CytokinesDendriticNeutrophilsPeritoneal macrophagesMononuclear phagocLungsMonocyte-derivedPhagocytic cellsLymphocytesMiceMonocytes and macrophagesAirway macrophagesRole of macrophageInfectionFibroblastsMurinePhagocytosisFetal liverInflammationPrecursorsBone marrow-derivedLung macrophagesCellsPulmonaryLiposomal clodronateInducesInterstitialNeutrophilConstitutively expressedVivoLiposomesCytokinePeripheralBronchoalveolar lavageDepletionImmuneRespiratoryDefenseEscalatorSubsetContributionMRNAZebrafishTissuePhagocytoseProteinAntigenLeukocyteSynoviumGlycoprotein
Cytokines10
- Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) toxicity parameters such as lactate dehydrogenase activity, number of AMs and PMNs, oxidant production by phagocytes, and levels of multiple cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-10, MCP-1, MIP-2, and TNF-alpha) were significantly altered in response to inhalation exposure to MWCNT in the rats. (cdc.gov)
- Viruses then travel to the alveoli and infect type 2 pneumocytes which, in the youthful system (lower left), are recognized by alveolar macrophages (AMs) or dendritic cells (not pictured) that release cytokines and present antigens to T cells and other adaptive immune cells. (aging-us.com)
- Through the release of several cytokines, i.e., growth-promoting and inhibiting factors, lung macrophages may also influence both matrix damage and repair processes. (psu.edu)
- As the resident phagocyte of the lower respiratory tract, the macrophage is a versatile cell with paradoxical effects, able to release oxidants, proteolytic enzymes, and mediators, but also able to secrete antioxidants, antiproteases, and inhibitors of cytokines. (psu.edu)
- Macrophages can also release cytokines, which are small proteins that can cause inflammatory reactions and help to recruit more macrophages alongside other immune cells to the site of the infection. (medistudents.com)
- Synovial macrophages produce a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines that contribute to synovitis and can be targeted with therapeutic agents. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
- The activation of macrophages leads to the production of T helper 1 (Th1) inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α , interleukin- (IL-) 1 β , IL-6, and IL-12, whereas limited activation develops into a Th2 response (IL-4 secretion) [ 11 - 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
- During infection, macrophages have diverse roles including phagocytosis of foreign bodies, release of cytotoxic factors, and coordination of the inflammatory response via the secretion of chemokines and cytokines ( 3 , 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
- Phagocytes, cytokines (Th1 and inflammatory) and reactive nitrogen intermediates are the major antimicrobial mechanisms against tuberculosis infection. (fapesp.br)
- For in vitro assay, we will evaluate the effects of LTB4 addition in infected alveolar macrophage to investigate the phagocitosis and microbicidal activity, as well the intracellular signaling involved in this mechanisms and the cytokines and lipid mediators production. (fapesp.br)
Dendritic7
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes chronic infection of mononuclear phagocytes, especially resident (alveolar) macrophages, recruited macrophages, and dendritic cells. (escholarship.org)
- We found that Ly6Chi monocytes traffic rapidly to the lungs, where a subpopulation become Ly6Clo and remain in the lung vascular space, while the remainder migrate into the lung parenchyma and differentiate into Ly6Chi dendritic cells, CD11b+ dendritic cells, and recruited macrophages. (escholarship.org)
- Toll like receptors (TLRs) constitute a significant family of design Salidroside (Rhodioloside) recognition substances and like additional PRRs have the ability to react to different structural homologies conserved in lots of microorganisms (2 62 Activation from the TLRs is vital for many areas of microbe eradication including microbial eliminating recruitment of phagocytes to the website of disease and activation of dendritic cells (DCs) (52). (ap26113.com)
- Innate immunity is possessed by all types of multicellular organisms and is a primitive prophylactic system in which macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells are primarily responsible for its functioning [ 2 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
- These include monocytes (of which several immune cells are derived), neutrophils, dendritic cells, and macrophages. (medistudents.com)
- Initial studies suggested that, in adults, a common monocyte/dendritic cell (MDP) progenitor in the bone marrow leads to the development of monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
