AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsHealth Care
Anesthetics, LocalAmidesAnestheticsLidocaineBupivacaineAnesthesia, LocalTetracaineBenzocaineProcaineAnesthetics, InhalationNerve BlockPrilocaineMepivacaineEtidocaineDibucaineAnesthesia, DentalAnesthetics, GeneralAnesthetics, IntravenousCarticaineAnesthetics, CombinedIsofluraneHalothaneAnesthesia, EpiduralAnesthesia, ConductionAnesthesia, SpinalPain, PostoperativeEnfluraneAdjuvants, AnesthesiaAnesthesia, GeneralBrachial PlexusAnesthesiaSciatic NerveAnesthetics, DissociativeMethyl EthersFelypressinPain MeasurementPropofolAnesthesia, ObstetricalAnalgesia, EpiduralSodium ChannelsInjections, EpiduralSodium Channel BlockersAmbulatory Surgical ProceduresDose-Response Relationship, DrugAnalgesia, ObstetricalMethoxyfluraneInjectionsKetamineAnesthesia, InhalationBatrachotoxinsDouble-Blind MethodAnesthesia, IntravenousAnesthesiologyAnesthesia Recovery PeriodTooth ExtractionNitrous OxideFentanylNordefrinInjections, Intra-ArticularMandibular NerveEpinephrineThiopentalOctanolsCyclohexylaminesAmphibian VenomsEtomidateAnalgesics, OpioidInjections, SpinalFemoral NerveAnalgesiaTime FactorsEtherPainStereoisomerismAnesthesia, CaudalProadifenAmidohydrolasesPentobarbitalNeedlesDrug HypersensitivityMouth RehabilitationZygapophyseal JointMaxillary NerveConscious Sedation4-Aminobenzoic AcidSufentanilAnalgesia, Patient-ControlledRats, Sprague-DawleySensationMexiletineEpidural SpaceHypnotics and SedativesKineticsCesarean SectionChloroformInfusion PumpsChemical ProcessesPreanesthetic MedicationVasoconstrictor AgentsDrug Interactions
LidocaineAnesthesiaBupivacaineArticaineRopivacaineToxicityEpinephrineCocaineDibucaineAmounts of local anestheticEsters and amidesSolution is injectedAminoTopical anestheticTopically appliedConductionSkin or mucous membranesInjectable localNervesDrugsAllergic reactionsPreservativesSystemicVasoconstrictorAdultsHypersensitivityExparelThiopheneDentistryPatientsTypePeriodontalAbsorptionInjectionEpiduralCardiovascularDentalUndergoProcedureIntravenousDosesLinkage2017TherapeuticAgentsSuperficialConcentrationsComplicationsReversibly
Lidocaine29
Anesthesia35
  • An amide-type local anesthetic used for local or regional anesthesia during surgery and for short-term management of acute pain. (drugbank.com)
  • A local anesthetic used for local or regional analgesia or anesthesia. (drugbank.com)
  • A local anesthetic used for inducing local, infiltrative, or conductive anesthesia in both simple and complex dental procedures. (drugbank.com)
  • An anesthetic used for local or regional anesthesia. (drugbank.com)
  • Local adverse effects include neurovascular manifestations such as prolonged anesthesia and paresthesias, which may become irreversible. (medscape.com)
  • See also Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity (LAST) Under Anesthesia . (medscape.com)
  • The goal of pharmacotherapy is to provide local anesthesia, both superficial and deep, before and throughout the procedure. (medscape.com)
  • Use only superficial or local anesthesia in these cases. (medscape.com)
  • Zorcaine ® is a combination of articaine HCl, an amide local anesthetic, and epinephrine, a vasoconstrictor, is indicated for local, infiltrative, or conductive anesthesia in both simple and complex dental procedures. (nih.gov)
  • Zorcaine ® is indicated for local, infiltrative, or conductive anesthesia in both simple and complex dental procedures in adults and pediatric patients 4 years of age or older. (nih.gov)
  • Oraqix is an amide local anesthetic indicated for adults who require localized anesthesia in periodontal pockets during scaling and/or root planing. (drugs.com)
  • Bupivacaine hydrochloride injection contains bupivacaine hydrochloride, an amide local anesthetic indicated in adults for the production of local or regional anesthesia or analgesia for surgery, oral surgery procedures, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, and for obstetrical procedures. (nih.gov)
  • For each type of block indicated to produce local or regional anesthesia or analgesia, specific concentrations and presentations are recommended. (nih.gov)
  • Globally, propofol is the most frequently used intravenous (IV) anesthetic for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • These factors make effective and safe anesthesia care challenging: blood loss can be rapid and profuse, and frequently utilized neurophysiologic monitoring requires adjustments in anesthetic technique, all of which usually occur during a variety of positions, usually the prone position. (renalandurologynews.com)
