SynthesisKetone bodiesKetogenicInsulinCatabolismLeucineMetabolitesOrnithineLipidsAspartic AcidDegradationDehydrogenaseConcentrationsBiomarkersOxidative stressMetabolismGlycerolAceticFatty acidKetonesPolyEthanolMetabolicOrganic acidExcretionAnaloguesNucleicPalmitic AcidCarbonic acidPROTEINSDerivatives1975EnzymesSecretionAcidosisMolecular FormulaTissuesPotentRegulationMethioninePMIDCarbonBasesAmmoniaAbundantSerum
Synthesis4
- Methods of Non-α-Amino Acid Synthesis, Second Edition. (wikipedia.org)
- Insulin reduces blood amino acid concentrations by limiting the release of amino acids into the bloodstream from skeletal muscle 18 , 20 and promoting protein synthesis in the liver and other tissues 3 . (biorxiv.org)
- A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems. (lookformedical.com)
- They are building blocks for nucleic acid synthesis, an energy source, precursors for the synthesis of primary products, such as sucrose, polysaccharides, phospholipids, as well as secondary products. (euroasfalti.net)
Ketone bodies1
- Blood lipids consist of free fatty acids and ketone bodies, such as 3-hydroxybutyrate. (biorxiv.org)
Ketogenic3
- Fatty acids are metabolized by ß-oxidation within the "mitochondrial ketogenic pathway" (MKP) to generate ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), a ketone body. (bvsalud.org)
- Increasing serum/plasma bHB concentrations reflect upregulated fatty acid β-oxidation as well as ketogenic amino acids catabolism in the liver and skeletal muscle to compensate insufficient glucose supply. (bevital.no)
- The altered metabolic patterns, mainly linking fatty acid metabolism and ketogenic amino acids, seem to constitute a characteristic of blubber, while the skin showed diverse metabolites involved in gluceoneogenic pathways. (metabolomicsworkbench.org)
Insulin4
- Insulin plays a crucial role in regulating the metabolism of blood glucose, amino acids, and lipids in humans. (biorxiv.org)
- To address this question, we used mathematical modeling to identify the selective regulatory mechanisms of insulin on blood amino acids and lipids. (biorxiv.org)
- Numerous studies have investigated how insulin regulates amino acids and lipids in the bloodstream 4 , 18 , 19 . (biorxiv.org)
- With regards to free fatty acids (FFA), insulin reduces their concentration in the blood by inhibiting their efflux from adipose tissue into the blood and by promoting their accumulation as triglycerides (TAG) in adipose tissue 5 , 6 . (biorxiv.org)
Catabolism1
- alpha-Ketobutyrate is produced by amino acid catabolism (threonine and methionine) and glutathione anabolism (cysteine formation pathway) and is metabolized to propionyl-CoA and carbon dioxide (PMID: 20526369). (pathbank.org)
Leucine2
- 2-Ketobutyric acid is a substance that is involved in the metabolism of many amino acids (glycine, methionine, valine, leucine, serine, threonine, isoleucine) as well as propanoate metabolism and C-5 branched dibasic acid metabolism. (pathbank.org)
- We revealed that plasma leucine and phenylalanine, and urinary pyruvic acid were increased during AMD in PA patients. (biomedcentral.com)
Metabolites2
- One of insulin's primary functions is to regulate blood glucose levels, but it also has a role in regulating other blood metabolites such as amino acids and lipids 3 - 6 . (biorxiv.org)
- 1H NMR spectra allowed the identification of metabolites associated with these organ types, such as pyruvic acid, arginine, ornithine, 2-hydroxybutyric acid, 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid, and acetic acid, as discriminatory and classifying metabolites. (metabolomicsworkbench.org)
Ornithine1
- Seven days after the P-deficiency treatment, 85 distinct analytes were identified in the roots and 27 in the shoots between the Oe1 plant and WT, in which sophorose, sorbitol (sugars), hydroxybutyric acid (organic acids), and ornithine (amino acid) of CmPht1;2 overexpressing chrysanthemum are specific responses to P-starvation. (figshare.com)
Lipids6
- While there has been extensive research on the mathematical modeling of insulin's regulation of blood glucose 8 - 13 , there has been limited investigation of its selective regulation of blood amino acids and lipids 14 - 17 . (biorxiv.org)
- To address this gap, we utilized mathematical model selection to explore insulin's selective regulatory mechanisms on blood amino acids and lipids, considering their temporal patterns after oral glucose ingestion. (biorxiv.org)
- A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids. (lookformedical.com)
- Covalent attachment of LIPIDS and FATTY ACIDS to other compounds and PROTEINS. (lookformedical.com)
- A group of compounds that are derivatives of octadecanoic acid which is one of the most abundant fatty acids found in animal lipids. (lookformedical.com)
- a -Hydroxy acids or 2-hydroxy acids are found in plants (chain from 12 up to 24 carbon atoms) and in animal wool waxes, skin lipids and specialized tissues, mainly in brain. (gerli.com)
Aspartic Acid2
Degradation3
- Acetyl Octapeptide-3 can be used as a chemoattractant chemoattractant for the preparation of environmentally friendly degradation additives for polymers, such as a dual-degradation additive that promotes photo-oxidative degradation and biodegradation of polymers. (zspharmac.com)
