• Isolates were subsequently screened for aflatoxin production using yeast extract sucrose medium. (researchgate.net)
  • The obtained data showed that six isolates of A. flavus and four isolates of A. parasiticus were positive for aflatoxin production, while all isolates of A. niger were negative. (hindawi.com)
  • as well as to estimate the presence and absence of the PCR products corresponding to amplification of aflD , aflM , aflP , aflR , and aflS genes in aflatoxigenic and nonaflatoxigenic A. flavus isolates isolated from stored cashew. (hindawi.com)
  • The identification of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus isolates was confirmed by Regional Center of the Fungi and their Applications, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt. (hindawi.com)
  • Scherm B, Palomba M, Serra D, Marcello A, Migheli Q. Detection of transcripts of the aflatoxin genes aflD, aflO, and aflP by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction allows differentiation of aflatoxin-producing and non-producing isolates of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. (ac.ir)
  • From the many studies of the production of mycotoxins by mould isolates derived from agricultural environments, a great deal is known about the mould species that are capable of producing known mycotoxins and about the growth media and conditions that induce production. (moldbacteria.com)
  • The genus Aspergillus was the most dominant genus recovered (142 isolates) followed by Penicillium (14 isolates) and these two genera were found in 85.0 and 11.0% of the samples analyzed. (scialert.net)
  • Isolates of Aspergillus flavus andA. (iita.org)
  • Ninety one percent of A. flavus and A. parasiticus isolates produced atleast one of the four aflatoxin types assayed, with 36% producing aflatoxin B1. (iita.org)
  • Contamination with mycotoxins is a recurrent problem in Brazil nuts and is caused mainly by post-harvest infection with Aspergillus section Flavi species. (researchgate.net)
  • Therefore, assessment of the response of aflatoxigenic species to different temperatures is important to add information about the understanding of aflatoxin production by Aspergillus nomius and may help in the development of new strategies to prevent aflatoxin contamination. (researchgate.net)
  • Aspergillus flavus is a ubiquitous saprotrophic soil -borne pathogenic fungus that causes crops contamination with the carcinogen aflatoxins . (bvsalud.org)
  • As mycotoxin contamination is a critical factor that destabilizes global food safety, the current review provides an updated overview of the (co-)occurrence of A. flavus and F. verticillioides and (co-)contamination of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) in maize. (usda.gov)
  • However, hot, dry conditions during grain fill increase the risk of Aspergillus infection and aflatoxin contamination in the field. (iastate.edu)
  • Although the presence of Aspergillus mold does not necessarily indicate aflatoxin contamination, there is certainly an increased risk. (iastate.edu)
  • In addition, aflatoxin contamination does not occur uniformly from kernel to kernel. (iastate.edu)
  • Since this appears to be a high risk year in southeast and south central Iowa for aflatoxin contamination, it is likely that aflatoxin screening will be done at local elevators. (iastate.edu)
  • There is little that can be done this late in the season to reduce the risk of Aspergillus preharvest aflatoxin contamination. (iastate.edu)
  • However, postharvest aflatoxin contamination can be reduced. (iastate.edu)
  • Corn (maize, Zea mays ) is susceptible to contamination with aflatoxins, fumonisins and other mycotoxins, particularly in the southeastern USA. (erudit.org)
  • The mid-April planting date resulted in lower aflatoxin contamination in harvested corn each yr and in significantly less frequent contamination above a regulatory action level in 2005 and overall than did the early-May planting date in both Bt and non-Bt corn. (erudit.org)
  • Reduced aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination with mid-April planting could not be explained by any measure of heat stress during the kernel-filling period. (erudit.org)
  • En principe, la contamination par les mycotoxines pourrait être diminuée chez les hybrides commerciaux de maïs par des saisons de croissance plus courtes en plantant à des dates qui minimisent le stress sur les plantes au moment de la période critique du remplissage des grains. (erudit.org)
  • De même, la contamination supérieure aux niveaux légalement acceptés a été moindre en 2005 et dans l'ensemble pour les semis de la mi-avril. (erudit.org)
  • Peanut kernels of Homabay Local, Valencia Red, ICGV-SM 12991 and ICGV-SM 99568 cultivars were storedfor six months in jute, polypropylene and polyethylene bags to assess the effect of storage bags, temperature andR.H. on fungal population and aflatoxin contamination. (iita.org)
