Aflatoxin contamination of maize. Medical search. Frequent questions

Current surveillance indicates widespread mycotoxin contamination of primary and processed plant products with global implications for human health. (cabi.org)
Furthermore, it is necessary to know the nature, sources, distribution ways, and incidence of mycotoxin contamination in order to protect people and provide public health. (intechopen.com)
If deployed commercially, this technology has significant potential to contribute to food safety in the under-developed and developing countries where mycotoxin contamination of groundnut, maize, chili and cottonseed pose a major threat to human and animal health,' said Dr. Dilip Shah, principal investigator at the Danforth Plant Science Center. (feedstuffs.com)
In principle, mycotoxin contamination could be reduced in commercial corn hybrids with shorter growing seasons by planting at dates which minimize plant stress during the critical kernel-filling period. (erudit.org)
The high level of mycotoxin contamination in Indian cereals must be addressed with improved monitoring and maximum levels for contamination set, a new study says. (bakeryandsnacks.com)
As mycotoxin contamination is a critical factor that destabilizes global food safety, the current review provides an updated overview of the (co-)occurrence of A. flavus and F. verticillioides and (co-)contamination of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) in maize. (usda.gov)
Mycotoxin contamination of maize poses a health risk to humans and animals if not properly managed. (asabe.org)
Mycotoxin contamination in rice can lead to a health risk for consumers. (biomedcentral.com)
Alternative methods, such as biocontrol agents (BCAs), are currently being developed to reduce the use of chemicals in the prevention of mycotoxin contamination. (bvsalud.org)
inside the U.S., mycotoxin contamination of preharvest corn has been reportable in twenty three states, and contamination is chronic within the southeastern U.S. where hot, drought conditions usually favor the plant and also the production of mycotoxin. (journalgazett.com)
Management practices are developed to cut back mycotoxin contamination, however in years once environmental conditions area unit extraordinarily favorable for the plant, no management strategy is effective. (journalgazett.com)
The purpose of this study was to assess awareness and knowledge regarding mycotoxin contamination in maize grain in three agro-ecological zones (Eastern, Central, and Northern) of Tanzania between November 2015 and February 2016. (iastate.edu)
In addition, several samples of maize were collected and analyzed for aflatoxin, fumonisin, and zearalenone contamination to validate the awareness and knowledge of mycotoxin contamination of maize. (iastate.edu)
Education intervention is necessary to decrease the disconnect observed between actual mycotoxin contamination and the awareness and knowledge of farmers, traders, and consumers of maize in Tanzania. (iastate.edu)

Aflatoxin contamination is increasing in crops such as maize as a result of climate change creating better conditions for these molds. (wikipedia.org)
Favorable conditions for production of aflatoxins include high moisture content (at least 7%) and temperatures from 55 °F (13 °C) to 104 °F (40 °C) [optimum 27 to 30 °C (81 to 86 °F)]. Aflatoxins have been isolated from all major cereal crops, and from sources as diverse as peanut butter and cannabis. (wikipedia.org)
Food contamination challenges are generally referred to the presence of microorganisms or derived toxic substances such as mycotoxin in food that make them unsafe for human, animals, and crops. (intechopen.com)
and their collaborators at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in Hyderabad, India, the U.S. Department of Agriculture and Louisiana State University have made a significant research breakthrough by suppressing the aflatoxin-producing fungus in groundnut, or peanuts. (feedstuffs.com)
As temperatures rise, Dutch and Italian researchers contend we could see an increase in mycotoxin aflatoxin B1, putting maize crops at high risk. (bakeryandsnacks.com)
He is a senior research scientist and program director at the University of Georgia, and was formerly Director of Research at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and Director of the Genetic Resources Program and of the Applied Biotechnology Center at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) . (generationcp.org)
Aflatoxin contamination is highly prevalent in Ghana and affects crops such as maize, groundnuts, and their processed products, exposing humans and animals to the consumption of contaminated food and feed. (standardsfacility.org)
In Tanzania, maize and groundnuts are key food security and export crops. (gafspfund.org)
But these crops are also highly susceptible to fungal infestation, or aflatoxin contamination-the leading cause of liver disease and liver cancer in Tanzania- reducing the well-being of the population and the country's export-earning potential. (gafspfund.org)
Results from study show Aflasafe to be highly efficient at reducing aflatoxin contamination in key crops. (cgiar.org)
Data management, analysis and interpretation using Microsoft exceL and SAS package, Isolation and identification of different fungal species from different crops analysed and quantified aflatoxin using thin layer chromatographic (TLC) plates and camag scanner and neogen kits. (edu.ng)
The prevailing weather is an essential determinant of aflatoxin contamination, with dry and hot weather, and exceptionally prolonged droughts, predisposing crops to aflatoxin contamination [2]. (drbata.com)
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: Aflatoxins, highly carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus, frequently contaminate crops such as peanut, corn, wheat and sesame leading to irreversible loss in the quality and yield of agricultural products and posing serious threats to food safety. (bvsalud.org)
They are commonly found in agricultural crops like maize (corn), peanuts, cottonseed, and tree nuts. (medicalchannelasia.com)
A simple, rapid test that can detect aflatoxins and costs under $2 has been developed by consortia, including the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), here. (dosaraf.com)
As a results of rules supposed to cut back human exposure, crop contamination with aflatoxins causes vital economic loss for producers, marketers, and processors of numerous inclined crops. (journalgazett.com)
bioarm contamination happens once specific fungi within the Aspergillus infect crops. (journalgazett.com)
with cancer properties that are a typical food contamination of the many crops as well as maize and peanuts. (journalgazett.com)
In Kenya, levels of exposure to aflatoxin-a contaminant produced by a fungus found on maize and other crops-are among the highest in the world, due to high maize consumption and agroecological conditions in parts of the country. (cgiar.org)

