Alternative tests animal testing alternatives. Medical search. Frequent questions

Therefore, the aim of the study, published in the ACS' journal Chemical Research in Toxicology , was to develop an in vitro predictive test based on the analysis and integration of gene expression and intracellular signaling profiles of chemical-exposed skin-derived dendritic cells. (cosmeticsdesign.com)
In order to support non-animal testing, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) India, in 2022, announced a grant of 7 lakh rupees in order to advance animal-free methods for toxicology testing. (thebusinessresearchcompany.com)
on the evolution of toxicology and phasing out of animal testing", ALTEX - Alternatives to animal experimentation , 25(2), pp. 91-96, 97. (altex.org)
16 National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. (nih.gov)
17 National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. (nih.gov)

Every year countless animals, including thousands of dogs and puppies, are used in painful and deadly toxicity tests performed to earn FDA approval for new drugs and medical devices. (house.gov)
For example, extensive evidence demonstrates that results from toxicity tests in animals-tests that attempt to determine how a substance such as a medicine or chemical may negatively affect human health-often don't accurately predict toxicity in humans. (hslf.org)

A total of 12,800 animals died due to Splenda experimentation. (thepetitionsite.com)
That animal experimentation costs about $20 billion of taxpayer money annually. (caringconsumer.com)
According to those numbers from the Cruelty Free International report about animal experimentation, the top ten countries amount to using 69.7 million animals for animal experiments every year. (caringconsumer.com)
All that animal experimentation could be going to waste, however. (caringconsumer.com)

The global non-animal alternatives testing market size grew from $1.78 billion in 2022 to $1.94 billion in 2023 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.2% . (thebusinessresearchcompany.com)
This informational website "Taiwan Alternatives to Animal Testing" is under the General Project of Science and Technology -「Establishment of Alternatives Testing Capacity and International Collaboration Mechanism」(2020-2023) supported by grant of Council of Agriculture (CoA), Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (nhri.org.tw)

Studies show that modern non-animal drug testing methods like organs-on-chips are more effective, economical, and humane. (house.gov)
Non-animal alternatives such as organs-on-chips , robotics, reconstructed human tissues, computer models and other advanced technologies are often far more accurate than using animals. (hslf.org)

Allowing the pharmaceutical industry and government agencies to utilize high-tech alternatives to wasteful and inhumane animal tests will save time, money, and animals' lives. (house.gov)
If you're not already fed up with how cruel-and potentially wasteful -animal testing is, keep reading. (caringconsumer.com)

PETA highlights that animal testing involves subjecting animals to painful experiments in a laboratory setting . (caringconsumer.com)
As a further demonstration of its commitment, Unilever also announced today that Dove, its largest Beauty & Personal Care brand, has gained accreditation by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA). (unilever.com)
PETA has also recognised Unilever's ongoing work on alternatives to animal testing, and its commitment to promoting their adoption worldwide. (unilever.com)

Two major alternatives to in vivo animal testing are in vitro cell culture techniques and in silico computer simulation. (wikipedia.org)
The "Alternatives" refer to implementation of in vitro tests, in chemico analysis, or in silico modeling for toxicity prediction, instead of using in vivo or animal tests. (nhri.org.tw)
Union ban on in vivo testing of cosmetic and toiletry that allowed a ranking of reactivity as minimal, low, moderate, ingredients following the publication of the Seventh Amend- and high. (cdc.gov)

The report published by the EC stresses the continued commitment in Europe and worldwide to find alternative approaches. (cosmeticsdesign-europe.com)
The webinar focuses on the standard information requirements for REACH registration, including the following endpoints: Skin corrosion and irritation Serious eye damage and eye irritation Skin sensitisation Acute toxicity The webinar explains recent developments in alternative methods and approaches to address these endpoints, including their recent REACH Annex revisions. (norecopa.no)
Please join us at booth #34 to meet our representatives who are looking forward to discussing trends and New Methodologies in Alternative Approaches (NAMs) to toxicological research, as well providing updates on services offered by our organization! (iivs.org)
Gaithersburg, MD - May 8, 2019 - The Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Inc. (IIVS) has received a grant from the European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (EPAA) to support its annual training of Chinese scientists in non-animal testing methods. (iivs.org)
As part of the agreement, two scientists from BASF SE, a member of EPAA, will join IIVS to provide hands-on training in China for four non-animal approaches for skin sensitization. (iivs.org)
Moving toward species-relevant chemical safety assessments and away from animal testing requires access to reliable data to develop and build confidence in new approaches. (nih.gov)
These new ICE features allow users to explore the applications of an expanded data space and facilitate building confidence in non-animal approaches. (nih.gov)
David Blanchard, Chief Research and Development Officer at Unilever, explained, "Animal testing for cosmetics has been banned in the EU since 2013, and we hope that an adoption of similar bans in other countries will accelerate the regulatory acceptance of alternative approaches and thereby remove any requirements for any animal testing for cosmetics anywhere in the world. (unilever.com)

