• With their repeated -CH2 units, the alkanes constitute a homologous series of organic compounds in which the members differ in molecular mass by multiples of 14.03 u (the total mass of each such methylene-bridge unit, which comprises a single carbon atom of mass 12.01 u and two hydrogen atoms of mass ~1.01 u each). (wikipedia.org)
  • The IUPAC nomenclature (systematic way of naming compounds) for alkanes is based on identifying hydrocarbon chains. (wikipedia.org)
  • Abstract Water samples were collected monthly from five stations along the middle part of Shatt Al Arab river during the low tide period from December , 2012 to November , 2013 to determine the concentrations , distribution and sources of hydrocarbons compounds in water samples. (docslib.org)
  • Long term exposure to hydrocarbon compounds can cause various disturbances in human life in terms of comfort and health (Azhari et al , 2011). (docslib.org)
  • a large amount of aromatic and heavy asphalthenic substances , while organisms mostly contain n-alkanes with an odd number of carbon atoms , a least amount of aromatic compounds , and no asphalthenic substances (Ali et al. (docslib.org)
  • The aims of the present study are to determine the concentrations of different hydrocarbon fractions in water , and to identify the major sources of hydrocarbons compounds in water to give baseline data for further work, and to evaluate the water quality of Shatt Al-Arab river. (docslib.org)
  • Alkenes react with a much richer variety of compounds than alkanes. (britannica.com)
  • The molecular structure of hydrocarbon compounds varies from the simplest to the very heavy and very complex. (conservapedia.com)
  • NIOSH's response focused primarily on industrial hygiene assessment of potential occupational exposures [benzene and other volatile organic compounds, oil mist, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PNA's), diesel fumes, and noise] during typical tasks performed by the majority of the 11,000 workers involved in the 1989 cleanup activities. (cdc.gov)
  • The compounds formed by the replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms of alkanes by halogen atoms are called halogen derivatives of alkanes. (answers.com)
  • Tables and figures below show the liquid density at 20°C for different groups of organic sulfur compounds , compared to other kinds of organic classes as alkanes, alcohols, acids and amines . (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • See also density for n-alkanes, alcohols and acids and density, boiling and melting points of nitrogen and sulfur compounds. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • While such electrically charged species - "ions" - are common in the world of inorganic compounds the opposite is true in the world of organic compounds, particularly in the case of the so called hydrocarbons. (nobelprize.org)
  • Hydrocarbons are compounds that are made up from only two types of elements - hydrogen (H) and carbon (C). Hydrocarbons constitute a very large and important group of organic compounds - for example most products from natural mineral oil are hydrocarbons. (nobelprize.org)
  • Although some hydrocarbons prepared by chemists around the turn of the century were thought to be ionic - e.g. a group of compounds formed from benzene and methane ("triarylmethane derivatives") these were largely regarded as curiosities. (nobelprize.org)
  • Crude oil is a complex mixture of thousands of compounds, of which alkanes constitute the major fraction. (igem.org)
  • Combining the names of functional groups with the names of the parent alkanes generates what is termed a systematic nomenclature for naming organic compounds . (wikipedia.org)
  • Microbes eat [hydrocarbons] like we eat at a buffet: they like some compounds better than others,' explained marine chemist Chris Reddy of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution during an August 19 press conference announcing the existence of such oil plumes-though their findings also published in Science suggested microbes were consuming the plume slowly in late June due to low levels of oxygen depletion. (scientificamerican.com)
  • This quiz focuses on the organic compounds called Alkanes. (brainmass.com)
  • Aliphatic hydrocarbons are a class of organic compounds that consist exclusively of hydrogen and carbon atoms arranged in open chains or branched structures, rather than in aromatic rings. (webref.org)
  • Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the origin of organic matter in Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon, an eutrophic, coastal and chocked lagoon in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, through the determination of n -alkanes and sterols compounds in the upper two centimeters of sediment and compare these data with methane ebullitive flux. (scielo.br)
  • In other words, an alkane consists of hydrogen and carbon atoms arranged in a tree structure in which all the carbon-carbon bonds are single. (wikipedia.org)
  • In an alkane, each carbon atom is sp3-hybridized with 4 sigma bonds (either C-C or C-H), and each hydrogen atom is joined to one of the carbon atoms (in a C-H bond). (wikipedia.org)
  • The number of carbon atoms may be considered as the size of the alkane. (wikipedia.org)
  • One group of the higher alkanes are waxes, solids at standard ambient temperature and pressure (SATP), for which the number of carbon atoms in the carbon backbone is greater than about 17. (wikipedia.org)
  • Alkanes with more than three carbon atoms can be arranged in various ways, forming structural isomers. (wikipedia.org)