- Once inhaled by the host, the fungus interacts with alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells present in the lungs, where it can form a pulmonary focus or spread through the blood and lymphatic vessels [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
Neutrophils6
- Myeloid cells, including macrophages and neutrophils, are especially implicated in the respiratory burst. (wikipedia.org)
- In this study, we evaluated the contribution of newly recruited neutrophils and monocytes and resident alveolar macrophages to the pathogenesis of PLY-induced lung injury. (aai.org)
- In addition, PLY also induced a decrease in the resident alveolar macrophage population, and the recruitment of peripheral blood neutrophils and monocytes into the alveolar space. (aai.org)
- Blockade of PLY-induced alveolar leukocyte trafficking by pretreatment of mice with anti-CD18 plus anti-CD49d Abs or depletion of circulating neutrophils did not attenuate the increase in lung permeability observed in response to intratracheal PLY. (aai.org)
- Dust exposure resulted in increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid neutrophils and macrophages after single and repetitive exposures. (nebraska.edu)
- Leukocytes found in the colostrum, such as macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes can also be absorbed whole in these early stages and they have been shown to have a protective effect as well. (octagon-services.co.uk)
Peritoneal macrophages2
- a set of quantitative signs of activation, previously developed in studies of inflammatory peritoneal macrophages, has been applied to the study of immunologically stimulated peritoneal cells. (liverpool.ac.uk)
- Histone adsorption on the surface of carbon particles significantly stimulates their ingestion by rat peritoneal macrophages, hamster kidney fibroblasts, and mouse L-cells [ 861 ], and the adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their nonpolar metabolites on the surface of carbon particles ingested by rat alveolar macrophages has been studied [ 862 ]. (nanomedicine.com)
Mononuclear phagoc5
- The presence of IFN-alpha in most cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system suggests that these cells play a major role in the defence against viral infection. (gla.ac.uk)
- Specialized phagocytic cells of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM found on the luminal surface of the hepatic sinusoids. (lookformedical.com)
- The term mononuclear phagocyte system has replaced the former reticuloendothelial system, which also included less active phagocytic cells such as fibroblasts and endothelial cells. (lookformedical.com)
- The goal of this chapter is to provide an up-to-date review of macrophage biology and a revision of the current dogma of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) as it relates to the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). (musculoskeletalkey.com)
- The method is specific with respect to phagocytic cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) for the following reasons: (1) The natural fate of liposomes is phagocytosis. (expressextension.com)
Lungs9
- MWCNT particles, often associated with alveolar macrophages (AMs), were detected in the lungs of the exposed rats. (cdc.gov)
- From there, it spreads to the mucous membranes of the throat and bronchial tubes, eventually entering the lungs where it infects type 2 alveolar epithelial cells called pneumocytes. (aging-us.com)
- However, alveolar macrophages can also secrete factors called chemotaxins that attract PMN to the airways, and this supports a central role for alveolar macrophages in the regulation of PMN traffic in the lungs. (psu.edu)
- That phagocytes are also important defenders of the lungs in vivo is best supported by the observations in immunodeficient patients and animal models. (psu.edu)
- In conclusion, alveolar macrophages and PMN participate in both defense and injury processes of the lungs. (psu.edu)
- The more serious disease of TLR4-regular mice led to improved influx of triggered macrophages and T cells towards the lungs and intensifying control of fungal burdens but impaired enlargement of regulatory T cells (Treg cells). (ap26113.com)
- They describe a series of cells, including microglia that exist in the central nervous system as well as Kupffer cells in the liver and alveolar macrophages in the lungs amongst others. (medistudents.com)
- Therefore these results suggest that alveolar macrophage products play a direct role in the initial recruitment of PMN into infected lungs. (clodrosome.com)
- Round, granular, mononuclear phagocytes found in the alveoli of the lungs. (bvsalud.org)
Monocyte-derived2
- At least two populations of tissue macrophages exist: tissue-resident cells that are embryonically derived and a monocyte-derived population. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
