Aldehyde substrate. Medical search. Frequent questions

Aldehyde dehydrogenase is a polymorphic enzyme responsible for the oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids. (wikipedia.org)
The active site of the aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme is largely conserved throughout the different classes of the enzyme and, although the number of amino acids present in a subunit can change, the overall function of the site changes little. (wikipedia.org)
Magnesium may be used to help the enzyme function, although the degree to which magnesium assists the enzyme varies between different classes of aldehydes. (wikipedia.org)
The overall reaction catalysed by the aldehyde dehydrogenases is: RCHO + NAD+ + H2O → RCOOH + NADH + H+ In this NAD(P)+-dependent reaction, the aldehyde enters the active site through a channel extending from the surface of the enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
which is catalyzed by the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase, dimeric nadp-preferring. (hmdb.ca)
Type II xanthinuria is characterized by a deficiency of xanthine dehydrogenase and a related enzyme, aldehyde oxidase. (medscape.com)
1,2 Interestingly, the active site of the MMO enzyme is comprised of copper-based particulate MMO (pMMO) and iron-based soluble MMO (sMMO) that selectively capture the methane substrate. (rsc.org)
The aldehyde formed may be enzyme-bound, and may be an intermediate in the bacterial system for biosynthesis of branched-chain fatty acids. (cathdb.info)
If an enzyme is added to a solution containing substrate, the substrate is converted to product, rapidly at first, and then more slowly, as the concentration of substrate decreases and the concentration of product increases. (cliffsnotes.com)
Just as any other chemical reaction can be favored by increasing the concentration of a reactant, the formation of an enzyme‐substrate complex can be favored by a higher concentration of substrate. (cliffsnotes.com)
Because if the substrate concentration gets high enough, the enzyme spends all its time carrying out catalysis and no time waiting to bind substrate. (cliffsnotes.com)
This study also aimed to assess the expression of ALDH1 (aldehyde dehydrogenase 1) enzyme activity on the isolated cells. (bvsalud.org)
This enzyme group includes all the enzymes that introduce double bonds into substrates by direct dehydrogenation of carbon-carbon single bonds. (bvsalud.org)

Galactose oxidase oxidizes terminal galactose residues to aldehydes, particularly in glycoproteins. (thermofisher.com)
Because galactose oxidase-mediated oxidation liberates a molecule of hydrogen peroxide for each molecule of aldehyde that is formed ( Figure 3.3.2 ), horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of the Amplex Red reagent to red-fluorescent resorufin by hydrogen peroxide provides a ready means by which the number of aldehyde residues introduced into a biomolecule, including on a cell surface, can be quantitated. (thermofisher.com)
The distinction between the 2 types is based on the ability or inability to oxidize allopurinol, a substrate for xanthine dehydrogenase and aldehyde oxidase. (medscape.com)
however, allopurinol is not converted in patients with type II, who lack aldehyde oxidase activity. (medscape.com)
Other substrates that are oxidized by aldehyde oxidase, such as pyrazinamide and N -methylnicotinamide, can be used to distinguish between types I and II. (medscape.com)
This condition is inherited recessively and is caused by a congenital defect of a molybdenum-containing cofactor essential for the function of 3 distinct enzymes (ie, xanthine dehydrogenase, aldehyde oxidase, sulfite oxidase). (medscape.com)

Tetramer of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 with a space filling model of NAD+ in each active site. (wikipedia.org)
The active site of a human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2. (wikipedia.org)
Researchers at the University of Tsukuba found that durian extract inhibited aldehyde dehydrogenase activity, lending credence to an Asian folklore warning against consuming durian with alcohol. (wikipedia.org)
There is a mutant form of aldehyde dehydrogenase, termed ALDH2*2, wherein a lysine residue replaces a glutamate in the active site at position 487 of ALDH2. (wikipedia.org)
Hence, our objective was to detect association of cancer stem cell (CSC) marker aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) with clinicopathological profile in lung carcinoma patients. (ijpmonline.org)
For example, alcohol dehydrogenase converts primary alcohols to aldehydes. (cliffsnotes.com)