Of considerable concern is the widespread contamination of maize and associated products with fumonisins. (cabi.org)
Corn (maize, Zea mays ) is susceptible to contamination with aflatoxins, fumonisins and other mycotoxins, particularly in the southeastern USA. (erudit.org)
The most important mycotoxins in Tanzania are the aflatoxins, fumonisins and Ochratoxin. (asabe.org)
The most commonly detected mycotoxin with aflatoxins is fumonisins (FUM) in feed ingredient and animal feed samples [3,6]. (drbata.com)
Aspergillus -derived mycotoxins, including aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, and fumonisins (members of the fusariotoxin group) can cause pathological damage to vital organs, including the kidney or liver. (frontiersin.org)

Reduced aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination with mid-April planting could not be explained by any measure of heat stress during the kernel-filling period. (erudit.org)
Introgression of aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination resistance genes in maize hybrids. (ukzn.ac.za)

Le maïs ( Zea mays ) est sensible à la contamination par les aflatoxines, les fumonisines et d'autres mycotoxines, surtout dans le sud-est des États-Unis. (erudit.org)
In the Southern United States, corn (maize, Zea mays L.) is commonly grown in rotation with cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) or soybeans [ Glycine max (L.) Merr. (erudit.org)
Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most important cereal crop in southern Africa. (ukzn.ac.za)
An investigative study of the drought tolerance of F1 maize (Zea mays L.) single crosses derived from PANNAR and CIMMYT inbred lines. (ukzn.ac.za)
Drought is the most devastating abiotic stress limiting the production of maize (Zea mays L.) worldwide. (ukzn.ac.za)
Maize ( Zea mays L.), a staple food most widely grown in Africa including Ghana, and extensi. (biomedcentral.com)
Effects of Phytohormones on Reversing the Inhibitory Action of Aflatoxin B1 on the Growth of Maize Seeds (Zea mays L. (journalgazett.com)

Concentrations of aflatoxins in maize and groundnuts regularly exceed safety threshold limits. (cabi.org)
At the same time, the project carries out public awareness and education on food safety, nutrition, and aflatoxin mitigation, and supports the development of bylaws to regulate codes of practice for maize and groundnuts. (gafspfund.org)
As of September 2017, IITA and its partners have sold and distributed more than 1,000 tons of Aflasafe® to farmers through public- and private-sector channels, covering a collective 100,000 hectares of maize and groundnuts. (agrilinks.org)

The current study determined both the aflatoxin levels in pre-harvest maize across Uganda and the structures of communities of aflatoxin-producing fungi associated with the maize. (ac.ke)
As climate shifts, therefore do the complicated communities of aflatoxin-producing fungi. (journalgazett.com)

Overall, increasing the relative humidity and temperature during storage resulted in an increase in aflatoxin and these were shown to be the most significant variables influencing toxin production in Brazil nuts. (researchgate.net)
Extracted toxin from Aspergillus infected maize grains. (edu.ng)
Crop contamination by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), an Aspergillus-flavus-produced toxin, is frequently observed in tropical and subtropical regions. (bvsalud.org)
Aflatoxins, the most lethal toxin in maize can be avoided by storing maize or maize flour on pallets or polyethene sheet instead of directly on the floor. (dispatch.ug)
Currently the assessment of individual exposure to mycotoxins in man and animals is usually based on the analysis of toxin and/or metabolite contamination in the blood or urine. (frontiersin.org)
The prevalence of aflatoxins in maize in various regions of the country, including low-risk areas, underscores the importance of raising awareness on the chances and consequences of chronic exposure to the toxin among producers, consumers, traders, and vendors. (co.ke)