- We found that known diagnostic biomarkers were not significantly further increased, while intermediates of the branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) degradation pathway were significantly increased during AMD. (biomedcentral.com)
- These two enzymes are in the pathways for degradation of nucleic acids. (euroasfalti.net)
Dehydrogenase3
- 2-Hydroxybutyric acid is formed as a by-product of the formation of alpha-ketobutyrate via a reaction catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) or alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (alphaHBDH). (pathbank.org)
- 2-Hydroxybutyric acid generally appears at high concentrations in situations related to deficient energy metabolism (e.g. birth asphyxia) and also in inherited metabolic diseases affecting the central nervous system during neonatal development, such as "cerebral" lactic acidosis, glutaric aciduria type II, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3) deficiency, and propionic acidemia. (pathbank.org)
- 2-HB is an organic acid produced from α-ketobutyrate via the enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) or α-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBDH). (healthmatters.io)
Concentrations1
- During acidosis, total plasma essential and nonessential amino acid concentrations increased (P less than .05), whereas during alkalosis, total plasma essential and nonessential amino acid concentrations decreased (P less than .05). (nih.gov)
Biomarkers1
- The probe T can detect ß-HB sensitively and selectively in DMF solution (5.0 × 10-5 M) among other interfering species (cations, anions, amino acids, biomarkers). (bvsalud.org)
Oxidative stress2
- α-hydroxybutyric acid (2-hydroxybuturic acid [2-HB]) is a marker that relates to oxidative stress. (healthmatters.io)
- Elevated α-hydroxybutyric acid may be seen with oxidative stress. (healthmatters.io)
Metabolism2
- These studies suggest that acute alterations in arterial pH may affect the regulation of protein metabolism in vivo and must be considered in the interpretation of results from experiments in which alterations of acid-base homeostasis may have occurred. (nih.gov)
- It is an amino acid derivative and an essential cofactor for fatty acid metabolism. (lookformedical.com)
Glycerol2
- These fatty acids are not in glycerol ester form. (lookformedical.com)
- Triglycerides are a type of fat found in the blood that are made up of three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule. (lookformedical.com)
Acetic1
- receptor antagonist 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5[H]benzocyclohepte-5-ol-4-ylidene acetic acid (NCS-382), pointing to a specific effect of this drug. (123dok.org)
Fatty acid6
- An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. (lookformedical.com)
- A fatty acid coenzyme derivative which plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis. (lookformedical.com)
- A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. (lookformedical.com)
- Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is a short-chain fatty acid bearing an alcoholic moiety. (123dok.org)
- High-fibre diets are beneficial for many health outcomes via a wide range of mechanisms including gut microbiota fermentation-derived short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs) production. (imperial.ac.uk)
- A review of fatty acid 2-hydroxylation in sphingolipid biology in connection with the nervous system and various cell types may be consulted ( Hama H , Biochim Biophys Acta 2010, 1801, 405 ). (gerli.com)
Ketones2
- Based on this, we suggest to measure plasma 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid and urinary ketones or 3-hydroxybutyric acid for the biochemical follow-up of a patient's metabolic stability. (biomedcentral.com)
- Causes include accumulation of ketones and lactic acid, renal failure, and drug or toxin ingestion (high anion gap) and gastrointestinal or renal HCO 3 − loss (normal anion gap). (msdmanuals.com)
Poly5
- The ability of this extremophile to accumulate poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and secrete extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) has also been reported. (bvsalud.org)
- Halomonas elongata 1H9T is a moderate halophilic strain able to produce poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (P(3HB)), a biodegradable plastic, and gluconic acid, a valuable organic acid with wide industrial applications. (bvsalud.org)
- Genetic analysis shows that the deduced amino acid sequence of PAA hydrolase-1 has a similarity with those of the catalytic domain of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) (PHB) depolymerases from Alcaligenes faecalis AE122 and Pseudomonas lemoignei. (inra.fr)
- The chemical composition of lipid inclusions in Bacillus megaterium was identifed in 1926 as poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) ( Lemoigne M, Bull Soc Chim Biol 1926, 8, 770 ). (gerli.com)
- A few members include poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) or poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate. (gerli.com)
Ethanol1
- Azijnzuur is een belangrijke metabolische analyt, het eindproduct van fermentatieprocessen en het oxidatieproduct van aceetaldehyde en ethanol. (r-biopharm.com)
Metabolic4
- These differences in metabolic regulatory mechanisms of amino acids are reflected in their temporal patterns after glucose ingestion 7 . (biorxiv.org)