Both PDC and PCC can convert alcohols into aldehydes and ketones, especially in dichloromethane at room temperature. (organic-chemistry.org)
A full review of chromium-based reagents can be found in the book written by Tojo and Fern ndez ( Oxidation of Alcohols to Aldehydes and Ketones , Springer Berlin, 2006 , 1-97. (organic-chemistry.org)
These enzymes catalyze the conversion of aldehydes and ketones to their corresponding alcohols by utilizing NADH and/or NADPH as cofactors. (cancerindex.org)
An unprecedented cobalt-catalyzed highly site-, diastereo-, and enantioselective protocol for stereoselective formation of nucleophilic allyl-Co(II) complexes followed by addition to aldehydes provides diversified enantioenriched homoallylic alcohols with a remarkably broad scope of allyl groups that can be introduced. (organic-chemistry.org)
In silages, feedout yeasts are also capable of producing esters (fruity smell), ethyl acetate (fingernail polish smell), fusel alcohols (from amino acid degradation causing a harsh, solvent-type smell), aldehydes diacetyl - butter smell, or acetylaldehyde - green apple smell) and other compounds with solvent-like odors (Dennis, 2007). (pioneer.com)
A paper on the review of biomimetic homogeneous oxidation of organic compounds catalyzed by metalloporphyrins with green oxidants such as dioxygen or hydrogen peroxide, in which the oxidized substrates include alkanes, olefins, alcohols, aldehydes, and sulfides. (free-ebooks.net)

Except for polysaccharides containing free reducing sugars, however, biopolymers generally lack aldehyde and ketone groups. (thermofisher.com)

Aldehyde dehydrogenases (EC 1.2.1.3) are a group of enzymes that catalyse the oxidation of aldehydes. (wikipedia.org)
Herein we report the synthesis of magnetically retrievable Ag NPs for the catalytic hydrogenation and oxidation of aldehydes in water. (figshare.com)

Carbene-catalyzed reaction of carboxylic esters has the potential to offer effective synthetic solutions that cannot be readily achieved by using the more conventional aldehyde-type substrates. (stanford.edu)
While yeasts are not reproducing, they remain metabolically active, producing heat, carbon dioxide and ethanol and also byproducts, including acetic acid, aldehydes and esters (Dennis, 2007). (pioneer.com)

Cadaverine allows conjugating the dye to proteins or soluble biomolecules containing carboxylic acid, aldehyde or ketone groups. (eurogentec.com)

To achieve a more accurate method of monitoring ozone (10028156) exposure among approximately 975,000 workers in 157 different occupations, three ozonolysis reactions were tested in the solid phase for reproducibility and quantitative yield of an aldehyde reaction product. (cdc.gov)
However, the use of unstable aldehyde substrates and acidic reaction conditions can be problematic for large-scale applications. (chemistryviews.org)
This reaction converts almost all enal substrate to a Thiol-click Intermediate, significantly reducing aromatic thiol substrates concentration and suppressing the homo-coupling reaction of enals. (stanford.edu)
Another factor is an in situ release of enal substrate from the Thiol-click Intermediate for the desired reaction to proceed effectively. (stanford.edu)
In addition to synthetic utilities, our control of reaction outcomes via in situ substrate modulation and release can likely inspire future reaction development. (stanford.edu)
Reaction susceptibility was subsequently demonstrated by the variation in substrates. (ntu.edu.sg)
In 2000, List used the amino acid proline to catalyse a Mannich reaction - which combines a carbonyl, an aldehyde, and an amine compound to produce β-amino carbonyl compounds, and is used widely in the synthesis of biologically active molecules, including medicinal drugs. (nature.com)
In other words, the substrate and product of the reaction are isomers . (cliffsnotes.com)
At the end of the reaction, equilibrium is reached, no net conversion of substrate to product occurs, and either curve approaches the horizontal. (cliffsnotes.com)
Nonanal, (E)-2-nonenal, (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal, and (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal were used to reveal the effect of the number and position of unsaturated bond in aliphatic aldehydes on Maillard reaction for the generation of 88 stewed meat-like volatile compounds. (bvsalud.org)
However, the positions of the unsaturated bonds in aliphatic aldehydes in the Maillard reaction stage were similar. (bvsalud.org)
A carbohydrate module labeling approach was used to present the formation pathways of 34 volatile compounds derived from the Maillard reaction with aliphatic aldehyde systems. (bvsalud.org)
2-Furanmethanol, 2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde, and 5-methyl-2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde were derived from the interaction of aliphatic aldehydes and the Maillard reaction. (bvsalud.org)

