AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceNamed GroupsHealth Care
MeiosisAllelesChromosome PairingSpores, FungalSpermatocytesChromosome SegregationMutationOocytesSynaptonemal ComplexMeiotic Prophase IGenotypeProphaseMolecular Sequence DataRecombination, GeneticCrossing Over, GeneticNondisjunction, GeneticSpermatogenesisGene FrequencyPolymorphism, GeneticPhenotypeChromatidsChromosomesBase SequenceCentromerePachytene StageMitosisSaccharomyces cerevisiaeCell Cycle ProteinsMetaphaseOogenesisHaploidyChromosomes, FungalSchizosaccharomyces pombe ProteinsSchizosaccharomycesSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsAmino Acid SequenceDiploidyPolymorphism, Single NucleotideChromosome MappingGerm CellsSpindle ApparatusHeterozygoteCrosses, GeneticModels, GeneticHomozygoteTestisGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseFungal ProteinsGenetic VariationChromosomal Proteins, Non-HistoneHaplotypesGenes, FungalAnaphasePolymerase Chain ReactionGenetic MarkersGametogenesisNuclear ProteinsKinetochoresProto-Oncogene Proteins c-mosCaenorhabditis elegansSpermatozoaDNA-Binding ProteinsDNA, FungalGametogenesis, PlantSequence Analysis, DNACaenorhabditis elegans ProteinsSex ChromosomesChromosomes, PlantSpermatidsCyclin BGenetic LinkageMicrosatellite RepeatsGene Expression Regulation, FungalStarfishPollenDNA PrimersAneuploidyCloning, MolecularCoprinusGene DeletionCell NucleusOvumDrosophila ProteinsDNA Breaks, Double-StrandedDNAGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalRNA, MessengerX ChromosomeDrosophila melanogasterDrosophilaPolymorphism, Restriction Fragment LengthMicrotubulesFertilizationLinkage DisequilibriumProtein-Serine-Threonine KinasesSeparaseMaturation-Promoting FactorPedigreeModels, BiologicalOvary
RecessiveGeneHeterozygousSegregationGenotypeMitosis and meiosisPhenotypeHomozygousIndependent assortmentProphase I of meiosisRecombinationOrganismChromosomes duringCombinationsSingle nucleotide variantsHomologous chromosomes pairNucleotideIdenticalLociGameteVariationMetaphaseZygoteChromatidsNondisjunctionProteinAnaphaseStage of meiosisGermMale meiosisPerson'sSomaticSequencesMeioticParentalDefectiveUndergoPachytene stageTetradEukaryotesGeneticsMalesGeneticallyCellDiploidCopiesCrossingReplicationSpermMolecularSexual reproductionMutationsMutationCarriersEfficiently
Recessive18
  • Some alleles dominate other aleles, so that even though the recessive allele is present in the organism's genome, only the dominant allele is expressed. (pbworks.com)
  • In the canonical example, if a line of pure breeding tall pea plants (dominant allele, genotype TT) gets crossed with a line of pure breeding short pea plants (recessive allele, genotype tt), the new plants will all be tall - their genotype is Tt, and the T allele is dominating the t allele. (pbworks.com)
  • It can be used to determine whether the allele for a disease is dominant or recessive - recessive diseases skip generations while dominant ones do not. (pbworks.com)
  • Thus it becomes clear that both alleles of heterozygote separate during, meiosis (gametogenesis) to produce gametes with only one chromosome with either dominant allele or recessive allele. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • Colorblindness is more common in males than in females because the allele for colorblindness is recessive and located on the X chromosome. (proprofs.com)
  • This means that males, who have only one X chromosome, are more likely to express the recessive allele if they inherit it. (proprofs.com)
  • Females, on the other hand, have two X chromosomes, so they are more likely to be carriers of the recessive allele without showing the trait themselves. (proprofs.com)
  • The CF allele is recessive! (proprofs.com)
  • Assuming that plant height is controlled by a single gene, use genetic symbols to explain the F1 phenotype, and indicate the relationship between the two alleles (e.g., dominant, or recessive, or Éetc. (collepals.com)
  • In corn, a color in the aleurone (part of the seed) arises from the dominant allele A. The recessive allele, a, produces an aleurones with no color. (collepals.com)
  • Leaf color is controlled by a second, linked gene, L. The recessive allele, l, causes plants to become yellow, whereas the dominant L allele confers a green leaf color. (collepals.com)
  • Gregor Mendel's monohybrid crosses, between pea plants that differed in a single trait, demonstrated that (1) organisms randomly inherit one of two copies of each gene from each parent (Mendel's first law, segregation), and (2) the dominant allele can mask the recessive allele's effects on phenotype (the principle of uniformity). (jove.com)