  • Peanuts should be adequately dried to safe moisturelevel and immediately packaged in a container - preferably jute bags - which will not promote critical increasesin fungal population and aflatoxin contamination. (iita.org)
  • Aspergillus nomius is a potent producer of aflatoxins B and G and is one of the most common species of fungi found in Brazil nuts. (researchgate.net)
  • In order to study the relationship between the distribution and aflatoxin production capacity of Aspergillus species and soil types, 35 soil samples were collected from the main peanut planting areas in Xiangyang, which has 19.7 thousand square kilometers and is located in a special area with different soil types. (mdpi.com)
  • Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) is a carcinogenic metabolite produced by certain Aspergillus species. (scirp.org)
  • Aspergillus and Penicillium species exemplify food spoilage fungi, associated with particular conditions in post-harvest ecology. (cabi.org)
  • Recurrence of AR leads an array of alterations in plants that includes inhibited seed germination, growth and productivity, biomass accumulation, photosynthesis, enzyme activities, protein synthesis, gene expression patterns, and over production of active oxygen species (AOS). (degruyter.com)
  • A total of 387 fungal species were isolated from Couscous samples, with Aspergillus flavus BN (20) which is identified as the highest aflatoxin producer. (uvigo.es)
  • Aflatoxins are mainly produced by two species of Aspergillus , Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus , in several agricultural commodities, including corn and nuts. (moldbacteria.com)
  • Most metabolites of aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ), especially exo-AFB 1 -8,9-epoxide (AFBO), can induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to vary degrees, causing oxidative stress and liver damage, and ultimately induce liver cancer in humans and animals. (hindawi.com)
  • However, most of the studies have focused on Aspergillus fumigatus , the most prevalent species in the genus. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Accurate species identification within Aspergillus flavus complex remains difficult due to overlapping morphological and biochemical characteristics, and much taxonomic and population genetics work is necessary to better understand the species and related species. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Pathogenic Aspergillus species recovered from a hospital water system: a 3-year prospective study. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Four new species of Aspergillus from Ivory Coast Soil. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • This study confirms previous studies demonstrating the predominance of Aspergillus species in herbal and medicinal plants and its capability in the production of aflatoxin with induction of nephrotoxicity and hepatoxicity in animals and even in humans. (scialert.net)
  • Data management, analysis and interpretation using Microsoft exceL and SAS package, Isolation and identification of different fungal species from different crops analysed and quantified aflatoxin using thin layer chromatographic (TLC) plates and camag scanner and neogen kits. (edu.ng)
  • Aspergillus flavus is a significant fungus that poses a threat to food safety by producing mycotoxins in various crops. (usda.gov)
  • A large proportion (69%) of the imported foods tested in this study were contaminated with one or several mycotoxins, including zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and aflatoxins. (usda.gov)
  • Maize is frequently contaminated with multiple mycotoxins, especially those produced by Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides. (usda.gov)
  • Aspergillus -derived mycotoxins, including aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, and fumonisins (members of the fusariotoxin group) can cause pathological damage to vital organs, including the kidney or liver. (frontiersin.org)
  • Pigs are exposed to mycotoxins due to their cereal-based diet and are particularly susceptible to Aspergillus mycotoxins. (frontiersin.org)
  • The aflatoxins are a group of chemically similar toxic fungal metabolites (mycotoxins) produced by genus Aspergillus . (hindawi.com)
  • G rowth of commonly occurring moulds in foods and building materials may result in production of toxic complex secondary metabolic by-products referred to as mycotoxins. (moldbacteria.com)
  • According to experts, five kinds of mycotoxins are important in human health: aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, certain trichothecenes and zearalenone. (moldbacteria.com)
  • The most widely known mycotoxins are the aflatoxins whose toxic effects were first realized in England in the 1960s when an outbreak of the so called turkey X disease killed over 100,000 fowls following consumption of contaminated peanuts. (moldbacteria.com)