Aldehydes and ketones are present in a number of low molecular weight molecules such as drugs, steroid hormones, reducing sugars and metabolic intermediates (e.g., pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate). (thermofisher.com)
Even those aldehydes and ketones that are found in the open-ring form of simple carbohydrates are usually in equilibrium with the closed-ring form of the sugar. (thermofisher.com)
The infrequent occurrence of aldehydes and ketones in biomolecules has stimulated the development of techniques to selectively introduce these functional groups, thus providing unique sites for chemical modification and greatly extending the applications of the probes found in this section. (thermofisher.com)
The most common method for introducing aldehydes and ketones into polysaccharides and glycoproteins (including antibodies) is by periodate-mediated oxidation of vicinal diols. (thermofisher.com)
These introduced aldehydes and ketones can then be modified with fluorescent or biotinylated hydrazine, hydroxylamine or amine derivatives to label the polysaccharide or glycoprotein. (thermofisher.com)

The hydrogen is kicked off as a hydride and attacks NAD(P)+ to make NAD(P)H. The enzyme's active site then goes through an isomorphic change whereby the NAD(P)H is moved, creating room for a water molecule to access the substrate. (wikipedia.org)
Amide hydrogen exchange studies and crystallographic analyses suggest that this substrate-binding 'lid' is conformationally flexible, which may enable docking of diverse alkylated nucleotide substrates in optimal catalytic geometry. (rcsb.org)
As such it deaminates primary amines to form the corresponding aldehyde, ammonia and hydrogen peroxide, although the physiological substrates are not well defined. (biomedcentral.com)

ALDH1 and ALDH2 are the most important enzymes for aldehyde oxidation, and both are tetrameric enzymes composed of 54 kDa subunits. (wikipedia.org)

These enzymes use an Fe(II) cofactor and 2-oxoglutarate co-substrate to oxidize organic substrates. (rcsb.org)
In nature, there exist various enzymes that are capable of oxidizing target substrates with high selectivity. (rsc.org)
The enzymes display overlapping but distinct substrate specificity. (cancerindex.org)
The more substrate is present, the greater the initial velocity, because enzymes act to bind to their substrates. (cliffsnotes.com)

Alkenes from unsaturated fatty acids and ceramides can also be converted to glycols by osmium tetroxide and then oxidized by periodate to aldehydes, and periodate will oxidize certain β-aminoethanol derivatives such as the hydroxylysine residues in collagen, as well as methionine (to its sulfoxide) and certain thiols (usually to disulfides). (thermofisher.com)
Aldehydes can also be oxidized to the corresponding carboxylic acid with the same catalyst, even with substrates that do not self-oxidize under air. (figshare.com)

Starting olefins were coated on a variety of solid substrates, exposed to known ozone concentrations, and then analyzed for aldehydes. (cdc.gov)

Liang H, Wu C, Deng Y, Zhu L, Zhang J, Gan W, Tang C, Xu R. Aldehyde Dehydrogenases 1A2 Expression and Distribution are Potentially Associated with Neuron Death in Spinal Cord of Tg(SOD1*G93A)1Gur Mice. (ijbs.com)
Aldehyde dehydrogenases 1A2 (ALDH1A2) was thought to be one of potential candidates. (ijbs.com)