- Aim of the present study was to investigate if the pre-coating of MWCNTs with pulmonary surfactant has an influence on potential adverse effects, upon both (i) human monocyte derived macrophages (MDM) monocultures, and (ii) a sophisticated in vitro model of the human epithelial airway barrier. (biomedcentral.com)
Phagocytic cells3
- Kupffer cells belong to the mononuclear phagocyte series of phagocytic cells, which include macrophages, Langherhans cells in the skin, osteoclasts and alveolar macrophages. (digitalhistology.org)
- It is responsible for the initial phagocytosis of organisms by cells such as natural killer cells and macrophages, after which point, phagocytic cells can present the antigens that existed on the invading pathogen that has now been digested. (medistudents.com)
- and foreign particles by phagocytic cells (PHAGOCYTES). (lookformedical.com)
Lymphocytes4
- Lymphocytes, platelets, eosinophils, fibroblasts, epithelial and endothelial cells are also implicated in lung injury and repair, either independently or synergistically with macrophages and/or PMN. (psu.edu)
- In particular, through the release of lymphokines, lymphocytes appear to play a central role in the regulation of both macrophages and PMN function in interstitial lung diseases. (psu.edu)
- Significant lung pathology occurred with development of mixed mononuclear cellular aggregates (T and B lymphocytes, phagocytes) after repetitive dust exposure, a novel observation. (nebraska.edu)
- In lymph node, lymph is filtered through phagocytes and lymphocytes into hilum, and then drained into efferent lymphatic vessel. (turkupetcentre.net)
Mice11
- Fig. 2: Recovery from infection is followed by susceptibility to secondary pneumonia and reduction in phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages in mice. (nature.com)
- We used a combination of congenic monocyte adoptive transfer, and pulse-chase labeling of DNA, to determine the kinetics and characteristics of trafficking, differentiation, and infection of mononuclear phagocytes during the chronic, adaptive immune phase of M. tuberculosis infection in mice. (escholarship.org)
- Mice received either adhesion-blocking Abs to inhibit alveolar leukocyte trafficking or liposomal clodronate to deplete alveolar macrophages before intratracheal application of native PLY or its noncytotoxic derivative PdB. (aai.org)
- biochemical and functional characteristics of the plasma membrane of macrophages from bcg-infected mice. (liverpool.ac.uk)
- Lavage fluid TNFα, IL-6, keratinocyte chemoattractant, and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 were significantly increased after single and repetitive dust exposures, but were dampened in 2-wk dust-exposed mice compared with single exposure. (nebraska.edu)
- toggle_content title="Abstract"] To evaluate the role of alveolar macrophages (AMs) in acute Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia in mice, AMs were depleted by aerosol inhalation of liposomes containing clodronate disodium. (clodrosome.com)
- Additionally, the origin of synovial macrophages was linked to monocytes derived from the bone marrow, based on studies using radiation chimeras of beige mice. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
- Moreover, parabiotic mice that share the same circulation showed that only a subset of macrophages such as heart, gut, and dermis exhibited a mixed population, whereas Langerhans cells, microglia, and alveolar macrophages were exclusively derived from the parent mouse. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
- These studies were the first to provide support for an alternative hypothesis to the MPS regarding monocyte replacement and macrophage turnover in adult mice. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
- Studies using radiation chimeras and parabiotic mice demonstrated that monocytes only populate tissue-resident macrophages in a few organs during steady-state conditions in adult mice. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
- The origin of the adult tissue-resident macrophage, however, was unknown until the generation of fate-mapping and lineage-tracing mice. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
Monocytes and macrophages2
- A greater number of alveolar macrophages produced TNF-α compared to autologous monocytes in sarcoidosis but not in controls and, based on cell size, it was confirmed that this was the product of more mature macrophages and that the secretion of TNF-α by monocytes and macrophages was heterogeneous: not all monocytes and macrophages secrete TNF-α. (ersjournals.com)
- Monocytes and Macrophages One of the body's lines of defense (immune system) involves white blood cells (leukocytes) that travel through the bloodstream and into tissues, searching for and attacking microorganisms and. (msdmanuals.com)
Airway macrophages1
- These lung macrophages are morphologically and functionally heterogenous and include alveolar, interstitial, intravascular, and airway macrophages, each with characteristic morphologic and functional features. (psu.edu)