  • The simplest isomer of an alkane is the one in which the carbon atoms are arranged in a single chain with no branches. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition to the alkane isomers, the chain of carbon atoms may form one or more rings. (wikipedia.org)
  • Unsaturated hydrocarbons , which have one or more double or triple bonds between carbon atoms. (wikipedia.org)
  • If two alkanes have the same formula weight (differing only in connectivity of atoms due to branching), the one that has more extensive branching has the lower boling point because the branching prevents the molecules from being packed together as tightly as occurs in a straight chain. (topperlearning.com)
  • The physical properties of alkenes and alkynes are generally similar to those of alkanes or cycloalkanes with equal numbers of carbon atoms. (britannica.com)
  • Write the molecular formula for an alkane with 5 C atoms. (pearson.com)
  • Carbon atoms in alkane molecules are joined by single covalent bonds. (creative-chemistry.org.uk)
  • Candles contain paraffin wax, a mix of straight-chained saturated hydrocarbons that contain 20 to 40 carbon atoms. (mentalfloss.com)
  • [3] In the formulas, the symbols R and R' usually denote an attached hydrogen, or a hydrocarbon side chain of any length, but may sometimes refer to any group of atoms. (wikipedia.org)
  • They are saturated hydrocarbons, meaning that all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds and each carbon atom is bonded to the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. (webref.org)
  • The general formula for alkanes is CnH2n+2, where "n" represents the number of carbon atoms in the chain. (webref.org)
  • Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond (C=C). Due to the presence of the double bond, alkenes have fewer hydrogen atoms than the corresponding alkanes with the same number of carbon atoms. (webref.org)
  • Based on the molecular formula, determine whether each com- pound is an alkane, alkene, or alkyne. (pearson.com)
  • The number of hydrogens is, therefore, 5.A hydrocarbon with no double or triple bonds is called an a. alkane b. alkene c. alkyne d. aromatic hydrocarbon Please see the attached file. (brainmass.com)
  • However, some sources use the term to denote any saturated hydrocarbon, including those that are either monocyclic (i.e. the cycloalkanes) or polycyclic, despite their having a distinct general formula (i.e. cycloalkanes are CnH2n). (wikipedia.org)
  • The SPME fiber coupled with gas chromatograph (GC) is then used to extract polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), anilines, phenols, and alkanes from standard and real water samples, and exhibits high selectivity for PAHs. (who.int)
  • Many polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have toxic, mutagenic, and/or carcinogenic properties. (springer.com)
  • Abdel-Shafy HI, Mansour MSM (2016) A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: source, environmental impact, effect on human health and remediation. (springer.com)
  • Behera BK, Das A, Sarkar DJ, Weerathunge P, Parida PK, Das BK, Thavamani P, Ramanathan R, Bansal V (2018) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in inland aquatic ecosystems: perils and remedies through biosensors and bioremediation. (springer.com)
  • In organic chemistry, an alkane, or paraffin (a historical trivial name that also has other meanings), is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon. (wikipedia.org)
  • An acyclic saturated hydrocarbon, with the general formula C n H 2n+2 . (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • Methane is a good example of a complex alkyne hydrocarbon. (brainmass.com)
  • Methane (CH4) is the simplest alkane, not an alkyne . (brainmass.com)
  • Hydrogenation is used to prepare alkanes and cycloalkanes and also to change the physical properties of highly unsaturated vegetable oils to increase their shelf life. (britannica.com)
  • The C 6 through C 10 alkanes, alkenes and isomeric cycloalkanes are the top components of gasoline , naphtha , jet fuel and specialized industrial solvent mixtures. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gasoline vapors contain about 90% alkanes and 2% aromatics (0.9% benzene). (cdc.gov)
  • In organic chemistry, Nonane is the generic name for a nine-carbon straight-chain alkane hydrocarbon, in the medium molecular weight alkane group of liquids, with the chemical formula C 9 H 20 . (wellnessadvantage.com)
  • In organic chemistry , a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon . (wikipedia.org)
  • 10% of total nonmethane organic carbon emission are aromatic hydrocarbons from the exhaust of gasoline-powered vehicles. (wikipedia.org)
  • When some chemists in Britain (Ingold & Hughes) and Germany (Meerwein) in the 1920s and 1930s started detailed studies of how chemical reactions between organic molecules took place it, however, became apparent that positively charged hydrocarbons - what chemists call "carbocations" - actually could occur as very short lived (lifetimes of microseconds to nanoseconds) intermediates in the reactions. (nobelprize.org)
  • Gasoline is flammable at temperatures above -51°F (-46°C). Most of the hydrocarbons in gasoline are insoluble in water and soluble in some organic solvents. (cdc.gov)
  • A hypothetical catalytic cycle for the selective oxidation of alkanes to alcohols by dioxygen may be based on the activation of C-H bonds at Pt(II) centers, coupled with additional known organoplatinum chemistry. (caltech.edu)