They are further subdivided by their ability to utilize different substrates such as soluble sugar or lactic acid. (pioneer.com)

Would that cobalt oxidation in methanol work on other aromatic substrates to make the corresponding aldehydes? (sciencemadness.org)
One involves in situ ultrafast addition of the aromatic thiol substrates to the carbon-carbon double bond of the enal substrate. (stanford.edu)

Avoid use with CYP2D6 substrates where minimal increases in concentration of the CYP2D6 substrate may lead to serious or life-threatening toxicities. (medscape.com)
however, the concentration of substrate is least in curve (a), greater in curve (b), and greatest in curve (c) . (cliffsnotes.com)
The slopes of the progress curves at early time, that is, the rate of product formation with time also increase with increasing substrate concentration. (cliffsnotes.com)

They convert aldehydes (R-C(=O)-H) to carboxylic acids (R-C(=O)-O-H). The oxygen comes from a water molecule. (wikipedia.org)
The active site binds to one molecule of an aldehyde and one molecule of either NAD+ or NADP+, which functions as a cofactor. (wikipedia.org)
A four-coordinate water molecule alternates frequently (every 7 ps) between the substrate site and the fifth binding site and even two five-coordinate water molecules may interchange ligation sites without prior dissociation. (lu.se)

AlkB hydroxylates an alkylated nucleotide base to produce an unstable product that releases an aldehyde to regenerate the unmodified base. (rcsb.org)

These genes participate in a wide variety of biological processes including the detoxification of exogenously and endogenously generated aldehydes. (wikipedia.org)
Here, we show that weak aldehyde detoxification characterizes EAC, which is sufficient to cause endogenous aldehyde accumulation in vitro. (nature.com)
Thus, we present a model for increased exhaled aldehydes based on endogenous accumulation from reduced detoxification, which also causes therapeutically actionable genotoxicity. (nature.com)
We show that short-chain genotoxic alkanals and also medium-chain alkanals are specifically enriched in EAC and associated tissues, on a genetic background of reduced aldehyde detoxification. (nature.com)

Recent findings qualified aldehydes as potential biomarkers for disease diagnosis. (bvsalud.org)

The catalyst was tested for the hydrogenation of aldehydes in water, showing a high activity and selectivity to CO bonds against CC bonds. (figshare.com)

Volatile aldehydes are enriched in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) patients' breath and could improve early diagnosis, however the mechanisms of their production are unknown. (nature.com)

The number and position of unsaturated bonds in aliphatic aldehydes generate multiple pathways of flavor compound formation. (bvsalud.org)

Cysteine and glutamate molecules interact with the aldehyde substrate. (wikipedia.org)
It is a good glutamate transglutaminase substrate and a useful building block for small fluorescent molecules. (eurogentec.com)

A sulfur from a cysteine in the active site makes a nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon of the aldehyde. (wikipedia.org)

Getting acetaldehyde to behave as a substrate for organic synthesis. (nature.com)
But the simplest of all substrates, acetaldehyde, still wouldn't work. (nature.com)

I want to get the latest chemistry news from C&EN in my inbox every week. (acs.org)

We hope to direct the attention of readers to the latest breakthroughs of traditional oxygen functionalization reactions and to the potential of electrochemistry for the transformation of organic substrates to useful end products. (rsc.org)
His view changed in 2006, when his group discovered that the substrate N -tert-butoxycarbonyl ( N -Boc)-imine gave very high amounts of essentially a single enantiomer in proline-catalyzed Mannich reactions. (nature.com)
Remember that in redox reactions, one substrate is oxidized and one is reduced. (cliffsnotes.com)

Here we have determined crystal structures of substrate and product complexes of E. coli AlkB at resolutions from 1.8 to 2.3 A. Whereas the Fe-2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase core matches that in other superfamily members, a unique subdomain holds a methylated trinucleotide substrate into the active site through contacts to the polynucleotide backbone. (rcsb.org)