ICRISAT has been working with smallholder farmers in Africa to combat the aflatoxin problem. (dosaraf.com)
Like other sub-Saharan countries, postharvest losses of maize during storage in Tanzania remain significantly high, especially for smallholder farmers. (iastate.edu)

However, in tropical and subtropical climates, maize is frequently contaminated with aflatoxins, a group of cancer-causing and immuno-suppressive mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus section Flavi fungi. (ac.ke)
However, in tropical and sub-tropical regions, maize is frequently contaminated with aflatoxins by Aspergillus section Flavi fungi. (iita.org)
Maize is frequently contaminated with multiple mycotoxins, especially those produced by Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides. (usda.gov)

For EU it is about 16% of the samples contained aflatoxin concentrations above tolerance thresholds. (ac.ke)
The extremely high aflatoxin concentrations detected in some of the studied regions indicate that management strategies should be urgently designed for use at the pre-harvest stage. (ac.ke)
The objectives of this study were to examine the effects of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress on the growth of different toxigenic (+) and atoxigenic (-) isolates of Aspergillus flavus and to test whether aflatoxin production affects the H2O2 concentrations that the isolates could survive. (usda.gov)
Increasing H2O2 concentrations in the media resulted in elevated aflatoxin production in toxigenic isolates. (usda.gov)
Given the potential correlation between ROS and exacerbated aflatoxin production under drought and heat stress, the objectives of this study were to examine the effects of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress on the growth of different toxigenic (+) and atoxigenic (-) isolates of Aspergillus flavus and to test whether aflatoxin production affects the H2O2 concentrations that the isolates could survive. (usda.gov)
In the 1% peptone media, YEP did not affect the H2O2 concentrations that the isolates could survive in comparison with YES media, without aflatoxin production. (usda.gov)
Maximum concentrations of total aflatoxin and B1 were detected in nuts stored at 97% r.h. and at temperatures of 25-30 °C. Shelled half-nuts contained the highest total (6817 ng/g) and B1 (4483 ng/g) aflatoxin. (researchgate.net)
Asia and North America had aflatoxin concentrations above the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) maximal level for positive feed samples (20 μg/kg). (drbata.com)
In our study, 'monitoring aflatoxin concentrations and its bioaccumulation in organisms' has been conducted. (bvsalud.org)

2016). Temperature is a key environmental factor that may favor the growth of these fungi and aflatoxin production (Arrus et al. (researchgate.net)

The nuts produced these RNA molecules during fungal attacks and inactivated target genes responsible for aflatoxin synthesis. (feedstuffs.com)
Temperature is considered a major abiotic factor that influences fungal colonization and aflatoxin production in nuts during pre- and post-harvest. (researchgate.net)
The results showed that the tested essential oils caused highly significant inhibition of fungal growth and aflatoxin production in A. flavus and A. parasiticus . (hindawi.com)
The extent of the inhibition of fungal growth and aflatoxin production was dependent on the type and concentration of essential oils applied. (hindawi.com)
The aflatoxins are a group of chemically similar toxic fungal metabolites (mycotoxins) produced by genus Aspergillus . (hindawi.com)
Aflatoxins, the toxins detected in Fragrance's mooncake, result from fungal contamination and are known to be both genotoxic and carcinogenic. (medicalchannelasia.com)

Aflatoxins are among the most carcinogenic substances known. (wikipedia.org)
For example, foodborne aflatoxins may enhance the carcinogenic potential of hepatitis B virus. (cabi.org)
For example, â ¼25 genes responsible for the biosynthesis of carcinogenic aflatoxins by Aspergillus section Flavi species are grouped in a â ¼70 Kb cluster. (bvsalud.org)
Aflatoxin is carcinogenic. (dosaraf.com)

Contamination also happens when grain is stored in hot, humid and poorly ventilated conditions. (feedstuffs.com)
Avec les semis de la mi-avril, il y avait significativement moins de contamination par les fumonisines dans le grain récolté et moins de contamination supérieure aux niveaux légalement acceptés qu'avec les semis du début de mai pour deux des trois années et dans l'ensemble, tant pour le maïs Bt que celui non Bt. (erudit.org)
Humphrey Mutaasa, the Chief Technical Officer at Grain Council of Uganda said Uganda loses an estimated US$38 million annually in missed export opportunities due to aflatoxin contamination. (ideashouse.news)
poorly stored maize grain. (edu.ng)
Regions with the top three highest occurrences of aflatoxins in the grain and balanced feed in the global investigations. (drbata.com)
Recently, Kenya banned Uganda's maize claiming that the grain had unacceptably high levels of aflatoxins. (dispatch.ug)
Control of the storage pest Larger Grain Borer (LGB) (Prostephanus truncates) and aflatoxin contamination by the mould Aspergillus spp. (edu.gh)
the common concentration of biological weapon within the grain samples was low with most maize (88%) and peanut (92%) samples - less than European Commission tolerated aflatoxin level. (journalgazett.com)
Unpredictable weather and poor postharvest practice contribute to rapid deterioration of grain and mold contamination, and subsequent production of mycotoxins. (iastate.edu)