  • The tables and figures below show how the melting point changes with increasing carbon number up to C 33 for different kinds of hydrocarbons, alcohols and carboxylic acids. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • The alkanes range in complexity from the simplest case of methane (CH4), where n = 1 (sometimes called the parent molecule), to arbitrarily large and complex molecules, like pentacontane (C50H102) or 6-ethyl-2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl) octane, an isomer of tetradecane (C14H30). (wikipedia.org)
  • Methane is produced by methanogenic bacteria and some long-chain alkanes function as pheromones in certain animal species or as protective waxes in plants and fungi. (wikipedia.org)
  • Aliphatic hydrocarbons play important roles in various industries. (webref.org)
  • It's worth noting that aliphatic hydrocarbons stand in contrast to aromatic hydrocarbons, which are characterized by the presence of one or more aromatic rings (e.g., benzene) and exhibit different chemical properties and reactivity. (webref.org)
  • An alkyl group is an alkane-based molecular fragment that bears one open valence for bonding. (wikipedia.org)
  • For 1-amines in this document the R represents an alkyl group, in which the NH2-group is placed at the end of the the alkane chain. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • On the alkane degradation a metabolic flux analysis was performed to determine the maximal yield for biomass growth on alkanes. (igem.org)
  • Combustion of hydrocarbons is the main source of the world's energy. (wikipedia.org)
  • His work has resulted in new methods for the conversion of straight chain hydrocarbons (when used in combustion engines these have very low octane number and they are also difficult to degrade biologically) into branched hydrocarbons that have high octane numbers and are more easily biodegradable. (nobelprize.org)
  • : 627 Chiral saturated hydrocarbons constitute the side chains of biomolecules such as chlorophyll and tocopherol . (wikipedia.org)
  • Worker samples from dry gas wells in Fayetteville and Marcellus basins had low concentrations of the measured hydrocarbons and, when detected, were often from sources other than the well. (cdc.gov)
  • The concentrations of n -alkanes varied between 2.43 and 25.82 µg g -1 . (scielo.br)
  • Hydrocarbons with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae are called structural isomers . (wikipedia.org)
  • Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single bonds. (conservapedia.com)
  • Hydrocarbons are a class of molecule that is defined by functional groups called hydrocarbyls that contain only carbon and hydrogen, but vary in the number and order of double bonds. (wikipedia.org)
  • Answer is D. It explains the concept of hydrocarbon and carbon-carbon bonds. (brainmass.com)
  • Alkanes have the general chemical formula CnH2n+2. (wikipedia.org)
  • Naming alkanes can be difficult because each alkane consists of a parent chain and one or more branches. (brightstorm.com)
  • So we're going to talk about naming alkanes. (brightstorm.com)
  • So we to name those side branches and they're going to be used, the naming of them is actually very similar to how we name alkanes to begin with, and we know we talk about about one carbon, we're going to use the prefix, meth. (brightstorm.com)
  • In this chapter, we discuss the experimental and computational studies that have led to detailed mechanistic understanding of C–H activation and functionalization by both the original Shilov system and the many subsequent modifications that have been developed, and assess the prospects for practical, selective catalytic oxidation of alkanes using this chemistry. (caltech.edu)
  • H Bond Activation at Pt(II): A Route to Selective Alkane Oxidation? (caltech.edu)
  • By selective adsorption, righteous alkanes are separated from branched and cyclic hydrocarbons. (abbaworld.com)
  • However, these same microorganisms can also produce flammable hydrocarbon chains known as alkanes and alkenes. (dlr.de)
  • Hazen and his colleagues attribute that quick work to the large contingent of such volatile hydrocarbons that are readily biodegradeable in the Louisiana light sweet crude spilled as well as the breaking up of the oil into small particles by chemical dispersants. (scientificamerican.com)
  • A series of CH 2 wagging modes in the 1320-1370-cm -1 region of alkane and phospholipid IR spectra characteristic of nonplanar conformers has been used for quantitative evaluation of conformational states in disordered (phospholipid L α and H II and alkane liquid) phases. (researchwithrutgers.com)
  • Finally, a temperature dependence inconsistent with the prediction of the rotational isomeric state model is noted for the 1368-cm -1 band characteristic of (kink + gtg) conformers in alkanes. (researchwithrutgers.com)
  • : 623 The most general form of saturated hydrocarbons, (whether linear or branched species, and whether with without one or more rings) is C n H 2 n +2(1- r ) , where r is the number of rings. (wikipedia.org)
  • These new microbes-led by one particular unusually long (20 microns), yet to be named species that made up more roughly 95 percent of the community responding to the spill-had consumed roughly 8 percent of the available oxygen in these cold, deep waters as they busily converted hydrocarbons into more microbial cells, limited only by a lack of iron. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Factors affecting hydrocarbon gas and vapor exposure of upstream oil and gas workers during completion and production activities at unconventional shale oil and gas wells. (cdc.gov)