Role of macrophage1
- The role of macrophage proteinases in the development of emphysema, a major component of COPD, will be discussed. (atsjournals.org)
Infection9
- Fig. 3: Phagocytosis function of newly formed resident lung alveolar macrophages is altered locally by secondary inflammatory mediators released during infection. (nature.com)
- Fig. 6: Sirpa is required for the priming, but not the maintenance, of the paralysis program of alveolar macrophages after infection. (nature.com)
- We propose that additional investigation into the role of ADCP in protective viral responses, the specific virus epitopes targeted by ADCP antibodies, and the types of phagocytes and Fc receptors involved in ADCP at sites of virus infection will provide insight into strategies to successfully leverage this important immune response for improved antiviral immunity through rational vaccine design. (frontiersin.org)
- Our findings that mononuclear phagocyte populations at the site of M. tuberculosis infection are highly dynamic provide support for specific approaches for host-directed therapies directed at monocytes, including trained immunity, as potential interventions in TB, by replacing cells with limited antimycobacterial capabilities with newly-recruited cells better able to restrict and kill M. tuberculosis. (escholarship.org)
- The contribution of phagocytes to the defense against infection and tumor has been documented mostly in vitro. (psu.edu)
- Survival of the fungus inside the host's macrophages is essential for successful infection and depends on several features: the strain of the fungus, its responsiveness to external factors such as temperature changes and oxidative stress, and the efficiency of the host's immunological response [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
- The study of macrophage-microbe interplay is thus crucial for understanding pathogenesis and infection control. (frontiersin.org)
- Furthermore, the chemical and genetic tractability of zebrafish has been central to decipher the complex role of macrophages during infection. (frontiersin.org)
- Macrophages are a major component of the innate immune system, responding efficiently to tissue damage and infection ( 1 , 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
Fibroblasts4
- Resident cells within the lung such as fibroblasts and alveolar type II cells may be induced by cigarette smoke to synthesize chemokines attracting and potentially activating inflammatory cells. (atsjournals.org)
- It is now known that type A cells were synovial macrophages, type B were synovial fibroblasts, and type C were an undetermined population. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
- We investigated the production of the chemotactic cytokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) using sera, synovial fluid, synovial tissue, as well as macrophages and fibroblasts isolated from synovial tissues from 80 arthritic patients. (northwestern.edu)
- To examine the cellular source of MCP-1, RA synovial tissue macrophages and fibroblasts were isolated. (northwestern.edu)
Murine3
- After resolution of primary pneumonia, murine alveolar macrophages (AMs) exhibited poor phagocytic capacity for several weeks. (nature.com)
- M-CSF was first characterized as a glycoprotein that induces monocyte and macrophage colony formation from precursors in murine bone marrow cultures. (biolegend.com)
- The depletion of splenic and hepatic murine macrophages by liposome-encapsulated clodronate (lip-clod) was studied as a new strategy for ITP treatment. (expressextension.com)
Phagocytosis5
- As phagocytosis by macrophages plays a critical role in the control of bacteria, we investigated the phagocytic activity of macrophages after resolution of inflammation. (nature.com)
- Also, specific defects in phagocyte functions such as in chronic granulomatous disease (lack of oxidative burst) or in alveolar proteinosis (impaired phagocytosis by macrophages) are associated with severe infectious problems. (psu.edu)
- Phagocytes describe a group of immune cells that are capable of phagocytosis. (medistudents.com)
- Studies using zebrafish allow non-invasive, real-time visualization of macrophage recruitment and phagocytosis. (frontiersin.org)
- Phagocytosis can involve the recognition of pathogen- and damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs, respectively) through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on the macrophage surface ( 5 , 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
Fetal liver2
- Immunoreactive IFN-alpha was first seen at 9 weeks gestation in macrophages in the fetal liver and thereafter was seen in macrophages in most other organs except in kidneys and cerebral and cerebellar cortex. (gla.ac.uk)
- Intratracheal administration of liposomal clodronate accelerates alveolar macrophage reconstitution following fetal liver transplantation. (expressextension.com)