The contamination with aflatoxin in corn and peanut has been shown to be exacerbated by the presence of drought stress and related abiotic stresses. (usda.gov)
The molds - Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus , which infect groundnut, maize/corn, cottonseed and chili - produce these toxins that suppress the immune system, hinder growth and even cause liver cancer. (feedstuffs.com)
The mid-April planting date resulted in lower aflatoxin contamination in harvested corn each yr and in significantly less frequent contamination above a regulatory action level in 2005 and overall than did the early-May planting date in both Bt and non-Bt corn. (erudit.org)
A worldwide investigation in 2018 [5] indicated that approximately 37% of corn was contaminated with aflatoxins in Asia, 19% in South and Central America, 18% in Europe, and 9% in North America. (drbata.com)
A global survey in 2019 reported that samples from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) had the highest mean concentration of 42 μg/kg, while corn samples from Asia, MENA, as well as South and Central America, had aflatoxin contamination rates of 31%, 37%, and 21%, respectively. (drbata.com)
Aflatoxin B1 could be a potent hepatacarcinogen that happens in corn worldwide. (journalgazett.com)
The mycotoxin‐producing plant genus Aspergillus flavus will grow and turn out aflatoxin on corn preharvest and in storage. (journalgazett.com)

Aflatoxins form one of the major groupings of mycotoxins, and apart from Aspergillus flavus various members of the group of compounds occur in species such as: Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus pseudocaelatus, Aspergillus pseudonomius, and Aspergillus nomius. (wikipedia.org)
Aflatoxin B1 is considered the most toxic and is produced by both Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. (wikipedia.org)
Aflatoxin M1 is present in the fermentation broth of Aspergillus parasiticus, but it and aflatoxin M2 are also produced when an infected liver metabolizes aflatoxin B1 and B2. (wikipedia.org)
Aflatoxins are produced by both Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, which are common forms of 'weedy' molds widespread in nature. (wikipedia.org)
Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus produce the aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2, but A. ochraceus together with Penicillium viridicatum and P. cyclopium synthesize ochratoxin A (OTA). (cabi.org)
Scientists from different research institutions in Germany conducted a study to investigate the effect of anti-microbial peptides on major aflatoxin-producing fungi Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus . (isaaa.org)
The obtained data showed that six isolates of A. flavus and four isolates of A. parasiticus were positive for aflatoxin production, while all isolates of A. niger were negative. (hindawi.com)
Five commercially essential oils (thyme, garlic, cinnamon, mint, and rosemary) were tested to determine their influence on growth and aflatoxin production in A. flavus and A. parasiticus by performing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). (hindawi.com)

A total of 256 pre-harvest maize samples were collected from 23 major maize-growing districts in eight agro-ecological zones (AEZ). (ac.ke)
Maize is a major cereal crop in Tanzania and it is grown in diverse agro-ecological zones. (iastate.edu)

A project by the International Food Policy Research Center (IFPRI) seeks to identify and utilize postharvest and storage technologies to reduce aflatoxin exposure, and studies the impact of reduced exposure on child nutrition. (illinois.edu)

Physical barriers (i.e., wax and cuticle) prevented both aflatoxin accumulation and A. flavus sporulation in a highly resistant MLR accession. (iita.org)
0.05) resistance to both aflatoxin accumulation and A. flavus sporulation. (iita.org)
The term "aflatoxin" is derived from the name of the species Aspergillus flavus, in which some of the compounds first were discovered. (wikipedia.org)
Phenotypic characterization of mycotoxins resistant maize inbred families and regional hybrids under Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides infestation. (ukzn.ac.za)
Aflasafe®, an innocuous blue ball, is an all-natural deterrent to the toxic strains of aspergillus flavus, the fungi that produces aflatoxin. (agrilinks.org)
Aspergillus flavus and its toxic aflatoxins secondary metabolites contaminate food and grains, posing a severe threat to human health and leading to liver cancer. (bvsalud.org)
The results demonstrated that aflatoxin production in A. flavus was completely blocked after cycloleucine treatment. (bvsalud.org)
Aspergillus flavus contamination in the non-hermetic bags was highly significant compared to the hermetic bags (p = 0.002). (edu.gh)