  • However, alternative class of local anesthetics (esters) were not available at our facility, so we performed spinal anesthesia with 250mcg of morphine. (fsahq.org)
  • However, spinal anesthesia is a safe alternative when allergy testing is not complete or when alternative local anesthetics are not available. (fsahq.org)
  • Everything that we need to provide safe, effective local anesthesia for our patients is available to us. (rdhmag.com)
  • When providing local anesthesia, agents containing vasoconstrictors should be used unless there is a compelling reason or absolute contraindication not to use them. (rdhmag.com)
  • Full wound evaluation may require probing or manipulation, and thus local anesthesia, but sensory examination should precede administration of a local anesthetic. (merckmanuals.com)
  • I am used in local anesthesia and dysrhythmias-by suppressing cardiac excitability by blocking sodium channels. (freezingblue.com)
  • srface anesthesia is accomplished by applying anesthetic how? (freezingblue.com)
  • Whether an IV sedation, nitrous oxide sedation, or local anesthesia, we take all precautions in dosage, administration, and monitoring to assure a safe and predictable outcome. (facialart.com)
  • Dr. Kazemi has received extensive training in anesthesia during his residency and has been providing office IV sedation, nitrous oxide, and local anesthesia for over 20 years with remarkable record of safety. (facialart.com)
  • Local anesthesia when administered properly, is very safe. (facialart.com)
  • All the -caines used for local anesthesia these days are "amides" rather than "esters. (facialart.com)
  • Zynrelef is contraindicated for use in patients undergoing obstetrical paracervical block anesthesia or coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, as well as among patients with a history of asthma, urticaria, other allergic-type reactions after taking aspirin or other NSAIDs or in those with hypersensitivity to any local anesthetic agent of the amide-type. (empr.com)
  • Local anesthesia can be defined as loss of sensation in a discrete region of the body caused by disruption of impulse generation or propagation. (aneskey.com)
  • Local anesthesia can be produced by various chemical and physical means. (aneskey.com)
  • However, in routine clinical practice, local anesthesia is produced by several compounds whose mechanism of action is similar, although they have different durations of action, and from which recovery is normally spontaneous, predictable, and complete. (aneskey.com)
  • Local anesthetic solutions containing antimicrobial preservatives (e.g., methylparaben) should not be used for epidural or spinal anesthesia because the safety of these agents has not been established with regard to intrathecal injection, either intentional or accidental. (recallguide.org)
  • One significant advantage is the fact that local anesthesia minimizes the health risks linked to general anesthesia. (jamiecooperimages.com)
  • For production of local or regional anesthesia by infiltration techniques such as percutaneous injection and intravenous regional anesthesia by peripheral nerve block techniques such as brachial plexus and intercostal and by central neural techniques such as lumbar and caudal epidural blocks. (pharmacycode.com)
  • An anesthetic, such as articaine, of medium duration and with high power of diffusion in oral tissue, is necessary in order to supplant these types of anesthesia. (bvsalud.org)
  • If this potential for diffusion is capable of desensitizing regions which the initially anesthetized nerves do not innervate, articaine anesthesia would considerably decrease the discomfort felt by patients, making dental treatment under local anesthesia less stressful and more comfortable, reducing the number of injections and quantity of drug used. (bvsalud.org)
Bupivacaine6
  • Known hypersensitivity to bupivacaine or to any local anesthetic agent of the amide-type or to other components of bupivacaine hydrochloride injection. (nih.gov)
  • Intra-articular infusions of local anesthetics including bupivacaine hydrochloride following arthroscopic and other surgical procedures is an unapproved use, and there have been post-marketing reports of chondrolysis in patients receiving such infusions. (nih.gov)
