• Sex chromosomes evolve once recombination is halted between a homologous pair of chromosomes. (nature.com)
  • The dominant model of sex chromosome evolution posits that recombination is suppressed between emerging X and Y chromosomes in order to resolve sexual conflict. (nature.com)
  • Sex chromosomes are typically thought to evolve as recombination is halted between a homologous pair of chromosomes in one sex. (nature.com)
  • The sex chromosomes of the guppy ( Poecilia reticulata ) have been of interest for more than a century, following early reports that many sexually selected colour traits are passed through the patriline on the Y chromosome 8 , 9 . (nature.com)
  • Even though the guppy sex chromosomes are a classic model for the study of sexual conflict and sex chromosome divergence, little is actually known about the pattern of divergence between the X and Y chromosomes. (nature.com)
  • The gene loci coding for each of the DAG complex proteins is located outside the X chromosomes. (medscape.com)
  • As a result, important data about its genome organization and evolution were obtained, such as the lesser gene density of the large metacentric pair compared with the other metacentric chromosomes, which supports the theory of a sex proto-chromosome pair. (metasystems-international.com)
  • In addition, chromosomes with a high number of linked genes that are conserved, even in distant species, were detected. (metasystems-international.com)
  • Although sex hormones play a key role in sex differences in susceptibility, severity, outcomes, and response to therapy of different diseases, sex chromosomes are also increasingly recognized as an important factor. (biomedcentral.com)
  • X-degenerate sequences are single copy and broadly expressed genes which were evolved from ancestral autosomes to generate sex chromosomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Autosomal" means that the gene in question is located on one of the numbered, or non-sex, chromosomes. (genome.gov)
  • An autosome is one of the numbered chromosomes, as opposed to the sex chromosomes. (genome.gov)
  • Here we generate a synthetic sex distortion system by exploiting the specificity of the homing endonuclease I-PpoI, which is able to selectively cleave ribosomal gene sequences of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae that are located exclusively on the mosquito's X chromosome. (nature.com)
  • We therefore hypothesized that the selective induction of DNA double-stranded breaks in the X chromosome during male meiosis might be a potential strategy to distort the sex ratio of the progeny towards male mosquitoes, if the normal production of Y-bearing gametes was unaffected ( Fig. 1a ). (nature.com)
  • We show that although the nascent Y chromosome encompasses nearly half of the linkage group, there has been no perceptible degradation of Y chromosome gene content or activity. (nature.com)
  • These results provide empirical support for longstanding models of sex chromosome catalysis, and suggest an important role for sexual selection and sexual conflict in genome evolution. (nature.com)
  • Although we have a detailed understanding of the evolutionary consequences of the loss of recombination for sex chromosome evolution 1 , 2 , we still do not understand the evolutionary forces acting to halt recombination in the first place. (nature.com)
  • The dominant theoretical model for the early stages of sex chromosome evolution 3 , 4 , 5 predicts that recombination will be selected against in the region between a sex determining gene and a nearby locus with alleles of sex-specific effect. (nature.com)
  • Therefore, in this system, current models of sex chromosome evolution predict that recombination would be selected against between the sex determining locus and linked loci involved in colouration. (nature.com)
  • Analysis of syndromic DNA using an oligonucleotide microarray (Agilent 4 x 180K) demonstrated the characteristic deletion in 15q11.2-q13 (chromosome 15) found in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • The dystrophin gene is located on the short arm of chromosome X near the p21 locus and codes for the large protein Dp427, which contains 3685 amino acids. (medscape.com)
  • A total of 93 BAC clones were used to localize the chromosome complement of the species and 588 genes were annotated, thus almost reaching the 2.5% of the genome sequences. (metasystems-international.com)
  • We measured the meiotic recombination rate in two regions of chromosome 5, containing or not an NLR gene cluster. (metasystems-international.com)