- 1, 3-Diaminopropane is involved in the arginine/proline metabolic pathways and the beta-alanine metabolic pathway. (pathbank.org)
- Acid-Base Regulation Metabolic processes in the human body continually produce acid and, to a lesser degree, base. (msdmanuals.com)
- So, basically, metabolic acidosis arises either from the buildup of acid in our blood, which could be because it's produced or ingested in increased amounts, or because the body can't get rid of it, or from excessive bicarbonate HCO3− loss from the kidneys or gastrointestinal tract. (msdmanuals.com)
Organic acid2
- 2-Hydroxybutyric acid (alpha-hydroxybutyrate) is an organic acid derived from alpha-ketobutyrate. (pathbank.org)
- The addition of an organic acid radical into a molecule. (lookformedical.com)
Excretion1
- Clinical conditions associated with urinary excretion of 2-hydroxybutyric acid. (healthmatters.io)
Analogues1
- Nucleic acid components and their analogues. (cas.cz)
Nucleic1
- Lenfant 2013 Nucleic.Acids.Res. (inra.fr)
Palmitic Acid1
- Salts and esters of the 16-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acid--palmitic acid. (lookformedical.com)
Carbonic acid3
- In this case, the bicarbonate HCO3− ion concentration decreases by binding of bicarbonate HCO3− ions and protons H+, which results in the formation of H2CO3 carbonic acid, which subsequently breaks down into carbon dioxide CO2 and water H2O. (msdmanuals.com)
- Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is considered a strong acid because it is present only in a completely ionized form in the body, whereas carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ) is a weak acid because it is ionized incompletely, and, at equilibrium, all three reactants are present in body fluids. (medscape.com)
- the carbonic acid, in turn, forms water and CO 2 . (medscape.com)
PROTEINS1
- tRNAs) help assemble protein building blocks (amino acids) into chains that form proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
Derivatives1
- Derivatives of caprylic acid. (lookformedical.com)
19751
- 1975;35(3):259-266. (healthmatters.io)
Enzymes1
- PGC1α coordinately upregulates the enzymes that synthesize NAD de novo from amino acids whereas PGC1α deficiency or AKI attenuates the de novo pathway. (nih.gov)
Secretion1
- Kawata Y , Ando H , Matsushita I , Tsubota J . Efficient secretion of (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid from Halomonas sp. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Acidosis1
- 2-Hydroxybutyric acid is often found in the urine of patients suffering from lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis. (pathbank.org)
Molecular Formula1
- Acetyl Octapeptide-3 is a chemical compound with a CAS number of 868844-74-0, a molecular weight of 1075.16, a molecular formula of C41H70N16O16S, as well as a chemical formula of L-α-Asparagine, N-acetyl-L-α-glutamyl -L-α-glutamyl-L-methionyl-L-glutaminyl-L-arginyl-L-arginyl-L-alanyl- Healthy protein Sequence Length: 8, molecular weight 1075.16000, Acetyl Octapeptide-3 Chinese alias anti-wrinkle oligopeptide. (zspharmac.com)
Tissues1
- alpha-Hydroxybutyric acid is primarily produced in mammalian hepatic tissues that catabolize L-threonine or synthesize glutathione. (pathbank.org)
Potent1
- Several studies have uncovered potent biological activities of 2-hydroxyoleic acid (Minerval). (gerli.com)
Regulation1
- Understanding the regulation of acid-base balance requires appreciation of the fundamental definitions and principles underlying this complex physiologic process. (medscape.com)
Methionine1
- Propionic acidemia (PA) and isolated methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) are disorders affecting the catabolic pathway of the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) L-isoleucine and L-valine, and the amino acids L-threonine and L-methionine. (biomedcentral.com)
PMID2
- It was concluded from studies done in the mid-1970's that an increased NADH2/NAD ratio was the most important factor for the production of 2-hydroxybutyric acid (PMID: 168632). (pathbank.org)
- The acid ionization constant (pKa) of 2-methoxyestrone is 10.81 (PMID: 516114). (pathbank.org)
Carbon5
- A group of 16-carbon fatty acids that contain no double bonds. (lookformedical.com)
- Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure. (lookformedical.com)
- A group of fatty acids that contain 18 carbon atoms and a double bond at the omega 9 carbon. (lookformedical.com)
- 14-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acids. (lookformedical.com)
- Acid-Base Disorders Acid-base disorders are pathologic changes in carbon dioxide partial pressure (Pco2) or serum bicarbonate (HCO3 − ) that typically produce abnormal arterial pH values. (msdmanuals.com)
Bases1
- Thus, buffers work as a first-line of defense to blunt the changes in pH that would otherwise result from the constant daily addition of acids and bases to body fluids. (medscape.com)
Ammonia1
- 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid correlated positively with plasma ammonia. (biomedcentral.com)
Abundant1
- 3-Hydroxybutyrate (bHB) is the most abundant ketone body. (bevital.no)
Serum2
- Combined measurement of 6 fat-soluble vitamins and 26 water-soluble functional vitamin markers and amino acids in 50 μL of serum or plasma by high-throughput mass spectrometry. (bevital.no)
- FATTY ACIDS found in the plasma that are complexed with SERUM ALBUMIN for transport. (lookformedical.com)