  • Birds may be more sensitive to the toxic effects of local anesthetics compared to mammals, but the pharmacokinetics of bupivacaine are unknown in birds. (vin.com)
  • The appearance of subsequent high levels of plasma bupivacaine is unique to this study and may also contribute to the apparent avian sensitivity to toxic effects of local anesthetics. (vin.com)
  • The ASCRS/SAGES guidelines state that local anesthetics, such as EXPAREL ® (bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension), that are administered via wound infiltration or transverse abdominis plane (TAP) block may effectively manage pain associated with both open and laparoscopic colorectal surgery. (hcplive.com)
  • Zynrelef is a dual-acting local anesthetic that delivers a fixed-dose combination of bupivacaine, an amide local anesthetic, and meloxicam, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). (empr.com)
Articaine1
  • Several anesthetic substances have been used for this purpose, as articaine, an amide type anesthetic, one of the most used by the dental community from various countries to present an excellent clinical efficacy. (fapesp.br)
Ropivacaine1
  • The study concluded that 0.5% ropivacaine alone does not affect the cardiovascular system and ropivacaine can be useful for oral and maxillofacial surgeons who are looking for a local anaesthetic with minimal cardiovascular risk and without a vasoconstrictor to provide regional anaesthesia for long procedures. (medscape.com)
Toxicity7
  • The toxicity of local and infiltration anesthetics can be local or systemic. (medscape.com)
  • Manifestations of local anesthetic toxicity typically appear 1 to 5 minutes after the injection, but onset may range from 30 seconds to as long as 60 minutes. (medscape.com)
  • The evaluation of patients with possible toxicity from a local anesthetic should be guided by the clinical presentation. (medscape.com)
  • Blood levels of the anesthetic may be measured, although blood levels may not correlate with toxicity or may not be obtained at a clinically useful time. (medscape.com)
  • Adverse reactions to local anesthetics are usually a reaction to epinephrine or overdose toxicity. (fsahq.org)
  • They are also mild vasodilators, which result in an increased rate of anesthetic absorption into the bloodstream, an increased risk of systemic toxicity, reduction of duration of action, and increased bleeding in the area. (rdhmag.com)
  • Because of its toxicity and addictive properties ( Chapter 24 ), a search for synthetic substitutes for cocaine began in 1892 with the work of Einhorn and colleagues, resulting in the synthesis of procaine, which became the prototype for local anesthetics for nearly half a century. (mhmedical.com)
Epinephrine5
  • For information on calculating appropriate amounts of local anesthetic/epinephrine, please refer to the Calculating Concentrations and Dilutions section below. (medscape.com)
  • Use of topical anesthetics containing epinephrine may also help reduce bleeding. (merckmanuals.com)
  • cases of gleno-humeral chondrolysis have been described in pediatric and adult patients following intra-articular infusions of local anesthetics with and without epinephrine for periods of 48 to 72 hours. (recallguide.org)
  • It is often used mixed with a small amount of adrenaline (epinephrine) to prolong its local effects and to decrease bleeding. (explained.today)
  • With central neural blockade these changes may be attributable to block of autonomic fibers, a direct depressant effect of the local anesthetic agent on various components of the cardiovascular system and/or the beta-adrenergic receptor stimulating action of epinephrine when present. (drugs-library.com)
Cocaine3
  • Clinical use of local anesthetics began with cocaine in the 1880s. (aneskey.com)
  • The first local anesthetic, cocaine, was serendipitously discovered to have anesthetic properties in the late 19th century. (mhmedical.com)
  • Sigmund Freud studied cocaine's physiological actions, and Carl Koller introduced cocaine into clinical practice in 1884 as a topical anesthetic for ophthalmological surgery. (mhmedical.com)
Dibucaine1
  • Though spreading depolarizations are notoriously difficult to block, terminal depolarization onset was delayed by dibucaine, a local amide anesthetic and sodium channel blocker. (openrepository.com)
Amounts of local anesthetic1
  • This is extremely relevant in pediatric dentistry where there is a wide variation in weight between patients and thus not all patients should receive equal amounts of local anesthetic for the same procedure. (dentalcare.com)