Other alternatives include the use of humans for skin irritancy tests and donated human blood for pyrogenicity studies. (wikipedia.org)
He says that testing product ingredients prior to marketing is important, because allergic contact dermatitis is the most prevalent form of immunotoxicity in humans. (cosmeticsdesign.com)
Because animals and humans are very different, results from animal tests are often not applicable to people, yet we continue these largely futile attempts to find answers to human diseases by experimenting on animals. (hslf.org)
Opioid effects Morphine makes chronic nerve pain worse, according to a new animal study, but some experts question whether the study's findings are relevant to humans. (abc.net.au)
The biology and chemistry between animals and humans are completely different. (thepetitionsite.com)
Working with actual humans or artificial skin allows for a lesser dose of the product, a smaller waiting period, and no expenses or deaths of animals. (thepetitionsite.com)
At the heart of the animal rights debate is the issue of how humans and animals should interact with each other. (encyclopedia.com)
Are animals a natural resource for humans to use as they choose? (encyclopedia.com)
Evolutionary science holds that humans are animals that have changed and adapted over hundreds of thousands of years to take on their current form. (encyclopedia.com)
Some scientists believe that humans and other primates shared a common ancestor millions of years ago and that at some point human animals split off to form their own evolutionary path. (encyclopedia.com)
Some scientists believe that humans were in awe of the wild and fierce animals that they hunted. (encyclopedia.com)
Even though little is known for certain about the religious beliefs of the time, it is thought that prehistoric humans believed in a hidden world inhabited by the spirits of their dead ancestors, animals, and birds. (encyclopedia.com)
Anthropologists theorize that humans may have believed that they could capture the spirits (and thus the fierceness, strength, and speed) of wild animals by eating their flesh. (encyclopedia.com)
Likewise, some wild animals may have been worshipped as gods by early humans. (encyclopedia.com)
The habitats and food supplies for both humans and animals began to change. (encyclopedia.com)
Scientists believe that mammoths and many other large animals were driven to extinction around 10,000 BC because of climate changes, over-hunting by humans, or both. (encyclopedia.com)
Humans turned to hunting smaller animals and began gathering and cultivating plants in centralized locations. (encyclopedia.com)

In conjunction with other in vitro tests, the results of this assay. (iivs.org)

The European Union must invest more in next-generation, non-animal chemical safety assessments to achieve its European Green Deal goals, and there are opportunities in in silico methods, says Cruelty Free Europe. (cosmeticsdesign-europe.com)

However, some claim they are not true alternatives because simulations use data from prior animal experiments and cell cultures often require animal derived products, such as serum or cells. (wikipedia.org)
However, even though cell or tissue culture methods may reduce the number of experiments performed on intact animals, the maintenance of cells in culture normally requires the use of animal-derived serum. (wikipedia.org)
Fewer animals will suffer in experiments in California laboratories thanks to a bill sponsored by the Humane Society of the United States and signed into law by Governor Gavin Newsom on Sunday. (hslf.org)
By expanding the list of non-animal alternatives that laboratories are required to use, the new law ensures that more animal experiments will be replaced. (hslf.org)
To ensure compliance and to better understand the true scope of animals used in experiments, the law includes a first of its kind mandate that laboratories submit an annual report to the state with the number and type of animals and alternatives they have used to test pesticides, food additives and chemicals. (hslf.org)
Due to limitations in federal law, animal testing facilities are only required to disclose information about certain animal species in their care, which does not include the vast majority of animals used in experiments in the U.S. Facilities are also not required to disclose what types of experiments they are performing on animals. (hslf.org)
We believe that a reliance on outdated animal experiments is preventing us from understanding how chemicals and household products might be negatively affecting people's health and hindering potential cures and breakthroughs in medicine. (hslf.org)
Our goal is to ultimately phase out animal experiments in favor of the sophisticated non-animal technologies-which are under continual development-by collaborating with legislators, scientists, companies, government agencies and the public. (hslf.org)
If Johnson & Johnson value the opinion of their consumers and the lives of countless animals, Johnson and Johnson should completely stop conducting experiments on animals. (thepetitionsite.com)
Consumers are fed up with animal testing, the gruesome practice of testing products with animal research for medical experiments, makeup testing, chemical testing, and more. (caringconsumer.com)
A Red Orange Peach report claims that over 100 million animal experiments are conducted in the United States every year. (caringconsumer.com)
According to the American Anti-Vivisection Society , guinea pigs are the most common research animals, representing 22% of all animal experiments. (caringconsumer.com)