Aflatoxin transformation products are sometimes found in eggs, milk products, and meat when animals are fed contaminated grains. (wikipedia.org)
En principe, la contamination par les mycotoxines pourrait être diminuée chez les hybrides commerciaux de maïs par des saisons de croissance plus courtes en plantant à des dates qui minimisent le stress sur les plantes au moment de la période critique du remplissage des grains. (erudit.org)
Les moindres contaminations par les aflatoxines et les fumonisines avec les semis de la mi-avril n'ont pu être expliquées par aucune des mesures du stress causé par la chaleur lors de la période du remplissage des grains. (erudit.org)
Vicam's strip test has received certification for quantitative analysis of total aflatoxins in grains. (bakeryandsnacks.com)
According to Alfred Oyo Andima, the Under Secretary at the Ministry of Trade, the National Trade Policy, Grains Trade Policy and Standard and Quality Policy provide measures to ensure aflatoxin-free foods on the market. (ideashouse.news)
were each introduced into 1.5 kg of the maize grains in hermetic and non-hermetic bags and stored alongside uninfected grains of same weight. (edu.gh)
The government is currently implementing a bio-control technology Aflasafe in order to effectively reduce contamination of maize grains in the field. (co.ke)
Munya indicated that the biggest threat to food grains and their products is contamination by aflatoxins, noting that this is a big concern not only at consumer level, but at all stages of the food system, right from production, transportation, processing, retailing and consumption. (co.ke)

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has launched a project to predict how climate change could increase the amount of aflatoxin B1 in cereals. (bakeryandsnacks.com)
This includes changes within the amount of aflatoxin-producers within the surroundings and alterations to flora community structure. (journalgazett.com)
While a limited amount of aflatoxin consumption is not harmful, chronic exposure is a significant contributor to the global cancer burden. (cgiar.org)

Total aflatoxin (B1+B2+G1+G2+M1) was analyzed using an immunoassay technique while the presence of aflatoxin was confirmed using thin-layer chromatography. (researchgate.net)
Although the presence of aflatoxin is not the only criteria of quality, it is a binding constraint to accessing high-value markets. (agrilinks.org)

These isolates were cultured under a H2O2 gradient ranging from 0 to 50 mM in two different media, aflatoxin-conducive yeast extract-sucrose (YES) and non-conducive yeast extract-peptone (YEP). (usda.gov)
Isolates were subsequently screened for aflatoxin production using yeast extract sucrose medium. (researchgate.net)

Three different media (potato dextrose agar (PDA), Czapek agar (CZ), and malt extract agar (MEA)) were used for detection of aflatoxin based on fluorescence [ 16 ]. (hindawi.com)

It infects maize and groundnut during drought and heat stress. (feedstuffs.com)
His three-hectare farm is dedicated to groundnut intercropped with maize, both of which are highly susceptible to aflatoxin contamination. (agrilinks.org)
These key customers include groundnut processors and exporters who could potentially earn 40 to 60 percent more revenue per ton by selling to the European Union market, which demands higher quality but is more profitable, instead of the less profitable Chinese market, notorious for lower quality product and higher rates of aflatoxin. (agrilinks.org)

Atoxigenic genotypes detected across Uganda could serve as aflatoxin biocontrol agents to reduce crop contamination from fields conditions and throughout the maize value chain. (ac.ke)
Mutegi is leading the development of a biocontrol product used to fight off aflatoxins in maize. (illinois.edu)
Generated, electronic files/documents on aflatoxin biocontrol activities and projects. (edu.ng)

Results from the current study should encourage researchers across the globe to exploit the large potential that MLRs offer to breed for aflatoxin resistant maize. (iita.org)

Drought stress in the field has been shown to exacerbate aflatoxin contamination of maize and peanut. (usda.gov)
Collaborators plan to conduct field trials in India in coming years for further development of aflatoxin-resistant peanut. (feedstuffs.com)
Levels of aflatoxins in peanut meal may be reduced by up to 84 per cent, using an extrusion cooking process, according to new research. (bakeryandsnacks.com)

An aflatoxin laser sorter which has been proven in a trial phase over 12 months with a global ready-to-eat snacks company has been modified to allow for the detection of all tree nuts as well as peanuts and is now being rolled out globally, claims Visys. (bakeryandsnacks.com)
In Timor-Leste deficiency disease and children's stunt flying are frequent and maize and peanuts are staple foods. (journalgazett.com)
The study measured levels of biological weapon in locally-produced maize and peanuts (296 samples) and of aflatoxin-albumin conjugate in blood samples of girls and young kids (514 and 620 respectively) across all municipalities. (journalgazett.com)

The objective of this paper was to review current literature on the production trends, consumption, post-harvest losses, and mycotoxins contamination of maize and to provide strategies to control and prevent postharvest losses and mycotoxins contamination in Tanzania. (asabe.org)
Moreover, over 80% of the farmers, traders, and consumers of maize were unaware of mycotoxins contamination. (iastate.edu)

The Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research Organisation (KALRO) will avail 11 metric tons (MT) of genetically modified (GM) Bt maize for planting on 500,000 acres in time for the 2023 long rains season. (farmbizafrica.com)

Maize is a staple food in Uganda and a leading agricultural export to East Africa, for both human consumption and animal feed. (dispatch.ug)
In theory, advertising of compliance with safety standards, paired with consumer demand for safer products, could help reduce consumption of aflatoxin and provide an incentive for private firms to invest in safer products. (cgiar.org)
There are multiple sources of contamination from the environment, and contaminants could enter food during production, harvest, storage, retailing and preparation for consumption. (who.int)

Children are particularly affected by aflatoxin exposure, which is associated with stunted growth, delayed development, liver damage, and liver cancer. (wikipedia.org)
In maize ears, the growth of FV is stimulated while FG is suppressed. (usda.gov)
Unfortunately, normal yellow and white maize lacks vitamin A which is crucial mainly for sight as well as growth and immunity. (ukzn.ac.za)
He noted that aflatoxin contamination does not begin from the post-harvesting but rather in soils and suggested the breeding of resistant crippled breeds to control growth of molds. (ideashouse.news)

Food contamination refers to the ways that food has been depraved biologically, physically, or chemically. (intechopen.com)

Tanzania is a major maize producer in Sub-Saharan Africa. (asabe.org)
Maize is the principal crop in Africa, particularly in southern Africa. (ukzn.ac.za)
In addition to the health issues it can cause, it also has a major economic impact (costing up to 1.2 percent of national GDP, according to the Partnership for Aflatoxin Control in Africa), since many African harvests cannot be sold on international markets. (agrilinks.org)
Various research [1,3,4] reported that the most prevalent regions of aflatoxins in the world are South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia. (drbata.com)
are the major challenges to maize storage in Africa. (edu.gh)

The m6A sites of several key genes involved in the aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis pathway were significantly enriched in the coding sequence and around the stop codon, resulting in their downregulation. (bvsalud.org)
Furthermore, m6A methylation on genes related to the aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis pathway led to reduced mRNA stability. (bvsalud.org)
Additionally, we demonstrated that inhibition of aflatoxin was linked to N6-methyladenosine methylation of multiple genes in aflatoxin biosynthesis pathway. (bvsalud.org)
PCR was used with four sets of primer pairs for nor-1, omt-1, ver-1 , and aflR genes, enclosed in the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway. (hindawi.com)

Similar to ochratoxin A (OTA), South Asia is the most severely contaminated area of aflatoxins in the world for the long term. (drbata.com)

Achieving sustainable development goals on no poverty and zero hunger: Does technical efficiency of Ghana's maize farmers matter? (biomedcentral.com)
Whether or not maize farmers are technically efficient determines their choice of productivity improvement strategy and very important for achieving the sustainable development goals on no poverty and zero hun. (biomedcentral.com)
Farmers lose about 13 million (90kg) of maize to stock borers alone annually valued at Sh32.5 billion. (farmbizafrica.com)
The simple, non-laboratory based kit will be the first portable cost-effective way for farmers, agro dealers and food processors and other non-technical people to detect aflatoxin contamination instantly, according to a press release from the ICRISAT. (dosaraf.com)
Many countries reject imports of agricultural products that exceed certain levels of aflatoxin, costing farmers millions of dollars every year. (dosaraf.com)
A survey using questionnaires was administered to farmers, traders, and consumers of maize. (iastate.edu)

Aflatoxin was not detected (detection limit of 1.75 ng/g) in nuts maintained at either 10 °C (97% r.h.) or at 30 °C (75% r.h.) for up to 60 d. (researchgate.net)
Contamination with mycotoxins is a recurrent problem in Brazil nuts and is caused mainly by post-harvest infection with Aspergillus section Flavi species. (researchgate.net)
Aspergillus nomius is a potent producer of aflatoxins B and G and is one of the most common species of fungi found in Brazil nuts. (researchgate.net)
The United Nations' food standards body, the Codex Alimentarius Commission, has extended its code of practice for the prevention and reduction of aflatoxin in tree nuts to include additional measures for Brazil nuts. (bakeryandsnacks.com)
Aflatoxins may be present in a wide range of many food commodities, as nuts [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)

Reducing aflatoxin and other forms of contamination with foodborne hazards is particularly challenging for many developing countries with ineffective public health and regulatory systems. (cgiar.org)
Outbreaks of cholera, which occurs due to contaminated water, are common in the Region and available data show an upward trend.2,3 Foodborne zoonotic diseases and chemical contamination of food from pesticides and veterinary drug residues are also of concern. (who.int)
The incidence of foodborne and waterborne diarrhoea is estimated at five episodes of diarrhoea per child per year.4 Due to microbial contamination, introduction of complementary foods is associated with increased diarrhoea.5 The estimated annual mortality rate for diarrhoea in all ages is around 700 000. (who.int)