  • Y chromosome harbors male‑specific genes, which either solely or in cooperation with their X-counterpart, and independent or in conjunction with sex hormones have a considerable impact on basic physiology and disease mechanisms in most or all tissues development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, loss of Y chromosome and/or aberrant expression of Y chromosome genes cause sex differences in disease mechanisms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this review, the involvement of Y chromosome genes in male-specific diseases such as prostate cancer and the cases that are more prevalent in men, such as cardiovascular disease, neurological disease, and cancers, has been highlighted. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Their X homologs excessively escape X chromosome inactivation, thus researchers classified them as dose-sensitive and haplolethal genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Chromosome aberrations can affect one or more genes in a complex manner, such as by changing the regulation of gene expression, by disrupting exons, and by creating fusion genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Finally, we summarize the possible molecular consequences of chromosome aberrations for gene expression and function, and we discuss approaches for identification and unraveling the molecular determinants of congenital disease phenotypes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • METHOD: Mutation screening of positional candidate genes was performed in two stages. (neurotransmitter.net)
  • The first stage involved identifying, in unrelated subjects showing linkage to 2q24-q33, genetic variants in exons and flanking sequence within candidate genes and comparing the frequency of the variants between autistic and unrelated nonautistic subjects. (neurotransmitter.net)
  • Differential expression was validated in at least one ragweed population for 28 candidate genes. (bvsalud.org)
  • We investigated whether expression patterns at some combinations of candidate genes could predict phenotype. (bvsalud.org)
  • Quantitative Trait Loci and Candidate Genes for Neutrophil Recruitment in Sterile Inflammation Mapped in AXB-BXA Recombinant Inbred Mice. (genenetwork.org)
  • Genes differentially expressed in skull vaults were evaluated by microarray analysis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • RESULTS: A de novo transcriptome assembly (51,242 contigs, 80.2% completeness) was generated as a reference to seek genes differentially expressed between sensitive and resistant plants from the six populations. (bvsalud.org)
  • Overall, 4,609 constitutively differentially expressed genes were identified, of which none were common to all populations, and only 197 were shared by several populations. (bvsalud.org)
  • We hypothesize that there might be at least three types of autism susceptibility genes/mutations that can be (i) specific to an individual patient or family, (ii) in a genetically isolated sub-population and (iii) a common factor shared amongst different populations. (neurotransmitter.net)
  • We have come to understand that AD islikely to be multidetermined through interactions between heritable causal and susceptibility genes, environmentalexposures, midlife health status, and lifestyle choices. (hmamedicalclinic.com)
  • Despite extensive studies on the effect of these genes on the development pathways, some MSY genes have remained as missing proteins with no experimental protein evidence due to highly transient and spatio-temporal restricted expression patterns. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is inherited as an autosomal dominant syndrome as a result of defective mismatch repair (MMR) proteins. (medscape.com)
  • MMR genes normally produce proteins that identify and correct sequence mismatches that may occur during DNA replication. (medscape.com)
  • Two genes encoding putative internalin proteins were chosen for further study. (omictools.com)
  • The ε4 allele of the Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene in individuals infected by Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) has been demonstrated to be a risk factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD). (j-alz.com)
  • Sex and APOE e4 carrier effects on atrophy, amyloid PET, and tau PET burden in early-onset Alzheimer's disease Alzheimers Dement. (usc.edu)
  • Genetic cluster analysis of the microsatellite markers produced four major clusters, which showed near-perfect correspondence with the four self-reported race/ethnicity categories. (blogspot.com)
  • Both a phylogenetic tree and Principal Component Analysis showed the distribution of breeds in two major clusters with respect to their geographic distribution. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The sequence of this gene is defined by 16 cDNA clones and 18 elements defined by RNA-seq, some from mixed (seen 7 times), embryo (5), l2 (once). (nih.gov)
  • For the future direction, we need the in-depth genome sequence information and analysis for most of the mammals, including human to fully understand genome variation of economic traits, genetic susceptibility to diseases, and pharmacogenomics of drug response. (springer.com)
  • The cluster organization of the NLR gene family could favor sequence exchange between NLR genes via recombination, favoring their evolutionary dynamics. (metasystems-international.com)
  • An allele is one of two or more versions of DNA sequence (a single base or a segment of bases) at a given genomic location. (genome.gov)
  • A protein consists of one or more chains of amino acids (called polypeptides) whose sequence is encoded in a gene. (genome.gov)
  • We now describe the complete re-annotation and re-analysis of the C. jejuni NCTC11168 genome using current database information, novel tools and annotation techniques not used during the original annotation.ResultsRe-annotation was carried out using sequence database searches such as FASTA, along with programs such as TMHMM for additional support. (omictools.com)