A team of scientists in Portugal are working on a new non-animal method of testing for skin sensitivity and help eliminate the need for animals in cosmetics testing once and for all. (cosmeticsdesign.com)
The scientists describe development of a cell-based alternative test that enlists genes and signaling pathways in mouse skin cells growing in the laboratory. (cosmeticsdesign.com)
For example, in Maryland, a new law will require that animal laboratories contribute to a research fund to provide grants for scientists developing non-animal research alternatives. (hslf.org)
When you think of animal tests, you might think of a mouse or rat running around a maze with curious scientists looking on. (caringconsumer.com)
and to build capability for the long-term by investing in the training of future safety scientists in non-animal 'next generation' risk assessments. (unilever.com)

The testing of cosmetic products directly onto an animal can be minimized or eliminated by the use of in vitro cell growth and development. (wikipedia.org)
The Cosmetics Directive prohibits animal testing in the EU of finished cosmetic products since 2004, and animal testing of ingredients of cosmetic products is prohibited since 2009. (cosmeticsdesign-europe.com)
A marketing ban is also in place in the EU which prohibits selling cosmetic products containing ingredients which have been tested on animals irrespective of the place of the testing after March 2009. (cosmeticsdesign-europe.com)
For many of the tests needed to ensure the safety of cosmetic products, the EC claims alternative methods are developed and validated by now. (cosmeticsdesign-europe.com)
While animals, largely mice, remain extensively used for medical research and testing, the European Union implemented a ban on all animal testing for cosmetic products and cosmetics ingredients under its Cosmetics Regulation 1223/2009 in 2013. (cosmeticsdesign-europe.com)
However, under the European Chemicals Agency ECHA's REACH regulation 1907/2006 , certain aspects require or enable animal testing - notably testing for environmental endpoints like aquatic toxicity, the pre-registration of some new chemical substances and registering of chemicals used in non-cosmetic products. (cosmeticsdesign-europe.com)

The move followed an initial ban on testing for finished products in 2004 and ingredients in 2009. (cosmeticsdesign-europe.com)
Although, once these ingredients were integrated into cosmetic formulations, further animal testing was prohibited. (cosmeticsdesign-europe.com)
The non-animal alternatives testing is testing products and services that do not involve testing on animals to determine the safety and efficacy of products and ingredients used in any industry sector. (thebusinessresearchcompany.com)
In March 2013, the EU banned the marketing of cosmetics containing ingredients that had been tested on animals. (unilever.com)

These technologies replace animal testing in end-use industries including pharmaceuticals, medical devices, chemicals and pesticides, food, and others. (thebusinessresearchcompany.com)
The new law builds on one passed in 2000 that requires laboratories that test products such as pesticides, household products and industrial chemicals to replace animal tests with non-animal alternatives. (hslf.org)
And in Massachusetts, a bill similar to the one in California would mandate that companies use alternative test methods when they are available for products such as cosmetics, pesticides, industrial chemicals and household cleaners. (hslf.org)
For years, many advanced countries have been dedicating in the development and verification and adoption of non-animal alternatives for chemical safety assessment in regulatory use, such as industrial chemicals, pesticides, animal drugs, food and feed additives, and cosmetics. (nhri.org.tw)