Furthermore, the studies provide support to the importance of resistance based on the living host and maintaining living status to reducing episodes of post-harvest contamination. (iita.org)
Despite the steady production of maize over the past three decades, post-harvest losses of maize remained significant, up to 30-40 % in some rural areas. (asabe.org)
Enhancing awareness and knowledge provide the opportunity to educate on post-harvest practices that reduce postharvest losses and mycotoxin of maize in Tanzania. (iastate.edu)

The result shows a high level of postharvest losses of maize mainly through insect infestation. (iastate.edu)

GGE-Biplot and genetic diversity analysis of maize hybrids and inbred lines from the breeding programme at UKZN. (ukzn.ac.za)

In addition, influence of temperature on aflatoxin contamination was evaluated in both viable and non-viable kernels of a resistant and a susceptible MLR accession, and a commercial hybrid. (iita.org)

Aflatoxins are various poisonous carcinogens and mutagens that are produced by certain molds, particularly Aspergillus species. (wikipedia.org)
Since aflatoxins are potent carcinogens, the U.S. does not allow the sale and export of foods with aflatoxin levels exceeding 20 parts per billion. (feedstuffs.com)

Large variability in susceptibility to aflatoxin contamination exists within maize germplasm. (iita.org)

Further studies will be needed to investigate the mechanisms behind the variability among isolates with regard to their degree of oxidative stress tolerance and the role of aflatoxin production. (usda.gov)

A large proportion (69%) of the imported foods tested in this study were contaminated with one or several mycotoxins, including zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and aflatoxins. (usda.gov)

Climate change, the severity of drought, and the emergence of new pests such as Fall Army Worms and maize stalk borer and diseases such as Maize Lethal Necrosis pose a real threat to food, feed, and nutritional security. (farmbizafrica.com)
Maize borer attacks also increase aflatoxin contamination, which is a health hazard. (farmbizafrica.com)

The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) action levels for aflatoxin present in food or feed is 20 to 300 ppb. (wikipedia.org)
The presence of those molds does not always indicate that harmful levels of aflatoxin are present, but does indicate a significant risk. (wikipedia.org)
Ghana faces a number of challenges to comply with stringent requirements related to aflatoxin levels requested by importing countries and to develop potential value chains for export. (standardsfacility.org)
Aflatoxin levels and impacts are expected to increase with higher temperatures and increased water stress . (gafspfund.org)
so you will find high aflatoxin levels even if we fight it as government. (ideashouse.news)
Among them, 40% of samples contained aflatoxins above 20 μg/kg (maximum tolerable levels for poultry). (drbata.com)
The test can detect contamination at levels of 10 parts per billion (ppb) in less than 15 minutes. (dosaraf.com)
The device will contribute to manage and reduce the entry of aflatoxins in the food value chains, improve diagnosis for local and export trade and support the food processing industry to maintain low exposure levels in food products in our local markets as well as for export markets," said Anitha Seetha, Scientist, ICRISAT, Malawi. (dosaraf.com)
Although an official standard for aflatoxin levels has been set by the Kenya Bureau of Standards, testing and enforcement are very weak. (cgiar.org)
All maize samples collected contained detected levels of mycotoxins. (iastate.edu)

Most South African households depend on maize as source of their staple food and daily calories intake, especially the rural communities which depend on the crop to maintain their livelihood. (ukzn.ac.za)

Kenyan food scientist, Dr. Charity Mutegi, is honored for her efforts in reducing aflatoxin contamination in Kenya. (illinois.edu)
According to the corporate body, commercialization of genetically modified maize will enable Kenya to achieve food and feed security as well as protect the environment. (farmbizafrica.com)
He explained that in order to start milling flour, one needs approval and licensing from Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBs), which checks for fortification, standardization and aflatoxin. (co.ke)
A new paper , published in the American Journal of Agricultural Economics , investigates the impact that advertising and discount promotions had on the demand for an aflatoxin-tested brand of maize flour in Central and Eastern Kenya. (cgiar.org)

An association between childhood stunting and aflatoxin exposure has been reported in some studies but could not be detected in all. (wikipedia.org)

The discovery has the potential to drastically improve food safety and reduce losses caused by the contamination from the poisonous carcinogen aflatoxin. (feedstuffs.com)