  • For example, the association between coronary heart disease and genetic variants located within genes regulating levels of low density lipoprotein (LDLc) [1] - [4] , confirms low density cholesterol as a key player in the aetiology of coronary heart disease. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Recent progress over the last two decades in the field of molecular genetics, especially with new tools such as genome-wide association studies, has helped to identify new genes and their variants, which can be used for calculations of risk, prediction of treatment efficacy, or detection of subjects prone to drug side effects. (mdpi.com)
  • Power calculations confirm the feasibility of extending our strategy to the analysis of tens of thousands of molecular phenotypes in large genome-wide meta-analyses. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Harenza JL, Muldoon PP, De Biasi M, Damaj MI, Miles MF (2014) Genetic variation within the Chrna7 gene modulates nicotine reward-like phenotypes in mice. (genenetwork.org)
  • By contrast, an autosomal dominant disorder requires only a single copy of the mutated gene from one parent to cause the disorder. (genome.gov)
  • However, writing such summaries is a daunting task, given the number of genes in each organism (e.g. 13,929 protein coding genes in Drosophila melanogaster). (stanford.edu)
  • In FlyBase (the Drosophila genetics database) we have therefore developed a pipeline to obtain such summaries from researchers who have worked extensively on each gene. (stanford.edu)
  • By correlating dynamic patterns of transcription factor expression with rigorous, quantitative analyses of cell behaviors across the salivary gland primordium in Drosophila , their results suggest Hkb and Fkh transcription factor patterning induces switches in cell behaviors at fixed positions to promote continued morphogenesis of the tubular structure. (elifesciences.org)
  • Sex-linked Inheritance in Drosophila. (esp.org)
  • Autosomal dominant is a pattern of inheritance characteristic of some genetic disorders. (genome.gov)
  • A child of a person affected by an autosomal dominant condition has a 50% chance of being affected by that condition via inheritance of a dominant allele. (genome.gov)
  • Autosomal recessive is a pattern of inheritance characteristic of some genetic disorders. (genome.gov)
  • Sex differences at the genetic/epigenetic level in early development. (ubc.ca)
  • Despite the relationship between MA and sex differences being topic of interest for over twenty years, the focal point has mostly been on the psychological causes. (helsinki.fi)
  • Articles that investigated sex differences in the context of MA were selected for the study using PRISMA guidelines. (helsinki.fi)
  • Age was shown to influence the prevalence of MA between sexes, with sex differences in MA being more infrequent in children and increasing towards adulthood. (helsinki.fi)
  • The findings suggest that a diverse set of biological sex differences related to to brain function, cognition and sex hormones can, in part, explain the higher prevalence of MA among females and age-related deviations. (helsinki.fi)
  • By shedding light on possible biological factors contributing to sex differences in MA, this review represents a valuable step toward a more comprehensive understanding of this complex issue. (helsinki.fi)
  • Early in development the expression of the first patterning genes broadly sets up embryonic regions. (elifesciences.org)
  • It has been theorized that inducing extreme reproductive sex ratios could be a method to suppress or eliminate pest populations. (nature.com)
  • Overall, a wide variety of genes linked to NTSR was identified within and among ragweed populations, of which only a subset was captured in our experiments. (bvsalud.org)
  • Here we test this hypothesis in mice lacking the high affinity N -formylpeptide receptor (FPR), created by targeted gene disruption. (silverchair.com)
  • An analysis of molecular variance indicated that 6.59% of variance exists among the Indian goat breeds. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In Systems Genetics , Methods in Molecular Biology 1488:75-120 [An updated primer in using GeneNetwork for molecular analysis of mouse and human cohorts. (genenetwork.org)
  • A comprehensive analysis of the molecular markers for CRC can provide insights into the mechanisms underlying disease progression and help optimize a personalized therapy. (preprints.org)
  • In the present article, a review and new processed data have allowed to obtain a high-density BAC-based cytogenetic map of beside the analysis of the sequences of such BAC clones to achieve integrative data. (metasystems-international.com)
  • Summary: Comparative genomics remains a pivotal strategy to study the evolution of gene organization, and this primacy is reinforced by the growing number of full genome sequences available in public repositories. (omictools.com)
  • Analysis of the GH/IGF1 pathway was done evaluating the expression of several hypothalamic-pituitary-bone axis markers by RT-qPCR. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The expression of 121 candidate constitutive NTSR genes including CYP71, CYP72, CYP94, oxidoreductase, ABC transporters, gluco and glycosyltransferases was measured in 220 phenotyped plants. (bvsalud.org)