In August 2010, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) published the Test Guideline 439 which describes the new procedure for in vitro hazard identification of irritant chemicals. (wikipedia.org)
The sensitizing potential of chemicals is currently assessed using animal models. (cosmeticsdesign.com)
A drive to better understand all the chemicals we are exposed to must be underpinned by investment in scientifically sound non-animal hazard testing methods, exposure monitoring methods and risk assessment strategies. (cosmeticsdesign-europe.com)

As Humane Society International highlights, for example, over 12 million animals are experimented on within Europe every year, particularly for medical research. (caringconsumer.com)
London/Rotterdam - Unilever today announced its support for a global ban on animal testing for cosmetics as part of an ambitious new collaboration with animal protection leader Humane Society International (HSI). (unilever.com)

Following the methodology described in OECD Test Guideline 497, KeratinoSens is an alternative to animal testing methods necessary for the purpose of hazard identification. (iivs.org)

Despite this commitment and progress in research finding alternative methods for testing, the Commission says these remaining 'complex endpoints' will not be possible by the 2013 deadline. (cosmeticsdesign-europe.com)

While the skin sensitization hazard of substances can readily be identified using non-animal methods, the classification of potency into UN GHS sub-categories 1A and 1B remains challenging. (iivs.org)
In a notice issued on March 22, the NMPA drafted acceptance of nine test methods including: Direct Peptide Reaction Assay (DPRA) for Skin Sensitization (OECD TG 442C) Short Time Exposure Assay (STE) for eye irritation (OECD TG 491) These new regulations will go into effect January. (iivs.org)
In the interest of reducing animal use, in vitro alternatives for by Langerhans cells (LC) and the induction of specific T skin sensitization testing are under development. (cdc.gov)
The results of these investigations reveal that measurement of peptide reactivity has considerable potential the development of alternative methods for skin sensitization utility as a screening approach for skin sensitization testing, and testing. (cdc.gov)

The 3T3 Neutral Red Uptake (NRU) Phototoxicity Test, approved by the OECD, detects the viability of 3T3 cells after exposure to a chemical in the presence or absence of light. (wikipedia.org)
Rob Taalman, science and research director of Cosmetics Europe, recently said next-generation in vitro safety assessments for cosmetics would see good uptake in the coming years , though, becoming accepted by regulators and public alike as "robust and powerful" alternatives to animal studies. (cosmeticsdesign-europe.com)

We estimate that more than 50 million dogs, cats, monkeys, rats and other animals are currently suffering in U.S. testing facilities and nearly 4.5 million of them are languishing in California laboratories. (hslf.org)

Gaithersburg, MD - April 3, 2019 - The Institute for In Vitro Sciences (IIVS) applauds China's National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) for their acceptance of certain non-animal (alternative) test methods for the regulation of cosmetics. (iivs.org)

Alternatives to animal testing are the development and implementation of test methods that avoid the use of live animals. (wikipedia.org)
However, it is still currently assessing the impacts of the implementation of the full marketing ban by 2013 (environmental, animal welfare, economic and social) and on the basis of that assessment the EC will decide whether or not to make a proposal in relation to the marketing ban. (cosmeticsdesign-europe.com)
Committing to the 3R spirit (i.e. reduction, replacement and refinement of the use of animals in research), the development and implementation of alternative test methods to animal testing has gradually become a global trend. (nhri.org.tw)

However, ethical and economic concerns and the recent European legislative framework triggered intensive research efforts in the development and validation of alternative methods. (cosmeticsdesign.com)
This research and development has not only reduced the number of animals used in testing, it is at the same time yielding important results in terms of better science to the benefit of consumer safety. (cosmeticsdesign-europe.com)
However, she acknowledged that current procedures to validate and approve such alternatives remained "so time consuming" it often hindered research efforts in this area. (cosmeticsdesign-europe.com)
This non-animal alternatives testing market research report provides a comprehensive view of everything you require, including an in-depth analysis of the industry's current and future scenario. (thebusinessresearchcompany.com)
All medicines and treatments go through stringent testing in the lab (pre-clinical research) and in small groups of patients (clinical research). (thebusinessresearchcompany.com)
The report provides an extensive overview of activities undertaken by EURL ECVAM and its collaborators covering major research projects, test method validation studies and peer reviews, regulatory acceptance and adoption of alternative methods at an international level, initiatives to boost knowledge sharing across sectors and communities, and activities to bring the Three Rs into the classroom. (eurogroupforanimals.org)
Open Access) Search tool that retrieves PubMed citations on alternatives to the use of live vertebrates in biomedical research and testing. (rutgers.edu)
The National Institute of Health (NIH), a medical research center, allows the public to volunteer to be tested on with it's Clinical Research Volunteer Program. (thepetitionsite.com)
By standard, animal research involves removing animals from their natural environment. (caringconsumer.com)
But there's no ambiguity about the suffering that laboratory animals go through in the name of research. (caringconsumer.com)
In the sections below I've highlighted some startling statistics about the use of animals in scientific research. (caringconsumer.com)
Some are more regularly used in animal research than others. (caringconsumer.com)