  • It is also to be noted that an allele of the gene is only expressed when it becomes dominant and not recessive. (onlyzoology.com)
  • Alleles can be dominant or recessive. (texas.gov)
  • Recessive alleles are only expressed if both of a person's alleles are recessive. (texas.gov)
  • If a person has one dominant allele and one recessive, he is called a carrier . (texas.gov)
  • Classic albinism is a recessive allele. (texas.gov)
  • Alternative types of a particular gene are called alleles, and they are able to be dominant or recessive. (utoronto.ca)
Gene26
  • Mutation creates the different versions (or alleles) of the same gene. (utah.edu)
  • They have no second allele to mask the effects of a defective gene. (utah.edu)
  • As explained in the opinion, the claimed method involves determining haplotype phase, i.e ., 'a process for determining the parent from whom alleles- i.e ., versions of a gene-are inherited. (jdsupra.com)
  • Homologous chromosomes contain the same gene loci but may have different alleles of a particular gene. (classassignmentwriters.com)
  • Expected number of mismatches between two alleles of a gene in a population? (stackexchange.com)
  • I can't find any article about the expected number of mismatches in alignment of two alleles of an assumed gene. (stackexchange.com)
  • suppose we have 10 alleles for a gene in a population. (stackexchange.com)
  • The model postulates that each organism has 2 "alleles" (variants) of each gene, but only one variant is expressed as a trait in the actual organism (i.e. expressed phenotypically). (pbworks.com)
  • Each gamete of the organism contains one allele of a gene, with a 50% chance of containing one of the organism's alleles and a 50% of containing the other. (pbworks.com)
  • Humans have two chromosomes - so each person contains two alleles of each gene, one on each chromosome. (pbworks.com)
  • Discontinuous variation often can be explained genetically by different forms of a gene called alleles: in an example from peas, Y is the allele for the yellow phenotype, and y for green. (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
  • Nonsister chromatids contain different alleles of the same gene at the same loci. (differencebetween.com)
  • ALso, both sister and nonsister chromatids contain alleles of the same gene. (differencebetween.com)
  • On the other hand, nonsister chromatids are the chromatids of a homologous chromosome pair that contain different alleles of the same gene at the same loci. (differencebetween.com)
  • Gene is a broader term than allele. (onlyzoology.com)
  • In simple words, a gene is a functional piece of DNA for a specific trait, while alleles are a different variation of that gene. (onlyzoology.com)
  • A gene makes a protein while alleles produce different phenotypes related to what the gene makes. (onlyzoology.com)
  • Gene is a single unit for one trait while the alleles occur in pairs. (onlyzoology.com)
  • So, it is pretty much clear that a gene can have two or more alleles. (onlyzoology.com)
  • Each allele is a different version of the same gene. (onlyzoology.com)
  • For example: The gene for eye color can have allele for back eye, grey eye, or brown eye. (onlyzoology.com)
  • Yes, mutations can create a new allele (variation of the gene) by altering the nucleotide sequence of the gene. (onlyzoology.com)
  • Just like the concept that mutation creates new genes, the thing is same for the concept that mutations can also create new alleles of the gene. (onlyzoology.com)
  • The chances (probability) of creating new alleles of the same gene is more than creating all new genes with all new alleles. (onlyzoology.com)
  • So, with this example, it can be clearly understood that the color of the butterfly's offspring changed due to the formation of a new allele as a result of mutations that had occurred in the body color gene of the parent butterfly. (onlyzoology.com)
  • Different versions of a gene are called alleles . (texas.gov)
Heterozygous6
  • The only tissue that had high levels of Cre-mediated recombination was the testis, where recombination in spermatocytes occurred by early prophase of meiosis I. As a consequence, males that were double heterozygous for a Wisp3GFP-Cre and a floxed allele only contributed a recombined allele to their offspring. (harvard.edu)
  • We detected no evidence of Cre-mediated recombination in the female ovary, although when double heterozygous females contributed the reporter allele to their offspring it had recombined ~7% of the time. (harvard.edu)
