating in South Korea and other countries in the East Asia-Australasian Flyway. (bvsalud.org)
Register to learn why only viruses for H5 and H7 subtypes have been shown to cause HPAI in susceptible species. (wattagnet.com)

Six viruses had evolved by at least 3 reassortment events (AC HA/NS , AC NS ) from previously identified sublineages A (EMA 2) and C (EMA 1). (lih.lu)

In 2006, a Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus re-emerged in Qinghai Lake and caused more infections in wild birds, including bar-headed geese and great black-headed gulls. (nature.com)

In mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells in vitro, viruses possessing a cl-1-derived M segment grew more rapidly than viruses containing a mu11E10-derived M segment. (elsevierpure.com)

Anatomy10

Organisms84

Diseases19

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Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment23

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H1N118

H5N129

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H7N922

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20215

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