The NIH reports that 90 percent of drugs that pass these animal tests fail in human trials because they are toxic or ineffective. (house.gov)

Refinement refers to methods that alleviate or minimize potential pain, suffering, or distress, and enhance animal welfare for the animals used. (wikipedia.org)
Congresswoman Titus has a long history of fighting for animal welfare in Congress and will continue to prioritize their safety. (house.gov)

There is widespread agreement that a reduction in the number of animals used and the refinement of testing to reduce suffering should be important goals for the industries involved. (wikipedia.org)

The kinetic direct peptide reactivity assay (kDPRA) is a modification of the DPRA (OECD TG 442C) wherein the reaction kinetics of a test substance towards a synthetic cysteine-containing peptide is evaluated. (iivs.org)
For this purpose, several concentrations of the test substance are incubated with the synthetic peptide for several incubation times at 25°C. After. (iivs.org)

Furthermore, microphysiological system-based assays may revolutionize our current global programs of prioritization of hazard characterization for any new substances to be used, for example, in agriculture, food, ecosystems or cosmetics, thus replacing the use of laboratory animal models. (altex.org)

It is believed that for a chemical to function as a contact thereby for reducing reliance on animal-based test methods. (cdc.gov)

The expectation is that test systems established on this basis will model various disease stages and predict toxicity, immunogenicity, ADME profiles and treatment efficacy prior to clinical testing. (altex.org)
The remaining percentage of animal tests and clinical trials are split relatively evenly among the above animal species. (caringconsumer.com)

Fungi like Cunninghamella elegans can be used as a microbial model of mammalian drug metabolism thereby reducing the need for laboratory animals. (wikipedia.org)

We applaud California for leading the way to increase transparency about the number and species of animals used in these types of tests. (hslf.org)

Dove's cruelty-free status has been granted in recognition of the brand's commitment to not conduct any tests on animals anywhere in the world. (unilever.com)

Most nonhuman primates basically had a vegetarian diet, but human primates began capturing small animals and scavenging for meat from carcasses left behind by predators such as lions. (encyclopedia.com)

To eliminate unnecessary government-mandated animal testing and facilitate greater use of modern alternative methods, we request that the FDA develop and release Guidance for Industry on how alternatives to animal testing can be used to meet regulatory requirements. (house.gov)

Speaking to CosmeticsDesign-Europe, Dr Mojgan Moddaresi, regulatory expert and director of cosmetics compliance firm Personal Care Regulatory, said when it came to chemical safety assessment within cosmetics, it would be important industry looked to animal alternatives wherever possible. (cosmeticsdesign-europe.com)
"If REACH and ECHA would like to reduce animal testing in industry, they should reduce the bureaucracy in approving new alternative methods for evaluating the chemical safety," she said. (cosmeticsdesign-europe.com)
Stringent regulations related to safety, efficacy, and quality are projected to act as a major challenge for players operating in the non-animal alternative testing market. (thebusinessresearchcompany.com)
Companies experiment on animals to test the safety of their product. (thepetitionsite.com)

Guiding principles for more ethical use of animals in testing are the Three Rs (3Rs) first described by Russell and Burch in 1959. (wikipedia.org)
People answer these questions differently depending on their cultural practices, religious and ethical beliefs, and everyday experiences with animals. (encyclopedia.com)

Reduction refers to methods that enable researchers to obtain comparable levels of information from fewer animals, or to obtain more information from the same number of animals. (wikipedia.org)