  • The patterning and fate determination gene products do not directly affect morphogenetic changes, but rather instruct the expression of downstream morphogenetic effectors that drive a tissue primordium down a path of defined physical changes. (elifesciences.org)
  • Cell cycle gene expression networks discovered using systems biology: Significance in carcinogenesis. (genenetwork.org)
  • This is largely a result of the complex effects of breakpoints on gene structure, function and expression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Genome-wide transcript analysis showed that B. anthracis undergoes considerable changes in gene expression during growth in iron-depleted media, including the regulation of known and candidate virulence factors. (omictools.com)
  • Here we present a computational method, Numbat, that integrates haplotype information obtained from population-based phasing with allele and expression signals to enhance detection of copy number variations from scRNA-seq. (pklab.org)
  • An in-house algorithm predicts and ranks expert authors for each gene based on the data within FlyBase and extracts their email addresses from papers that we have curated. (stanford.edu)
  • An individual inherits two alleles, one from each parent, for any given genomic location where such variation exists. (genome.gov)
  • Hayes SK, Hager R, Grencis RK (2014) Sex-dependent genetics effects on immune responses to parasitic nematodes. (genenetwork.org)
  • While collaborating with L.L. Cavalli-Sforza, he introduced a quantitative theory of cultural evolution, which led to further research into the cultural transmission and gene-culture coevolution. (academicinfluence.com)
  • Following RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) validation, the study suggests that five P450 genes, CYP71C1, CYP74A2, CYP72A1, CYP84A1, and CYP714C2, alongside a single GST gene GSTF1, may be implicated in the process of metabolic detoxification. (bvsalud.org)
  • a ) Proposed model for the distortion of the reproductive sex ratio towards males based on meiotic X shredding. (nature.com)
  • In hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), an inherited mutation in one of the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes appears to be a critical factor. (medscape.com)
  • In HNPCC, a mutation that inactivates an MMR gene leads to the accumulation of cell mutations and greatly increases the likelihood of malignant transformation and cancer. (medscape.com)
  • We analyzed the mutation frequencies of common actionable genes and their association with clinicopathological characteristics and oncologic outcomes using targeted NGS. (preprints.org)
  • In multivariate Cox regression analysis, ATM mutation was an independent biomarker for poor prognosis of OS (p=0.022). (preprints.org)
  • This gene is associated to a phenotype (DumPY : shorter than wild-type). (nih.gov)
  • Males and females of different strains have been found to produce differing sex pheromones. (wikipedia.org)
  • Caenorhabditis elegans gene him-8 , high Incidence of Males, encoding HIM-8 like family member. (nih.gov)
  • The role of MSY genes in important cellular processes such as transcription regulation, translation, and protein stability in males is vital not only in sex determination but also in sex-dependent organ development [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The genes/mutations could act alone or interact with other genetic and/or epigenetic or environmental factors, causing autism or related disorders. (neurotransmitter.net)
  • At the recommended dose of tripyrasulfone, the inhibition rate of the R population was only half that of the sensitive population (S). The mechanism underlying resistance does not involve target-site resistance triggered by amino acid mutations or depend on disparities within the HPPD INHIBITOR SENSITIVE 1 (HIS1) gene. (bvsalud.org)
  • Limited knowledge about the genetic makeup and mode of action of naturally occurring sex distorters and the prevalence of co-evolving suppressors has hampered their use for control. (nature.com)
  • Resistance in female mosquitoes was often swiftly selected for, indicating the prevalence of natural resistance alleles. (nature.com)
  • Increasing data, based on progeny analysis, suggest the existence of a link between the perception of biotic stress and the production of genetic diversity in the offspring. (metasystems-international.com)
  • To investigate the approach's properties, we indexed three biological intermediates where the results of large GWAS meta-analyses were available: body mass index, C-reactive protein and low density lipoprotein levels. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • They underlie genetic disease in roughly 15% of patients with multiple congenital abnormalities and/or mental retardation (MCA/MR). In genetic diagnostics, the pathogenicity of chromosomal aberrations in these patients is typically assessed based on criteria such as phenotypic similarity to other patients with the same or overlapping aberration, absence in healthy individuals, de novo occurrence, and protein coding gene content. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Its action overlaps that of SOX9, though they are antagonistic in female vs male gonadal sex determination but conjoint in cartilage and skeletal development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Gene ontology enrichment analysis highlighted the involvement of stress response and regulatory pathways, before and after treatment. (bvsalud.org)