Inflammation4
- Role of alveolar macrophages in initiation and regulation of inflammation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia. (clodrosome.com)
- Ninety-five percent of the alveolar macrophages were depleted, and lung injury and inflammation were minimized with this depletion technique. (clodrosome.com)
- AM J RESPIR CRIT CARE MED 1999;160:S29−S32.Macrophages are the predominant defense cell in the normal lung and during conditions associated with chronic inflammation such as COPD. (atsjournals.org)
- These results suggest that synovial production of MCP-1 may play an important role in the recruitment of mononuclear phagocytes during inflammation associated with RA and that synovial tissue macrophages are the dominant source of this cytokine. (northwestern.edu)
Precursors2
- These studies determined that adult monocytes develop as precursors in the bone marrow and then enter the circulation to replenish macrophages in tissue through the use of radiolabeled monocyte progenitors. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
- The administration of nonlethal irradiation to induce death of hematopoietic cells and their precursors followed by administration of donor bone marrow (radiation chimeras) revealed populations of macrophages, including synovial macrophages, Langerhans cells, and microglia, that were resistant to irradiation and remained host origin, whereas the monocyte population was derived from donor hematopoietic cells. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
Bone marrow-derived1
- Thin section of a bone marrow-derived mouse macrophage. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
Lung macrophages2
- Histological photographs showed that oMWCNTs were mainly captured by lung macrophages, and NDs were located in the bronchi and alveoli after co-administration. (springer.com)
- Through the presence of surface receptors for numerous ligands and through their large number of secretory products, lung macrophages can respond to environmental factors and account for most of the clearance of microparticles and microorganisms in the distal airways and the alveolar spaces. (psu.edu)
Cells17
- Fig. 4: T reg cells and TGF-β are not major contributors to the paralysis program of alveolar macrophages. (nature.com)
- Largely the product of mononuclear phagocyte activation, it is unclear whether TNF-α production at disease sites is a feature of all mononuclear phagocytes that accumulate there or whether it is secreted by a subset of these cells. (ersjournals.com)
- In children, the description of developmental changes in immune receptor expression on alveolar macrophages (AM) has been limited by the small number of cells recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). (ersjournals.com)
- Other particles may be engulfed by epithelial cells, primarily in the vicinity of the bronchial-alveolar duct junctions, and retained for much longer periods, with gradual removal to lymph nodes. (cdc.gov)
- Many of these studies include the activity of immune effector cells, in particular of macrophages, when they are confronted with conidia of A. fumigus wild-type and mutant strains. (ilrs.de)
- Macrophages can also contribute to the alveolitis by recruitment of inflammatory and immune cells. (psu.edu)
- Because the capillary lumen is separated only from the alveolar space by a monolayer of endothelial and epithelial cells on each side of a thin interstitial matrix, it is likely that some inhibitory mechanism exists to prevent PMN from migrating towards the alveolar space. (psu.edu)
- Kupffer cells, pulmonary alveolar macrophages and lymph node macrophages were also positive for IFN-alpha. (gla.ac.uk)
- The alveolar macrophages will be the 1st sponsor cells that connect to cells and their activation can be fundamental towards the control of fungal development. (ap26113.com)
- Kupffer cells, spanning the lumen of these sinusoids, are a type of macrophage that phagocytose aging red blood cells and other debris in the sinusoidal lumen. (digitalhistology.org)
- There are cells, such as phagocytes, that can invade bodies in a process in which the cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf the large particle, giving rise to an internal compartment called a phagosome, and then activating the acquired immunity system by presenting a portion of the phagocytosed and digested foreign substances from its membrane surface. (encyclopedia.pub)
- These memory B cells massively increase the numbers of T cells and macrophages so that they can specifically affect this pathogen, meaning that the organism can often be eradicated before symptoms occur, or if not, can prevent severe symptoms and side effects of the disease from occurring. (medistudents.com)
- Macrophages are one of the main cells involved in the innate immune system. (medistudents.com)