Non-animal methods offer countless possibilities to improve our understanding of human biology and help us protect people and the environment from potential toxins in everyday products and will only continue to improve over time. (hslf.org)
Johnson & Johnson supply to those that require animal testing on products by law. (thepetitionsite.com)
There are new alternatives to testing products for consumers. (thepetitionsite.com)
It will now list Unilever as a 'company working for regulatory change', which indicates that Unilever conducts no tests on animals unless specifically required by law for any of its brands or products. (unilever.com)

However, Taiwan still needs to catch it up with efforts to increase the domestic testing capacity, disseminate the knowledge of alternatives, and join the international cooperation activities. (nhri.org.tw)

Much of the time this method of cosmetic testing is less time-consuming and less expensive than alternative choices. (wikipedia.org)
Drug makers and taxpayer-funded federal agencies should not be forced to waste time and money to poison, de-bark and kill puppies in outdated tests when more efficient and cost-effective alternatives are available. (house.gov)
the drugs you take have, at one time, been tested on a live animal. (abc.net.au)
To understand how the debate has evolved over the centuries, it is necessary to examine history and see how the human-animal relationship developed and changed over time. (encyclopedia.com)

Today Congresswoman Dina Titus (NV-01), a member of the Congressional Animal Protection Caucus, was joined by Rep. Brian Mast (R-FL) in sending a letter to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Commissioner Robert Califf, M.D. requesting that the FDA develop and release Guidance for Industry on alternatives to animal testing. (house.gov)
People may have offered sacrifices of animals or other food to keep the spirits happy. (encyclopedia.com)

Another alternative is so-called microdosing, in which the basic behaviour of drugs is assessed using human volunteers receiving doses well below those expected to produce whole-body effects. (wikipedia.org)
Human skin equivalent tests can be used to replace animal-based corrosive and irritative studies. (wikipedia.org)
The government organizations enforce laws and regulations, raise funds to support non-animal testing methods such as tests on human volunteers, and advanced computer-modeling techniques, and also fund studies with human volunteers. (thebusinessresearchcompany.com)
Or are animals free beings with the right to live their lives without human interference? (encyclopedia.com)
Biologists classify the human animal as a member of the order Primate, along with chimpanzees and gorillas. (encyclopedia.com)
This major shift from nomadic life to settled existence had a tremendous effect on the human-animal relationship. (encyclopedia.com)

A great deal of animal testing has been conducted by the cosmetics industry, although that's been outlawed in Europe since 2009. (caringconsumer.com)

A wide variety of species are used in animal testing. (caringconsumer.com)
Not all animal species are used equally in animal testing. (caringconsumer.com)

The vast majority of prehistoric cave drawings depict animals, not people. (encyclopedia.com)

But getting government regulators to formally accept non-animal methods and companies to use them is another essential piece of the puzzle. (hslf.org)

The European Commission has presented its yearly report to the European Parliament and Council highlighting the development of alternative methods to animal testing in cosmetics, but is yet to confirm the full marketing ban will be implemented by 2013. (cosmeticsdesign-europe.com)

Additionally, the bill includes funding for the development of alternative test methods. (iivs.org)

If Johnson & Johnson transitioned to an all 'cruelty-free' stance, there is no doubt Johnson & Johnson will gain supporters from animal activists and others alike. (thepetitionsite.com)

Chemicals and Drugs1

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment4

Phenomena and Processes1

Information Science2

Toxicology5

Toxicity tests2

Experimentation4

20232

Organs-on-chips2

Wasteful2

PETA3

Vivo3

Approaches8

Humans17

Vitro tests1

Chemical safety assessments1

Experiments12

Scientists5

Cosmetic products6

Ingredients4

Pesticides4

Chemicals3

Humane Society Inter2

Guideline1

Endpoints1

Skin Sensitization4

Uptake2

Monkeys1

Regulation1

Implementation3

Research12

Fail1

Welfare2

Refinement1

Peptide2

Hazard1

Reliance1

Clinical2

Laboratory animals1

Applaud1

Commitment1

Primates1

Meet regulatory requirements1

Safety4

Ethical2

Fewer1

Products4

Capacity1

Time4

Food2

Human6

Industry1

Species2

Vast majority1

Regulators1

Methods to animal1

Development of alternative1

Alike1