  • If the alleles are different, the individual is heterozygous. (genome.gov)
  • This parental (P 0 ) generation produced offspring (F 1 generation) that were all heterozygous with dominant phenotypes. (jove.com)
  • In case the mutation occurs in only 1 allele in the homozygous pair, the circumstance is known as heterozygous mutation. (utoronto.ca)
  • The parasite population shows unusual genetics consistent with a lack of meiosis: a high level of heterozygous sites shared across all isolates and no decrease in linkage with genomic distance between variants. (cdc.gov)
Segregation3
  • a larger distance between the genes on the chromosome indicates a higher chance of crossover during the tetrad pairing in meiosis and thus a more "independent" segregation. (pbworks.com)
  • The cytological basis of segregation of alleles can be explained if we take the example of an individual which possesses two allelomorphs 'A' and 'a' on two different homologous chromosomes i.e. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • law of segregation: Mendelian principle explaining that because each plant has two different alleles, it can produce two different types of gametes. (flashcardstash.com)
Genotype3
Mitosis and meiosis3
Phenotype7
  • To confirm that Wisp3 knockout mice have no phenotype and to identify potential sites of endogenous Wisp3 expression, we generated mice with a knockin allele (Wisp3GFP-Cre) designed to express Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) and Cre-recombinase instead of WISP3. (harvard.edu)
  • if even one copy of a functional allele is present, the protein is produced and the allele's phenotype is expressed! (pbworks.com)
  • Furthermore, dominance and recession are not the only two interactions alleles can have with each other - in incomplete dominance, the phenotypes of the alleles blend (red flower + white flower = pink flower), while in codominance both phenotype are expressed in different locations (red flower + yellow flower = patchy red and yellow flower). (pbworks.com)
  • The alleles for blood groups lA and lB are codominant, which means that both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype. (proprofs.com)
  • When self-fertilized, the dihybrids consistently produced progeny with a 9:3:3:1 ratio of four possible phenotype combinations. (jove.com)
  • Because the Y allele is dominant (written as a capital) the Yy individual is yellow phenotype. (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
  • In any event, the expression phenotype includes traits or characteristics that may be produced visible by some technical procedure. (swanscleanersnyc.com)
Homozygous2
  • If the two alleles are the same, the individual is homozygous for that allele. (genome.gov)
  • This and only this allele, if homozygous, produces an effect that results in death at or about the time of birth. (excellingpaper.com)
Independent assortment13
Prophase I of meiosis1
Recombination13
Organism3
  • For instance, when a sexually reproducing organism inherits a defective or "broken" allele that codes for a non-functional protein, the second copy can often make up for the loss. (utah.edu)
  • An organism that captures energy from sunlight (or sometimes non-living substances) to produce its own energy-yielding food. (edrawmind.com)
  • Kenneth Raper is best known for his work on Penicillium , the organism which produces the antibiotic Penicillin, as well as his work on slime molds. (unc.edu)
Chromosomes during1
Combinations2
  • In this case, new combinations of alleles are not produced since the sister chromosomes are usually identical. (wikipedia.org)
  • The crossover process leads to offspring having different combinations of genes from those of their parents, and can occasionally produce new chimeric alleles. (wikipedia.org)
Single nucleotide variants1
  • So in this case, if you assume that most alleles consist of single nucleotide variants (probably not true, but a helpful simplifying assumption), you can deduce that nearly all 'alleles' thus defined will differ from each other at a single nucleotide position . (stackexchange.com)
Homologous chromosomes pair2
Nucleotide2
  • I am going to define as an 'allele' any nucleotide difference between two sequences. (stackexchange.com)
  • At the lowest possible size an allele can be a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). (stackexchange.com)
Identical5
  • Sister chromatids are identical copies of each other produced during DNA replication. (classassignmentwriters.com)
  • Meiosis has two divisions resulting in 4 haploid cells, whereas mitosis has one division resulting in 2 diploid cells identical to the parent cell. (classassignmentwriters.com)
