Molybdenum cofactor is associated with the enzymes sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase (see the image below). (medscape.com)
[ 2 ] The enzyme sulfite oxidase depends on the molybdenum-containing pterin cofactor, as do the enzymes xanthine dehydrogenase and aldehyde oxidase. (medscape.com)
This condition is inherited recessively and is caused by a congenital defect of a molybdenum-containing cofactor essential for the function of 3 distinct enzymes (ie, xanthine dehydrogenase, aldehyde oxidase, sulfite oxidase). (medscape.com)
Metabolism5
The relevance of these data to the mechanistic understanding of aldehyde oxidase catalysis, as well as to the potential for raloxifene to cause drug interactions with agents for which aldehyde oxidase-mediated metabolism is important, such as zaleplon or famciclovir, is discussed. (aspetjournals.org)
Sulfite oxidase deficiency is an inborn error of the metabolism of sulfated amino acids. (medscape.com)
Sulfite oxidase deficiency and molybdenum cofactor deficiency in the metabolism of sulfated amino acids. (medscape.com)
Cimetidine inhibits both aldehyde oxidase ( in vitro ) and CYP3A4 ( in vitro and in vivo ), the primary and secondary enzymes, respectively, responsible for zaleplon metabolism. (medlibrary.org)
Xanthinuria is only a marker in this setting because (1) the clinical presentation is overshadowed by neurologic manifestations and (2) death in the first year of life is caused by the deficiency of sulfite oxidase, which is the final step in cysteine metabolism. (medscape.com)
Molybdenum cofactor2
Molybdenum cofactor deficiency, which affects the functioning of sulfite oxidase, leads to a similar phenotype. (medscape.com)
As sulfite oxidase deficiency and molybdenum cofactor deficiency have virtually identical phenotypes, the CNS toxicity appears to be secondary to loss of function of sulfite oxidase. (medscape.com)
Carboxylic3
AO catalyzes the oxidation of aldehydes into carboxylic acid, and in addition, catalyzes the hydroxylation of some heterocycles. (wikipedia.org)
The aldehyde vanillin commonly used as a food flavoring is rapidly oxidized by aldehyde oxidase into the carboxylic acid vanillic acid. (wikidot.com)
Inhibit aldehyde2
In addition, several other compounds of the same therapeutic class as raloxifene were examined for their potential to inhibit aldehyde oxidase. (aspetjournals.org)
CNS-active drugs ethanol, imipramine, paroxetine, thioridazine, venlafaxine, promethazine Drugs that induce CYP3A4 rifampin Drugs that inhibit CYP3A4 Drugs that inhibit aldehyde oxidase diphenhydramine Drugs that inhibit both aldehyde oxidase and CYP3A4 cimetidine Drugs highly bound to plasma protein Drugs with a narrow therapeutic index digoxin, warfarin Drugs that alter renal excretion ibuprofen Adverse reactions, side effects: Most common adverse reactions of Sonata Zaleplon tablets: Abdominal pain. (awlshelter.org)
Lack aldehyde2
Except for polysaccharides containing free reducing sugars, however, biopolymers generally lack aldehyde and ketone groups. (thermofisher.com)
however, allopurinol is not converted in patients with type II, who lack aldehyde oxidase activity. (medscape.com)
Sulfite oxidase de8
Individuals affected with sulfite oxidase deficiency most commonly present in the neonatal period with intractable seizures, characteristic dysmorphic features, and profound intellectual disability. (medscape.com)
Inherited defects in the sulfite oxidase enzyme can cause the phenotype of sulfite oxidase deficiency. (medscape.com)
The pathogenesis of the brain damage in those with sulfite oxidase deficiency is not known but may be related to sulfite accumulation or lack of sulfate in the CNS. (medscape.com)
Worldwide, approximately 50 cases of sulfite oxidase deficiency have been reported. (medscape.com)
In most cases, sulfite oxidase deficiency is fatal in infancy or early childhood. (medscape.com)
Survivors of sulfite oxidase deficiency often have profound intellectual disability. (medscape.com)
Traditionally, infants with sulfite oxidase deficiency were reported to present in the neonatal period. (medscape.com)
Genetic sulfite oxidase deficiency was described in 1967 in a child. (merckmanuals.com)
Enzymes3
a) Enzymes that catalyse the removal of hy-drogen from a substrate but use only oxy-gen as a hydrogen acceptor to form water as a reaction product (with the exception of uricase and monoamine oxidase which form H 2 O 2 ). (biologydiscussion.com)
g) This enzyme system contains copper, a component of several oxidase enzymes. (biologydiscussion.com)
It can also catalyze the oxidation of both cytochrome P450 (CYP450) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) intermediate products. (wikipedia.org)
The selective estrogen receptor modulator, raloxifene, has been demonstrated as a potent uncompetitive inhibitor of human liver aldehyde oxidase-catalyzed oxidation of phthalazine, vanillin, and nicotine-Δ1′(5′)-iminium ion, with K i values of 0.87 to 1.4 nM. (aspetjournals.org)