Esters and amides3
Solution is injected1
  • To avoid intravascular injection, aspiration should be performed before the local anesthetic solution is injected. (recallguide.org)
Amino3
  • Ester local anesthetics have a higher incidence of allergic reactions due to one of their metabolites, para-amino benzoic acid (PABA). (fsahq.org)
  • Prilocaine (/ˈpraɪləˌkeɪn/) is a local anesthetic of the amino amide type first prepared by Claes Tegner and Nils Löfgren. (digglicious.com)
  • Advantages of the amino amides over the earlier amino esters included more stability and a reduced frequency of allergic reactions. (aneskey.com)
Topical anesthetic1
Topically applied1
  • Oraqix is a topically applied amide drug approved by the FDA for scaling and root planing procedures. (dentalproductsreport.com)
Conduction3
Skin or mucous membranes2
  • The anesthetic can be applied topically for the skin or mucous membranes, or perhaps inhaled via a nasal spray for some kinds of procedures. (jamiecooperimages.com)
  • The anesthetic can even be applied topically to the skin or mucous membranes, or perhaps inhaled via a nasal spray for some kinds of procedures. (9appsdownloadi.com)
Injectable local3
Nerves4
  • From this can we understand that local anaesthetics work better against nociceptive nerves than other nerves, which is good. (greek.doctor)
  • The mechanism of action of local anesthetics necessitates the disruption in the electrical signals carried by nerves. (jamiecooperimages.com)
  • Local anesthetics bind reversibly to a specific receptor site within the pore of the Na + channels in nerves and block ion movement through this pore. (mhmedical.com)
  • Diffusion did not occur with the expected intensity in all patients, which does not exclude the use of anesthetic block on these nerves when an intervention is needed in the region. (bvsalud.org)
Drugs4
  • The method was used for separation and determination of ergot alkaloids, opium alkaloids, local anesthetics, barbiturates and other drugs of forensic interest. (erowid.org)
  • Local anesthetics are extremely useful drugs for anaesthesiologists. (statperson.com)
  • Local anaesthetics are drugs that are used to prevent or eliminate pain, often during smaller surgical procedures. (greek.doctor)
  • 6.1) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact DENTSPLY Pharmaceutical at 1-800-989-8826 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch DRUG INTERACTIONS Other local anesthetics or agents structurally related to local anesthetics (7.1) Drugs associated with drug-induced methemoglobinemia (7.2) USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS Pregnancy: There have been no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. (drugs-library.com)
Allergic reactions5
  • Injectable and topical ester local anesthetics have been primarily implicated in allergic reactions. (dentalcare.com)
  • Reported allergic reactions in amides are probably due to reactions to preservatives such as parabens and sodium metabisulfate. (dentalcare.com)
  • Allergic reactions to local anesthetics are often attributed to preservative compounds such as metabisulfite or methylparaben. (fsahq.org)
  • Amide local anesthetics do not undergo metabolism to PABA, thus allergic reactions to amides are extremely rare. (fsahq.org)
  • True allergic reactions to amide local anesthetics are extremely rare but have been documented. (fsahq.org)
Preservatives2
  • All dental local anesthetic cartridges with vasoconstrictors contain bisulfite preservatives. (rdhmag.com)
  • Some people may be allergic to the preservatives in local anesthetics. (facialart.com)
Systemic2
  • Amide type local anaesthetics bind more easily to plasma proteins than ester types, and therefore have fewer systemic side effects. (greek.doctor)
  • However, both nonionized (bases) and ionized forms of local anesthetics are readily absorbed through traumatized or abraded skin into the systemic circulation. (pharmacycode.com)
Vasoconstrictor1
  • Local anesthetic solutions like ZORCAINE that contain a vasoconstrictor should be used cautiously, especially in patients with impaired cardiovascular function or vascular disease. (nih.gov)
Adults4
  • It can be used in adults and children aged 6 years or older for local pain relief by injecting it around the edges of small to medium-sized surgical wounds. (europa.eu)