  • It is the type of cell division where one cell divides to produce two genetically identical daughter cells. (vedantu.com)
  • Linkage refers to the tendency of DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together during the meiosis phase of sexual reproduction while crossing over refers to the exchange of genes between two chromosomes, resulting in non-identical chromatids that comprise the genetic material of gametes. (pediaa.com)
  • Mitosis, by comparison, produces two new cells which are virtually identical to their parent cells in form and structure. (utoronto.ca)
Loci2
Gamete1
  • Although a detailed molecular understanding of these distorters has remained elusive, cytological observations indicated that a bias towards male gamete production in Aedes is associated with preferential breakage of the X chromosome during male meiosis, thus suggesting one possible mechanism of action 6 . (nature.com)
Variation5
Metaphase6
Zygote2
  • In plants, the status of over two alleles in a zygote isn't always detrimental. (eurocontrolli.com)
  • The root where homo usually means the very same, zyg denotes the zygote where the two unique versions of an allele you've came together. (utoronto.ca)
Chromatids4
Nondisjunction4
  • The hybrid was the result of nondisjunction during meiosis I for both of the parent species. (studyxapp.com)
  • Which of the following disorders does NOT result from nondisjunction in meiosis? (proprofs.com)
  • Sickle cell disease is not caused by nondisjunction in meiosis. (proprofs.com)
  • Nondisjunction in meiosis can lead to an abnormal number of chromosomes in the resulting cells, which is the cause of Down syndrome, Turner's syndrome, and Klinefelter's syndrome. (proprofs.com)
Protein5
  • In humans and mice, hotspots are specified by PRDM9, a meiosis-specific PRDM family protein (Baudat et al. (springer.com)
  • In a cell, antisense DNA serves as the template for producing messenger RNA (mRNA), which directs the synthesis of a protein. (genome.gov)
  • Now if you think about it, this could cause a problem when it comes to the amount of protein each gender produces from its sex chromosomes. (drwile.com)
  • This, of course, would indicate that the single active X chromosome is producing twice as much protein as any single autosome. (drwile.com)
  • Albinism is a condition where a person does not produce any melanin, the protein that gives color to our skin, hair and eyes. (texas.gov)
Anaphase1
Stage of meiosis1
Germ2
Male meiosis1
  • We therefore hypothesized that the selective induction of DNA double-stranded breaks in the X chromosome during male meiosis might be a potential strategy to distort the sex ratio of the progeny towards male mosquitoes, if the normal production of Y-bearing gametes was unaffected ( Fig. 1a ). (nature.com)
Person's1
  • In meiosis, the genetic information inherited from a person's mother and father is recombined through crossing over (exchange between homologous chromosomes). (msdmanuals.com)
Somatic1
  • Such mutations causing the formation of a new allele can occur either in the somatic cell or majorly in the gametic cell during cell division. (onlyzoology.com)
Sequences2
Meiotic3
  • As CXXC1 is orthologous to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Spp1 that links DSB sites to the DSB machinery on the chromosome axis, we propose that these molecular interactions involved in the regulation of meiotic DSB formation are conserved in mouse meiosis. (springer.com)
  • At least three distinct meiotic drive alleles, one on each S. kambucha chromosome, independently contribute to hybrid infertility by causing nonrandom spore death. (elifesciences.org)
  • In addition, it provides further support for models in which genetic conflicts, such as those caused by meiotic drive alleles, can drive speciation. (elifesciences.org)
Parental3
Defective1
  • If these genes have defects, or mutations , in them, they produce defective proteins. (texas.gov)
Undergo1
  • In contrast, in sand flies they undergo transformation into promastigotes, where they can still reproduce clonally but can also undergo meiosis to complete sexual reproduction ( 18 , 19 ), although sexual reproduction is not obligatory for transmission. (cdc.gov)
Pachytene stage1
Tetrad1
Eukaryotes1
  • [7] In eukaryotes, true sexual reproduction by meiosis and cell fusion is thought to have arisen in the last eukaryotic common ancestor , possibly via several processes of varying success, and then to have persisted. (wikizero.com)
Genetics1
Males1