  • Conditions that favour production of one type of mycotoxins may not be favourable for production of another type. (moldbacteria.com)
  • The production of mycotoxins is essentially a defensive response by the growing mold triggered by an environmental factor, like temperature, 1 oxygen, 2 pH 3 or moisture. (kemin.com)
  • Aflatoxins are highly toxic mycotoxins. (r-biopharm.com)
  • It is also a plant pest, and contaminates food and feed with the potent carcinogen, aflatoxin, impacting several billion people worldwide. (liberty.edu)
  • Nevertheless, in toxicological classification, aflatoxin B1 has been designated as a group 1 carcinogen, specifically implicated in liver, lung and gallbladder malignancy. (cabi.org)
  • Two structural types of aflatoxins are known (B and G types), of which aflatoxin B 1 is a class 1 carcinogen and is considered the most toxic. (moldbacteria.com)
  • Their high levels in rice, walnuts, pistachios, peanuts, and coffee beans underscore the need for robust surveillance and quality assurance systems across the food supply chains, from production to retail, to effectively protect the public from mycotoxin exposure. (usda.gov)
  • Increased temperature, elevation in carbon dioxide, and extremes in water availability can influence the occurrence and/or frequency of mycotoxin production. (frontiersin.org)
  • Currently, synthetic chemicals are not used to manage mycotoxin production which cause harmful effects on consumers [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Consequently, host-pathogen interactions are important components in mycotoxin production. (cabi.org)
  • What Factors Favour Mycotoxin Production? (moldbacteria.com)
  • Production occurs preferentially on materials that both allow toxigenic moulds to grow and provide the conditions for mycotoxin production. (moldbacteria.com)
  • Fusarium mold has a specific defensive action when challenged that causes production of the mycotoxin," Rodberg said. (kemin.com)
  • Carvacrol and thymol as potential preservatives against Aspergillus in maize grains. (ac.ir)
  • In mid 2004 more than 100 people died in an East African country after consuming grains contaminated with aflatoxins. (moldbacteria.com)
  • however, accumulation of the aflatoxin in the distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) will occur. (iastate.edu)
  • Extracted toxin from Aspergillus infected maize grains. (edu.ng)
  • Finally, the catalytic activity site N192 of SirE was required for regulating growth , deacetylase function and aflatoxin production . (bvsalud.org)
  • The method allows small amounts of compounds to be tested for effect on the growth and aflatoxin production of the fungus. (usda.gov)
  • Five commercially essential oils (thyme, garlic, cinnamon, mint, and rosemary) were tested to determine their influence on growth and aflatoxin production in A. flavus and A. parasiticus by performing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). (hindawi.com)
  • The results showed that the tested essential oils caused highly significant inhibition of fungal growth and aflatoxin production in A. flavus and A. parasiticus . (hindawi.com)
  • The extent of the inhibition of fungal growth and aflatoxin production was dependent on the type and concentration of essential oils applied. (hindawi.com)
  • However, the most active extracts (from seeds) did not affect fungal growth and aflatoxin production of Aspergillus flavus (Ascomycota: Trichocomaceae). (usp.br)
  • The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of saffron stigmas on A. parasiticus growth and AFB 1 production in Yeast Extract Sucrose (YES) medium. (scirp.org)
  • F. Olojede, G. Engelhardt, P. R. Wallnofer and G. O. Adegoke, "Decrease of Growth and Aflatoxin Production in Aspergillus parasiticus Caused by Spices," WJ Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vol. 9, No. 5, 1995, pp. 605-606. (scirp.org)
  • Inhibition of Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin Production in Transgenic Maize Expressing the α-amylase Inhibitor from Lablab purpureus L. (jove.com)
  • The present study investigates the inhibitory effect of carvacrol as an active compound against the growth of Aspergillus flavus , besides its effect on the expression of aflatoxin-related ( aflR ) gene. (ac.ir)
  • Yin HB, Chen CH, Kollanoor-Johny A, Darre MJ, Venkitanarayanan K. Controlling Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus growth and aflatoxin production in poultry feed using carvacrol and trans-cinnamaldehyde. (ac.ir)
  • Yin H-B, Chen C-H, Kollanoor-Johny A, Darre MJ, Venkitanarayanan K. Controlling Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus growth and aflatoxin production in poultry feed using carvacrol and trans-cinnamaldehyde. (ac.ir)