  • Four studies in 703 adults have shown that Exparel liposomal is effective at reducing pain scores when used for local pain relief around small to medium sized surgical wound sites and for regional pain relief in the surgery of the knee and around the shoulders. (europa.eu)
  • Table 1 summarizes the recommended dosages of ZORCAINE administered by intraoral submucosal infiltration or nerve block for various types of anesthetic dental procedures in healthy adults and pediatric patients. (nih.gov)
  • The recommended dosages of ZORCAINE in healthy adults serve only as a guide to the amount of anesthetic required for most routine dental procedures. (nih.gov)
Hypersensitivity1
  • Oraqix is contraindicated in patients with a known history of hypersensitivity to local anesthetics of the amide type or to any other component of the product. (drugs.com)
Exparel4
  • Exparel liposomal is a local anaesthetic that is used to treat pain after certain operations. (europa.eu)
  • For local pain relief, patients given Exparel liposomal after an operation for haemorrhoids (piles) had a total pain score for a 3-day period of 142, compared with 203 for patients given placebo (a dummy treatment). (europa.eu)
  • Based on these data, it can be concluded that at the dose tested, Exparel liposomal will have comparable effects across these age groups when used for local pain relief around small to medium-sized surgical wound sites. (europa.eu)
  • Exparel liposomal must not be used in patients who are hypersensitive (allergic) to any of the ingredients of the medicine or to other local anaesthetics with a chemical structure related to the active ingredients (amide-type local anaesthetics). (europa.eu)
Thiophene1
  • However, it is the only amide anesthetic that contains a thiophene ring instead of a benzene ring, which accords it more liposolubility, resulting in high tissue penetration and diffusion 3-5 . (bvsalud.org)
Dentistry2
  • Refer to Table 1 that summarizes the maximum recommended doses of local anesthetic agents as per the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD) Guidelines. (dentalcare.com)
  • People often use the term "novocaine" when talking about local anesthetics, even though novocaine has not been used in dentistry for decades (both because it wears off too quickly and because allergies to novocain and other ester-based -caines are relatively common). (facialart.com)
Patients6
  • Avoid using local anesthetics in at-risk patients (eg, those with cardiovascular disease). (medscape.com)
  • Using the maximum recommended dosages (Table 2), one can calculate the maximum recommended dosage and amount of local anesthetic agent for patients of specific weight and type of anesthetic. (dentalcare.com)
  • Patients with true allergy to amide local anesthetics are often treated with an alternative class of local anesthetic. (fsahq.org)
  • Most of the patients we treat fall into the latter category because there are few absolute contraindications to the administration of dental local anesthetic agents for patients who are eligible for elective procedures, such as NSPT ( see Table 2 ). (rdhmag.com)
  • Oraqix is contraindicated in patients who are hypersensitive to local anesthetics. (dentalproductsreport.com)
  • The control of postoperative pain in patients undergoing oral and maxillofacial surgery is often performed through the administration of local anesthetics and oral analgesics. (fapesp.br)
Type6
  • Type-II and Type-III reactions have been rarely reported and are not clinically significant with local anesthetics. (fsahq.org)
  • Levamisole hydrochloride (99% levamisole hcl, cas 16595-80-5) is another type of local anesthetic which is used to get rid of worms from the gastrointestinal system. (jamiecooperimages.com)
  • Each type of local anesthetic have their unique properties, time period of action, and unwanted effect profile. (jamiecooperimages.com)
  • The effectiveness of local anesthetics is determined by several factors, for example the type and level of anesthetic used, the process of administration, as well as the individual's reaction to the medication. (jamiecooperimages.com)
  • Every type of local anesthetic has its unique properties, length of action, and side effect profile. (9appsdownloadi.com)
  • The effectiveness of local anesthetics is determined by several factors, like the type and quantity of anesthetic used, the technique of administration, and the individual's response to the medication. (9appsdownloadi.com)
Periodontal3