Aflatoxin poisoning most commonly results from ingestion, but the most toxic aflatoxin compound, B1, can permeate through the skin. (wikipedia.org)
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites of fungi that frequently contaminate the maize in the field and/or during storage. (asabe.org)
Aflatoxin is a highly toxic, cancer-causing poison that contaminates food. (agrilinks.org)
Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) is the most prevalent and toxic among more than 18 types of aflatoxins presently identified [1]. (drbata.com)
Aflatoxins are highly toxic compounds and can cause chronic toxicity in humans and animals. (hindawi.com)
There are four kinds of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, and G2) whereas aflatoxin B1 is the toxic kind. (hindawi.com)

Aflatoxin production can be also exacerbated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). (usda.gov)
Results of this study indicate that the limiting moisture content and aW values required to control aflatoxin production () in SW and WIS stored at 30 °C for up to 60 d are 4.5, 0.68, 5.0, and 0.75, respectively. (researchgate.net)
Therefore, assessment of the response of aflatoxigenic species to different temperatures is important to add information about the understanding of aflatoxin production by Aspergillus nomius and may help in the development of new strategies to prevent aflatoxin contamination. (researchgate.net)
Notably, cycloleucine inhibited aflatoxin B1 production via multiple targets. (bvsalud.org)
Cycloleucine inhibition of aflatoxin B1 production highlights its potential as an agent for removing mycotoxins in environmental pollution. (bvsalud.org)
associated with cashew from the regions of Riyadh, Dammam, and Abha were isolated and three different culture media were used to qualitatively measure aflatoxin production by Aspergillus via UV light (365 nm), which was expressed as positive or negative. (hindawi.com)
Many factors are influencing aflatoxin production during storage such as moisture, storage temperature, availability of oxygen, and lipids content [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
Many approaches investigated to manage aflatoxin production using essential oils [ 8 - 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
The aims of the recent study were therefore to evaluate the effect of essential oils on the dry weight and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus spp. (hindawi.com)

There is an ongoing search for sources of aflatoxin resistance in maize to reduce continuous exposures of human populations to those dangerous mycotoxins. (iita.org)
In Mexico, several maize landrace (MLR) accessions possess superior resistance to both Aspergillus infection and aflatoxin contamination but their mechanisms of resistance have not been reported. (iita.org)
0.05) proportionally support higher aflatoxin accumulation suggesting differential influences by some resistance factors between sporulation and aflatoxin biosynthesis. (iita.org)
Infection assayed with maize kernels from the transgenic plants exhibited up to three-fold resistance against Aspergillus infections compared to non-transgenic kernels. (isaaa.org)
Field and laboratory inoculation of maize lines to screen for aflatoxin resistance. (edu.ng)

Frequent co-occurrence of aflatoxin and fumonisin was observed. (erudit.org)
Under review).Occurrence of aflatoxin in Colocynthis citrullus L. (egusi) kernels in Southwestern Nigeria. (edu.ng)
Co-occurrence of AFB 1 and FUM was detected in 22% and 24% of the finished feed and maize samples, respectively [3]. (drbata.com)

Failed harvest: this Ghanaian farmer's maize ears are undersized and poorly developed due to drought. (generationcp.org)

This helps to avoid contact with damp floors that could lead to Molds and Aflatoxin contamination. (dispatch.ug)

The standards, among others, help minimize contamination and ensure safe maize flour on the market. (dispatch.ug)

Training on aflatoxin prevention has helped me as a business man and as a transporter to understand the possible dangers that I impose to humans and my business. (gafspfund.org)
Aflatoxins has also been linked to developmental delays and liver cancer in humans. (bvsalud.org)

Anatomy1

Organisms4

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs6

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment1

Phenomena and Processes1

Disciplines and Occupations1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture5

Information Science1

Health Care4

Mycotoxin contamination14

Crops19

Fumonisins5

Fumonisin contamination2

Mays7

Groundnuts3

Communities of aflatoxin-produ2

Toxin6

Smallholder farmers2

Frequently contaminated3

Concentrations9

Fungi and aflatoxin1

Fungal6

Carcinogenic4

Grain9

Corn7

Parasiticus8

Agro-ecological zones2

Reduce aflatoxin1

Flavus8

Grains8

Amount of aflatoxin3

Presence of aflatoxin2

Yeast extract-sucrose2

Detection of aflatoxin1

Groundnut3

Biocontrol3

Resistant maize1

Peanut3

Peanuts3

Mycotoxins contamination2

20231

Consumption3

Growth4

Food contamination1

Africa5

Genes4

Ochratoxin1

Farmers6

Nuts5

Foodborne3

Post-harvest3

Losses of maize1

Hybrids1

Susceptible1

Carcinogens2

Germplasm1

Isolates1

Zearalenone1

Borer2

Levels10

Staple food1

Kenya4

Exposure1

Poisonous1

Toxic6

Production9

Resistance5

Occurrence3

Poorly1

Molds1

Minimize contamination1

Humans2