Acts on a number of 2-oxo acids, with a high affinity toward branched-chain substrates. (cathdb.info)
To increase the affinity of a receptor layer to long-chain aldehydes, a structure stabilization of the peptide active site via the incorporation of different linkers was studied. (bvsalud.org)

None was stable in the solid phase, and aldehyde yields were unpredictable. (cdc.gov)
Several elements affected the reproducibility of aldehyde yields, including variability of olefin loading on the solid support, sample flow rate and sampling duration, varied ozone concentrations, time of sample elution and sample storage, and different elution solvents. (cdc.gov)
The yields of aldehyde from sampling ozone in air, with corrections made for blank amounts, were much too large to be accounted for by ozone alone. (cdc.gov)

The sorbents were not stable over time as large blank concentrations of the aldehyde occurred. (cdc.gov)

The aldehyde thus formed from the protein can be subsequently modified with a variety of hydrazine, hydroxylamine or amine derivatives. (thermofisher.com)

Metformin, a putative aldehyde scavenger, reduces this toxicity. (nature.com)
It also reduces aldehydes to primary amines. (expasy.org)

Two aldehyde groups are significantly enriched in EAC biopsies and adjacent tissue: (i) short-chain alkanals, and (ii) medium-chain alkanals, including decanal. (nature.com)

For example, epoxides are versatile chemical intermediates that have been mainly produced from the oxygen functionalization of olefin substrates. (rsc.org)

Few organofluorine compounds exist naturally ( C&EN, May 22, page 12 ), meaning that almost all must be made. (acs.org)

This is the electrophile or the substrate upon which the intermediate ion (o- or p-phenolate anion) adds to. (physicsforums.com)

Coadministration of apalutamide, a strong CYP3A4 inducer, with drugs that are CYP3A4 substrates can result in lower exposure to these medications. (medscape.com)

The only stable binding site of a fifth ligand at the active-site zinc ion is opposite to the normal substrate site, in a narrow cavity behind the zinc ion. (lu.se)

These results support EAC early diagnosis trials using exhaled aldehyde analysis. (nature.com)

The structural biology group solved the structures of an SCO called NOV1 in an apo-form ( PDB ID 5J53 ), in complex with its substrate resveratrol ( PDB ID 5J54 ) and its product vanillin ( PDB ID 5J55 ). (jbei.org)
The progress curves show that more product forms as more substrate is added. (cliffsnotes.com)

An intricate web of interactions involving the phosphate and the C-terminal tail of ubiquitin cause DUBA to fold around its substrate, revealing why phosphorylation is essential for deubiquitinase activity. (rcsb.org)

In Particular, the addition of aliphatic aldehydes changed the formation pathway of 2-propylthiophene, thieno[3,2-b]thiophene, and 2,5-thiophenedicarboxaldehyde. (bvsalud.org)

Exhaled aldehydes have been consistently demonstrated to be enriched in EAC patients 5 , 6 , and could form the basis of a non-invasive, primary care-based, triage test for patients with non-specific upper gastrointestinal symptoms. (nature.com)

Anatomy1

Organisms2

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs26

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment6

Phenomena and Processes20

Information Science3

Enzyme13

Oxidase6

Dehydrogenase6

Alcohols6

Lack aldehyde1

Oxidation of aldehydes2

Esters2

Ketone groups1

Reaction13

Ketones5

Hydrogen3

ALDH11

Enzymes4

Oxidize2

Olefins1

Dehydrogenases2

Soluble1

Aromatic2

Concentration3

Molecule3

Unstable1

Detoxification4

Biomarkers1

Selectivity1

Volatile1

Bonds1

Glutamate2

Carbonyl1

Acetaldehyde2

Chemistry1

Reactions3

Complexes1

Affinity2

Yields3

Concentrations1

Derivatives1

Reduces2

Significantly1

Chemical1

Compounds1

Intermediate1

Exposure1

Active site1

Diagnosis1

Product2

Activity1

Addition1

Primary1