  • Read ' Selecting local anesthetic agents for nonsurgical periodontal therapy ' by Laura Webb for more recent information. (rdhmag.com)
  • Nonsurgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) procedures are generally elective procedures requiring intermediate duration anesthetics (see Table 1). (rdhmag.com)
  • After periodontal surgery, the maximum intensity of pain occurs in the first hours after the end of the surgery, shortly after the completion of the anesthetic effect. (fapesp.br)
Absorption1
  • The absorption time (T ½abs =13.9 min) appeared to be shorter than the elimination time (T ½elim =28.1 min) which may, in part, explain why birds are susceptible to toxic effects of local anesthetics. (vin.com)
Injection4
  • To improve local anesthetic injection, cool the skin with ethyl chloride before injection. (medscape.com)
  • It must not be used as paracervical block anaesthesia (local anaesthetic injected at the top of the vagina) and must not be given by injection into a blood vessel or a joint. (europa.eu)
  • 6 Samdahl F, Arctander K, Skollborg K, Amland PF, Alakalization of Lignocane-Adrenaline Reduces the Amount of Pain During Subcutaneous Injection of Local Anesthetic, Scandanavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Hand Surgery, Vol. 28, P. 33 (1994). (onpharma.com)
  • Due to the close bond between palatal mucosa and its underlying periosteum and its abundant nerve supply, the anesthetic injection can be very painful 10 . (bvsalud.org)
Epidural1
Cardiovascular1
  • La mayoría de efectos secundarios se presentan en el sistema nervioso, gastrointestinal y cardiovascular. (bvsalud.org)
Dental3
Undergo1
  • Almost all of the amides undergo biotransformation in the liver, whereas the esters undergo hydrolysis in plasma. (aneskey.com)
Procedure4
  • Local anesthetic agents are used to increase patient comfort during the procedure. (medscape.com)
  • Since this was an elective procedure, our options were to either postpone the surgery for allergy testing or choose an alternative local anesthetic to avoid any cross-reactivity. (fsahq.org)
  • You will find different techniques used in administering local anesthetics, based on the kind of procedure as well as the area being treated. (jamiecooperimages.com)
  • You will find different techniques employed in administering local anesthetics, based on the sort of procedure and the area receiving treatment. (9appsdownloadi.com)
Intravenous1
  • Administration of propofol, the most frequently used intravenous anesthetic worldwide, has been associated with several iatrogenic infections despite its relative safety. (cdc.gov)
Doses2
  • Another difference among injectable anesthetic agents is the maximum recommended doses. (dentalcare.com)
  • 9,11 Birds may be more sensitive to the toxic effects of local anesthetics compared to mammals, as higher doses (3.5-4.5 mg/kg) 15 produce toxic effects in dogs compared with birds (2.7-3.3 mg/kg) 11 . (vin.com)
Linkage1
  • Biotransformation includes oxidative N-dealkylation, ring hydroxylation, cleavage of the amide linkage, and conjugation. (drugs-library.com)
20172
Therapeutic1
  • Comparative efficiency of local anesthetics from the group of complex amides during therapeutic stomatological interventions]. (bvsalud.org)
Agents5
  • While generally safe, local anesthetic agents can be toxic if administered inappropriately, and in some cases may cause unintended reactions even when properly administered. (medscape.com)
  • This is a list of local anesthetic agents. (wikipedia.org)
  • For more information, see Local Anesthetic Agents, Infiltrative Administration . (medscape.com)
  • Vasoconstrictors are added to local anesthetic agents to counteract the vasodilatory properties. (rdhmag.com)
  • introduced in 1948, I am the prototype for amide-agents. (freezingblue.com)
Superficial1
  • A local anesthetic used in a wide variety of superficial and invasive procedures. (drugbank.com)
Concentrations1
  • These effects of clinically relevant concentrations of local anesthetics are reversible with recovery of nerve function and no evidence of damage to nerve fibers or cells in most clinical applications. (mhmedical.com)
Complications2
Reversibly2
  • Local anesthetics are medications used to reversibly block pain sensation in a specific part of the body in order to perform small surgical procedures. (osmosis.org)
  • Local anaesthetics work by reversibly blocking voltage-gated Na + channels. (greek.doctor)