  • High temperatures (80--100 °F) and high relative humidity (85%) favor the growth of Aspergillus in the field. (iastate.edu)
  • If greater than 10 to 15 percent of the ears show extensive mold growth, a sample should be collected for aflatoxin analysis. (iastate.edu)
  • Shelled corn should be dried to 15 percent moisture or less within 24 to 48 hours of harvest, and cooled to 35--40 °F for the duration of winter to reduce fungal growth and aflatoxin production. (iastate.edu)
  • This research was aimed to study the potency of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) in the inhibition of Aspergillus flavus growth and the production of Aflatoxin B2. (undip.ac.id)
  • Lactobacillus delbrueckii , L. fermentum, L. plantarum were investigated for their potential in inhibiting and degradation of Aflatoxin B2 as well as inhibiting fungal growth. (undip.ac.id)
  • Production of aflatoxins is dependent upon the substrate present and the growth conditions (temperature, relative humidity, etc. (edlab.org)
  • The presence of aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) in poultry diets decreases the hatchability, hatchling weight, growth rate, meat and egg production, meat and egg quality, vaccination efficiency, as well as impairing the feed conversion ratio and increasing the susceptibility of birds to disease and mortality. (momsagainstmold.com)
  • Aflatoxins, for example, are produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus and are found naturally all over the world in warm conditions that favor mold growth. (kemin.com)
  • Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a secondary metabolite produced primarily by the genus Aspergillus sp. (usda.gov)
  • Total aflatoxin (B1+B2+G1+G2+M1) was analyzed using an immunoassay technique while the presence of aflatoxin was confirmed using thin-layer chromatography. (researchgate.net)
  • Maximum concentrations of total aflatoxin and B1 were detected in nuts stored at 97% r.h. and at temperatures of 25-30 °C. Shelled half-nuts contained the highest total (6817 ng/g) and B1 (4483 ng/g) aflatoxin. (researchgate.net)
  • Concentrations of aflatoxins in maize and groundnuts regularly exceed safety threshold limits. (cabi.org)
  • The EOs inhibited the aflatoxin B1 production at lower concentrations. (uvigo.es)
  • The results of MIC and MFC tests showed that carvacrol at 0.8 μg/ml and 3.5 μg/ml concentrations displayed antimicrobial activities on A. flavus , respectively. (ac.ir)
  • For example, aflatoxin production by Aspergillus is dependent on concentrations of O 2 , CO 2 , zinc, and copper, as well as physical location while ochratoxin production relates to air exhaustion. (moldbacteria.com)
  • Ensiling will not reduce aflatoxin concentrations, although if the silage is properly managed, concentrations will not increase. (iastate.edu)
  • This review considers how AFB 1 produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus strains can affect the immune system, antioxidant defense system, digestive system, and reproductive system in poultry, as well as its effects on productivity and reproductive performance. (momsagainstmold.com)
  • A new method for growing a fungus that produces aflatoxins in preharvest corn has been developed. (usda.gov)
  • Furthermore, our research also revealed aflatoxin synthesis is a complex process that is affected by a variety of factors such as nutrient uptake, oxidative stress, sclerotia development, G protein signaling pathways and valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation, and a speculative model summarizing the regulation of aflatoxin biosynthesis in A. flavus is presented. (olmdiagnostics.com)
  • Total aflatoxin levels rangedfrom 0 - 47.8 μg/kg with samples stored in polyethylene and jute bags being the most and least contaminated,respectively. (iita.org)
  • Eighty nine percent and 97% of the peanut samples met the EU (≤ 4 μg/kg) and Kenyan (≤ 10μg/kg) regulatory standards for total aflatoxin, respectively. (iita.org)
  • PCR was used with four sets of primer pairs for nor-1, omt-1, ver-1 , and aflR genes, enclosed in the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway. (hindawi.com)
  • Evaluating Cross-Applicability of Weed Detection Models Across Different Crops in Similar Production Environments. (tamu.edu)
  • Aspergillus flavus, A. paraciticus and the rare A. nomius. (r-biopharm.com)
  • Frequent co-occurrence of aflatoxin and fumonisin was observed. (erudit.org)
  • Under review).Occurrence of aflatoxin in Colocynthis citrullus L. (egusi) kernels in Southwestern Nigeria. (edu.ng)
  • A. flavus produces more aflatoxin at 28 °C compared to 37 °C. Our study also found that A. flavus cultured on solid media produced more aflatoxin than in liquid media. (olmdiagnostics.com)
  • Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus are two of the most important toxigenic moulds [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of M. pulegium and M. communis EOs against the toxigenic strain of A. flavus BN (20) determined to be 4.00 μL/mL, whereas the MIC of M. piperita was 3.50 μL/mL. (uvigo.es)
  • The RNA-Seq revealed that sirE was crucial for secondary metabolism production as well as genetic information process and oxidation-reduction in A. flavus . (bvsalud.org)
  • Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus , including aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ), aflatoxin B 2 , aflatoxin G 1 , and aflatoxin G 2 . (hindawi.com)
  • For example, foodborne aflatoxins may enhance the carcinogenic potential of hepatitis B virus. (cabi.org)
  • were isolated from the surfaces of whole in-shell (WIS) Brazil nuts imported from Peru using A. flavus and A. parasiticus agar (AFPA). (researchgate.net)
  • Aflatoxin was not detected (detection limit of 1.75 ng/g) in nuts maintained at either 10 °C (97% r.h.) or at 30 °C (75% r.h.) for up to 60 d. (researchgate.net)
  • Overall, increasing the relative humidity and temperature during storage resulted in an increase in aflatoxin and these were shown to be the most significant variables influencing toxin production in Brazil nuts. (researchgate.net)
  • Temperature is considered a major abiotic factor that influences fungal colonization and aflatoxin production in nuts during pre- and post-harvest. (researchgate.net)
  • Aflatoxins may be present in a wide range of many food commodities, as nuts [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The presence of Aspergillus in stored cashew nuts appears in deterioration, discolouration, and bad odour [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The correlation between MC,population of A. flavus and A. parasiticus and aflatoxin levels in peanuts was also determined. (iita.org)
  • Although both A. oryzae and Aspergillus flavus belong to the section Flavi of the subgenus Circumdati of Aspergillus , A. oryzae , unlike A. flavus , does not produce aflatoxin, and its long history of use in the food industry has proved its safety. (nature.com)
  • Since aflatoxin levels are usually highest in damaged kernels, cleaning the grain using a rotary screen or gravity table may reduce their levels. (iastate.edu)
  • If the grain is to be used on-farm, anhydrous ammonia can be used to reduce aflatoxin contaminations. (iastate.edu)
  • Many factors are influencing aflatoxin production during storage such as moisture, storage temperature, availability of oxygen, and lipids content [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Their production is determined by ecological and environmental factors (temperature, humidity and substrate water activity). (cabi.org)
  • Aflatoxins are produced under certain conditions, which include temperatures from 55--104 °F (optimum 81--86 °F), and 17--18 percent and higher moisture content. (iastate.edu)
  • The expression of the aflatoxin regulatory ( aflR ) gene was examined by Reverse Transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique. (ac.ir)
  • Together the results demonstrated that carvacrol not only exhibited antimicrobial activity against A. flavus but also reduced its gene expression level. (ac.ir)
  • The genome of Aspergillus oryzae , a fungus important for the production of traditional fermented foods and beverages in Japan, has been sequenced. (nature.com)
  • The expansion in genome size appears to be characteristic of the organisms closely related to A. oryzae , as the estimated genome size of its close relatives A. flavus (W. Nierman, personal communication) and Aspergillus niger 8 is comparable to that of A. oryzae . (nature.com)
  • AFB 1 has the strong liver toxicity and can reduce production performance, feed utilization [ 3 ], egg production, and immunosuppression in poultry [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Histone deacetylase SirE regulates development, DNA damage response and aflatoxin production in Aspergillus flavus. (bvsalud.org)
  • The U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulates aflatoxin levels in food and livestock feed. (iastate.edu)
  • Aspergillus flavus -infection of a pacemaker wire: continuing evidence for active management of infected pacemakers. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • 1997). Corn is used for animal feed, direct human consumption, fermentation for fuel ethanol and production of alcoholic beverages (Watson 1988). (erudit.org)
  • Prevention of aflatoxin in pistachios. (ac.ir)
  • Particularly common clinical syndromes associated with A. flavus include chronic granulomatous sinusitis, keratitis, cutaneous aspergillosis, wound infections and osteomyelitis following trauma and inoculation. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Field and laboratory inoculation of maize lines to screen for aflatoxin resistance. (edu.ng)