- Further studies in the 1980s and early 1990s refined the classification of synovial macrophages with the use of immunohistochemistry and known antibodies to antigen-presenting cells. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
- Cells within the synovial tissue may recruit mononuclear phagocytes into the synovial fluid and tissues of arthritic patients. (northwestern.edu)
- After the liposomes are digested by lysosomal phospholipases, the free clodronate released into the cells induces rapid apoptosis of the macrophages. (expressextension.com)
- Apoptotic cells induce a phosphatidylserine-dependent homeostatic response from phagocytes. (docsbay.net)
Pulmonary1
- However, studies in emphysema and in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis suggest that oxidants and proteases (including elastase) derived from PMN and probably from alveolar macrophages contribute in vivo to lung matrix degradation. (psu.edu)
Liposomal clodronate1
- Liposome-encapsulated clodronate (liposomal clodronate) is specifically phagocytized by macrophages. (expressextension.com)
Induces1
- Moreover, coupling of LTB4 to its receptor leads to intracellular activation that induces phagocytes and bacterial killing. (fapesp.br)
Interstitial1
- Lung histological changes resulting from MWCNT exposure were mild and consisted mainly of interstitial accumulation of macrophages. (cdc.gov)
Neutrophil1
- Depletion of alveolar macrophages decreases neutrophil chemotaxis to Pseudomonas airspace infections. (clodrosome.com)
Constitutively expressed2
- Two decades later, pioneering studies suggested that lectin-like molecules constitutively expressed on the surface of macrophages can selectively recognize changes on glycans decorating the surface of apoptotic thymocytes, 4 , 5 although these studies likewise did not provide substantial insight into the mechanisms by which lectin-glycan interactions regulate cell death. (nature.com)
- In contrast, unlike normal peripheral blood monocytes or alveolar macrophages, RA synovial tissue macrophages constitutively expressed MCP-1 mRNA and antigen. (northwestern.edu)
Vivo2
- Ex vivo stimulation of alveolar macrophages from 2-wk animals demonstrated reduced cytokine responsiveness and phagocytic ability. (nebraska.edu)
- Zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) larvae provide a unique platform to study macrophage-microbe interactions in vivo , from the level of the single cell to the whole organism. (frontiersin.org)
Liposomes4
- In addition, depletion of resident alveolar macrophages with clodronated liposomes did not reduce alveolar injury developing in response to PLY. (aai.org)
- To determine whether alveolar macrophage products are important in the initiation of chemotaxis, we depleted rats of alveolar macrophages by aerosolizing negatively charged oligolamellar liposomes complexed to clodronate disodium. (clodrosome.com)
- Here we show that liposomes can also target the delivery of drugs to zebrafish macrophages to selectively manipulate their function. (expressextension.com)
- research using clodronate liposomes to study or manipulate macrophage function will continuously be extended, there will be many scientists having information that could be of much help to other scientists in macrophage research. (expressextension.com)
Cytokine3
- These findings suggested that there is a basal level of IFN-alpha production by macrophages, which is not dependent on microbial products, but that such microbial products can enhance synthesis of this cytokine. (gla.ac.uk)
- It really is known nevertheless that regular macrophages are permissive to development while cytokine-activated macrophages have the ability to restrain multiplication (12). (ap26113.com)
- Levels of bioactive tumor necrosis factor-α and immunoreactive proteins CINC/gro (cytokine-induced PMN chemoattractant) in the lavage fluids obtained from infected rats depleted of alveolar macrophages were significantly decreased compared with the levels in the lavage fluids obtained from normal infected rats. (clodrosome.com)
Peripheral2
- No differences in the average levels of TNF-α secretion by peripheral blood monocytes or alveolar macrophages were observed. (ersjournals.com)
- Emphysema is defined as enlargement of peripheral airspaces of the lung, including respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli, accompanied by destruction of the walls of these structures. (atsjournals.org)
Bronchoalveolar lavage1
- A number of previous publications have demonstrated the upregulation of TNF-α in a variety of contexts including bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid protein, macrophage protein secretion and macrophage TNF messenger ribonucleic acid content 9 - 16 . (ersjournals.com)
Depletion1