  • Asexual reproduction can proceed by budding, fission, or spore formation and does not involve the union of gametes, which accordingly results in a much faster rate of reproduction compared to sexual reproduction, where 50% of offspring are males and unable to produce offspring themselves. (wikizero.com)
Genetically2
  • Typical plant transformation protocols to produce transgenic, genetically modified (GM) varieties rely on transgenes, chemical selection, and tissue culture. (frontiersin.org)
  • Evolution is the way in which living organisms change genetically to produce new better adapted forms of life over a long period of time Evolution (cont. (studyslide.com)
Cell6
  • it may remain dormant and later activate and instruct the host cell to produce more viruses. (edrawmind.com)
  • A little cell containing little cytoplasm that's produced together with the oocyte and later discarded. (eurocontrolli.com)
  • In meiosis, the daughter cells will only have half of the genetic information of the original cell. (vedantu.com)
  • A dominant allele is one which will show itself in a cell or in someone's body. (utoronto.ca)
  • These segments are used by other machinery within the cell to produce certain proteins. (utoronto.ca)
  • Meiosis begins with a diploid cell after DNA replication. (question4everyone.com)
Diploid2
  • This diagram shows a diploid nucleus (2 n =8) in which chromosome replication has occurred in preparation for mitosis (top) and meiosis (bottom). (classassignmentwriters.com)
  • A series of experiments shows that oil content in a diploid grain is influenced by five genes ( $a$ through $e$ ) with additive alleles. (studyxapp.com)
Copies1
  • Only individuals who inherit two copies of the CF allele from both parents will have cystic fibrosis. (proprofs.com)
Crossing1
  • Furthermore, the linkage reduces the chance to produce variations in the offspring while crossing over increases the chance to produce variations in the offspring. (pediaa.com)
Replication1
  • It can also occur due to exposure to UV radiation, viral replication, mitosis, or meiosis or other types of damage to DNA (such as pyrimidine dimers, etc. (onlyzoology.com)
Sperm1
  • Although hybrids of these two species inherit three chromosomes from each parent, the majority of spores (the yeast equivalent of sperm) that these hybrids produce fail to develop into new yeast cells. (elifesciences.org)
Molecular1
  • I am going to ignore the focus on 'genes' because at the molecular level visible in alignments, alleles are not necessarily tied to annotated genes (even though they are usually introduced in that context). (stackexchange.com)
Sexual reproduction2
  • Sexual reproduction therefore must offer significant fitness advantages because, despite the two-fold cost of sex (see below), it dominates among multicellular forms of life, implying that the fitness of offspring produced by sexual processes outweighs the costs. (wikizero.com)
  • Later on, some evolutionary process had to eventually produce sex chromosomes from autosomes so that sexual reproduction could evolve. (drwile.com)
Mutations1
  • For example, a butterfly may produce offspring with new mutations occurring in the gametic cells during meiosis. (onlyzoology.com)
Mutation3
  • Can mutation create a new allele? (onlyzoology.com)
  • While mutation over millions of years of evolution results in the formation of new genes with all new alleles. (onlyzoology.com)
  • If this color change is advantageous, the chances of this butterfly's surviving and producing its own offspring are a little better, and over time the number of butterflies with this mutation may form a larger percentage of the population. (onlyzoology.com)
Carriers2
  • In a family where both parents are carriers and do not have the disease, roughly a quarter of their children will inherit two disease-causing alleles and have the disease. (genome.gov)
  • This means that individuals who have only one copy of the CF allele are carriers and do not show symptoms of the disease. (proprofs.com)
Efficiently2
  • We conclude that although WISP3 is dispensable in mice, male mice with a Wisp3GFP-Cre allele (Jackson Laboratory stock # 017685) will be useful for studying early prophase of meiosis I and for efficiently recombining floxed alleles that are passed to offspring. (harvard.edu)
  • Here we identify causes underlying hybrid infertility of two recently diverged fission yeast species Schizosaccharomyces pombe and S. kambucha , which mate to form viable hybrid diploids that efficiently complete meiosis, but generate few viable gametes. (elifesciences.org)