  • When relevant genes are identified it is often possible to implicate biological intermediates and pathways likely to be involved in disease aetiology. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Linkage and association of the mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate carrier SLC25A12 gene with autism. (neurotransmitter.net)
  • Evidence for linkage was supported by linkage analysis with the two SNPs, with a maximal multipoint nonparametric linkage score of 1.57 and a maximal multipoint heterogeneity lod score of 2.11. (neurotransmitter.net)
  • The computational barriers to joint analysis are now minimal. (genenetwork.org)
  • These regulators include canonical genes that control lipid metabolism as well as genes involved in ubiquitination, transcription, and mitochondrial function. (stanford.edu)
  • Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of tumor cells from the primary tumors reveals a distinct transcriptional signature that is predictive of metastatic potential and patient survival. (pklab.org)
  • Our receptor-ligand interaction analysis reveals a highly complex interactive network of the NB microenvironment from which we highlight several interactions that we suggest for future therapeutic studies. (pklab.org)
  • Alam G, Miller DB, O'Callaghan JP, Lu L, Williams RW, Jones BC 2016 MPTP neurotoxicity is highly concordant between the sexes among BXD recombinant inbred mouse strains. (genenetwork.org)
  • Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that showed evidence for divergent distribution between autistic and nonautistic subjects were identified, both within SLC25A12, a gene encoding the mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate carrier (AGC1). (neurotransmitter.net)
  • The impetus for resistance appears to be interlinked with the metabolic activities of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) family genes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Furthermore, there is significant purifying selection against large and gene-disruptive copy number variations (CNVs), indicating their considerable phenotypic impact. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This work provides evidence of association of the PARK2 gene and suggests that methylation of the PARK2 promoter may influence degeneration of the intervertebral disc. (bmj.com)
  • AceView: gene:dpy-21, a comprehensive annotation of human, mouse and worm genes with mRNAs or ESTsAceView. (nih.gov)
  • According to AceView, this gene is expressed at high level , 2.6 times the average gene in this release, at all stages of development [Kohara cDNAs]. (nih.gov)
  • AceView: gene:him-8, a comprehensive annotation of human, mouse and worm genes with mRNAs or ESTsAceView. (nih.gov)
  • In the present study, genes across the 2q24-q33 interval were analyzed to identify an autism susceptibility gene in this region. (neurotransmitter.net)
  • This study is the first GWA meta-analysis of LDD. (bmj.com)
  • This study is self-explanatory really, but two interesting findings are the emergence of a "Hispanic" racial cluster, which can be explained by the choice of a population sample from a single location, as Hispanics are generally heterogeneous racially, and the near-perfect differentiation of the Japanese from the Chinese in the Mongoloid cluster, suggesting the potential for subracial differentiation in future studies. (blogspot.com)
  • This gene has not previously been considered a candidate in LDD and further functional work is needed on this hitherto unsuspected pathway. (bmj.com)
  • The analysis of gaze behaviour is nowadays commonly employed to help with the diagnosis and exclusion of differential neurological conditions as well as to help researchers better understand cognition in the early stages of life. (helsinki.fi)
  • Sickle cell anemia is an example of an autosomal recessive genetic disorder. (genome.gov)
  • An in silico cell-to-cell interaction analysis highlights the CXCL9/CXCL10-CXCR3 axis and the CD70-CD27 axis as potential therapeutic targets. (pklab.org)
  • Here, we perform single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on 19 human NB samples coupled with multiplex immunohistochemistry, survival analysis, and comparison with normal fetal adrenal gland data. (pklab.org)
  • Given the extreme toxicity of some of the toxins of these TA systems, we were curious how the cell silences toxins, if the antitoxin is inactivated or when toxins are obtained without antitoxins via horizontal gene transfer. (preprints.org)
  • Interestingly, in the gonad, it is also the only gene that has been found expressed uniquely in the ovary compared to the testis, and likely functions as an antagonist of the testis-determining SOX9 in gonadal development [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Genes & Development 21 (3): 316-331. (mdc-berlin.de)