- The current paradigm is that the vast majority of macrophages are "tissue-resident," developing during embryogenesis and self-renewing in most tissues in the absence of inflammatory stimuli or severe depletion. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
Immune5
- It is concluded that laser scanning cytometry is suited to the study of immune receptor expression from small numbers of paediatric alveolar macrophages, when CD68 is used for cell identification. (ersjournals.com)
- The measurement of developmental changes in alveolar macrophage (AM) immune receptor expression using flow cytometry (FC) in children is limited by several factors. (ersjournals.com)
- Hence, phagocytes represent only one component of a complex network of cellular and humoral factors interacting in defense, injury, and immune reaction. (psu.edu)
- The specific role of alveolar macrophages (AM) in modulating the local cellular immune response to antigens is controversial. (johnshopkins.edu)
- These observations demonstrate that human AM might either enhance immune function or exert an antiphlogistic effect within the alveolar milieu in response to inhaled foreign antigens. (johnshopkins.edu)
Respiratory4
- Normally, macrophages represent the majority of phagocytes in the lower respiratory tract. (psu.edu)
- The importance of these species in innate immunity was first recognized in phagocytes that underwent a "respiratory burst" after activation. (encyclopedia.pub)
- The mycoplasma colonise the respiratory tract of the pig, gradually spreading down the bronchial tree, damaging the muco-ciliary escalator system, allowing the accumulation of material in the alveolar spaces, which cause the typical gross lesions. (octagon-services.co.uk)
- Moreover, macrophages are prominent in the respiratory bronchioles of cigarette smokers, where emphysematous changes are first manifest. (atsjournals.org)
Defense2
- In healthy nonsmokers, macrophages comprise the major host defense cell in the lower airspace. (atsjournals.org)
- Macrophages provide front line defense against infections. (frontiersin.org)
Escalator1
- Most of those depositing in the gas-exchange region will be phagocytized by alveolar macrophages and cleared to and through the mucociliary escalator within a few weeks. (cdc.gov)
Subset1
- This study has demonstrated that a subset of mononuclear phagocytes, mature macrophages, are responsible for tumour necrosis factor secretion and this could have implications for targeted management in sarcoidosis in the future. (ersjournals.com)
Contribution1
- Some groups were splenectomized to determine the contribution of splenic macrophages. (expressextension.com)
MRNA1
- Our data demonstrate that apoptotic cell instillation after bleomycin results in immediate and prolonged enhancement of PPAR mRNA and protein in alveolar macrophages and lung. (docsbay.net)
Zebrafish1
- We also review novel aspects of macrophage biology revealed by zebrafish, which can potentiate development of new therapeutic strategies for humans. (frontiersin.org)
Tissue3
- Scientific evidence from a variety of sources is emerging that supports a primary role for the macrophage in regulating the inflammatory response and tissue destruction associated with COPD. (atsjournals.org)
- Immunohistochemical analysis of synovial tissue showed that a significantly greater percentage of RA macrophages (50±8%) as compared to either OA macrophages (5±2) or normal macrophages (1±0.3) reacted with anti-MCP-1 antibodies. (northwestern.edu)
- LEADING SCIENTISTS IN LIPOSOME … In the first study: six animals were divided in two groups … Adipose tissue, as well as the liver, was investigated for macrophage infiltration and the presence of inflammatory mediators. (expressextension.com)
Phagocytose1
- The analysis reported here, reveals that different mutants of A. fumigatus have a major influence on the ability of macrophages to adhere and to phagocytose the respective conidia. (ilrs.de)
Protein1
- When recombinant macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP-2) was intratracheally instilled into rats depleted of alveolar macrophages, PMN were recruited to their airspaces. (clodrosome.com)
Antigen1
- or 4) a fluorescent-labelled monoclonal antibody to CD68, a pan-macrophage antigen. (ersjournals.com)
Leukocyte1
- Reduced levels of TNF- α and IL-1 β and decreased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule- (ICAM-) 1, resulting in diminished interactions between the leukocyte and endothelium and reduced migration of phagocytes to inflammatory sites, have been suggested as possible causes for this increased susceptibility [ 19 - 21 ]. (hindawi.com)
Synovium1
- Taken together, these fundamental studies provided the basis that the synovial macrophages were derived from hematopoietic progenitors and represented a heterogeneous population in both normal and inflamed synovium. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
Glycoprotein1
- Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. (lookformedical.com)