The most common method for introducing aldehydes and ketones into polysaccharides and glycoproteins (including antibodies) is by periodate-mediated oxidation of vicinal diols. (thermofisher.com)
Figure 3.3.1 Sodium periodate oxidation of an N-terminal serine residue to an aldehyde, with the release of formaldehyde. (thermofisher.com)
Because galactose oxidase-mediated oxidation liberates a molecule of hydrogen peroxide for each molecule of aldehyde that is formed ( Figure 3.3.2 ), horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of the Amplex Red reagent to red-fluorescent resorufin by hydrogen peroxide provides a ready means by which the number of aldehyde residues introduced into a biomolecule, including on a cell surface, can be quantitated. (thermofisher.com)
Cytochrome4
Ziprasidone is hepatically metabolized by aldehyde oxidase and cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). (tcichemicals.com)
a) Cytochrome oxidase is a hemoprotein widely distributed in plants and animal tissues. (biologydiscussion.com)
2 at-oms of Cu are also present which are asso-ciated with the cytochrome oxidase ac-tivity. (biologydiscussion.com)
The aldehyde oxidase enzyme system is less well studied than the cytochrome P450 enzyme system. (medlibrary.org)
Deficiency2
Deficiency of xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase is not known to cause neurologic disease and may not produce symptoms. (medscape.com)
Molybdenum deficiency resulting in decreased activity of sulfite oxidase and sulfite toxicity occurred in a patient receiving long-term total parenteral nutrition. (merckmanuals.com)
Zaleplon1
Examples of drugs metabolized primarily by aldehyde oxidase are Zaleplon, Ziprasidone, and methotrexate. (wikipedia.org)
Liver2
Aldehyde oxidase is very concentrated in the liver, where it oxidizes multiple aldehydes and nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds, such as anti-cancer and immunosuppressive drugs. (wikipedia.org)
Diphenhydramine is reported to be a weak inhibitor of aldehyde oxidase in rat liver, but its inhibitory effects in human liver are not known. (medlibrary.org)
Hydrogen peroxide1
AO catalyzes the conversion of an aldehyde in the presence of oxygen and water to an acid and hydrogen peroxide. (wikipedia.org)
In this study, we found that exogenously applied MeJA increased aldehyde oxidase (AO) activities in the roots and leaves of maize ( Zea mays ). (org.pk)
Cysteine1
Methionine and cysteine normally are metabolized to sulfite and then are oxidized to sulfate by the enzyme sulfite oxidase (see the image below). (medscape.com)
Derivatives3
These introduced aldehydes and ketones can then be modified with fluorescent or biotinylated hydrazine, hydroxylamine or amine derivatives to label the polysaccharide or glycoprotein. (thermofisher.com)
Alkenes from unsaturated fatty acids and ceramides can also be converted to glycols by osmium tetroxide and then oxidized by periodate to aldehydes, and periodate will oxidize certain β-aminoethanol derivatives such as the hydroxylysine residues in collagen, as well as methionine (to its sulfoxide) and certain thiols (usually to disulfides). (thermofisher.com)
The aldehyde thus formed from the protein can be subsequently modified with a variety of hydrazine, hydroxylamine or amine derivatives. (thermofisher.com)
Oxygen1
Exogenous agents are also impli- aldehyde) to form various pro-mu- tion, resisting cell death, enabling cated in the generation of reactive tagenic exocyclic adduct s (Bartsch replicative immortality, inducing oxygen. (who.int)
Pharmacokinetics1
Aldehyde oxidase is thought to have a significant impact on pharmacokinetics. (wikipedia.org)
Reaction1
Raloxifene has also been shown to be a noncompetitive inhibitor of an aldehyde oxidase-catalyzed reduction reaction of a hydroxamic acid-containing compound, with a K i of 51 nM. (aspetjournals.org)
Drugs1
Aldehydes and ketones are present in a number of low molecular weight molecules such as drugs, steroid hormones, reducing sugars and metabolic intermediates (e.g., pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate). (thermofisher.com)
Human aldehyde oxidase (hAOX1) is a molybdenum enzyme with high toxicological importance, but its physiological role is still unknown. (unl.pt)
Form1
Even those aldehydes and ketones that are found in the open-ring form of simple carbohydrates are usually in equilibrium with the closed-ring form of the sugar. (thermofisher.com)
Found1
The infrequent occurrence of aldehydes and ketones in biomolecules has stimulated the development of techniques to selectively introduce these functional groups, thus providing unique sites for chemical modification and greatly extending the applications of the probes found in this section. (thermofisher.com)
Sites1
Galactose oxidase-modified lipopolysaccharides (LPS) have been modified with Alexa Fluor 488 hydrazide ( A10436 ) to probe for LPS-binding sites on cells. (thermofisher.com)