Aflatoxin contamination in maize. Medical search. Frequent questions

The nuts produced these RNA molecules during fungal attacks and inactivated target genes responsible for aflatoxin synthesis. (feedstuffs.com)
Temperature is considered a major abiotic factor that influences fungal colonization and aflatoxin production in nuts during pre- and post-harvest. (researchgate.net)
Aflatoxin is a fungal toxin that commonly contaminates maize and other crops during production, harvest, storage, or processing. (cdc.gov)
But these crops are also highly susceptible to fungal infestation, or aflatoxin contamination-the leading cause of liver disease and liver cancer in Tanzania- reducing the well-being of the population and the country's export-earning potential. (gafspfund.org)
Data management, analysis and interpretation using Microsoft exceL and SAS package, Isolation and identification of different fungal species from different crops analysed and quantified aflatoxin using thin layer chromatographic (TLC) plates and camag scanner and neogen kits. (edu.ng)
The results showed that the tested essential oils caused highly significant inhibition of fungal growth and aflatoxin production in A. flavus and A. parasiticus . (hindawi.com)
The extent of the inhibition of fungal growth and aflatoxin production was dependent on the type and concentration of essential oils applied. (hindawi.com)
The aflatoxins are a group of chemically similar toxic fungal metabolites (mycotoxins) produced by genus Aspergillus . (hindawi.com)
Aflatoxins, the toxins detected in Fragrance's mooncake, result from fungal contamination and are known to be both genotoxic and carcinogenic. (medicalchannelasia.com)
Southern corn leaf blight (SCLB) is a fungal disease of maize caused by the plant pathogen Bipolaris maydis (also known as Cochliobolus heterostrophus in its teleomorph state). (bvs.br)

Corn (maize, Zea mays ) is susceptible to contamination with aflatoxins, fumonisins and other mycotoxins, particularly in the southeastern USA. (erudit.org)
The most important mycotoxins in Tanzania are the aflatoxins, fumonisins and Ochratoxin. (asabe.org)
The most commonly detected mycotoxin with aflatoxins is fumonisins (FUM) in feed ingredient and animal feed samples [3,6]. (drbata.com)
Aspergillus -derived mycotoxins, including aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, and fumonisins (members of the fusariotoxin group) can cause pathological damage to vital organs, including the kidney or liver. (frontiersin.org)

Total aflatoxin (B1+B2+G1+G2+M1) was analyzed using an immunoassay technique while the presence of aflatoxin was confirmed using thin-layer chromatography. (researchgate.net)
Inadequate harvesting and storage techniques allow for the growth of aflatoxin-producing fungus, and homegrown crops are not routinely tested for the presence of aflatoxin. (cdc.gov)
Although the presence of aflatoxin is not the only criteria of quality, it is a binding constraint to accessing high-value markets. (agrilinks.org)

Food contamination challenges are generally referred to the presence of microorganisms or derived toxic substances such as mycotoxin in food that make them unsafe for human, animals, and crops. (intechopen.com)
and their collaborators at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in Hyderabad, India, the U.S. Department of Agriculture and Louisiana State University have made a significant research breakthrough by suppressing the aflatoxin-producing fungus in groundnut, or peanuts. (feedstuffs.com)
In developed countries like the United States, commercial crops are screened routinely for aflatoxin using detection techniques that are performed in a laboratory setting. (cdc.gov)
He is a senior research scientist and program director at the University of Georgia, and was formerly Director of Research at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and Director of the Genetic Resources Program and of the Applied Biotechnology Center at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) . (generationcp.org)
Aflatoxin contamination is highly prevalent in Ghana and affects crops such as maize, groundnuts, and their processed products, exposing humans and animals to the consumption of contaminated food and feed. (standardsfacility.org)
In Tanzania, maize and groundnuts are key food security and export crops. (gafspfund.org)
Results from study show Aflasafe to be highly efficient at reducing aflatoxin contamination in key crops. (cgiar.org)
The prevailing weather is an essential determinant of aflatoxin contamination, with dry and hot weather, and exceptionally prolonged droughts, predisposing crops to aflatoxin contamination [2]. (drbata.com)
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: Aflatoxins, highly carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus, frequently contaminate crops such as peanut, corn, wheat and sesame leading to irreversible loss in the quality and yield of agricultural products and posing serious threats to food safety. (bvsalud.org)
They are commonly found in agricultural crops like maize (corn), peanuts, cottonseed, and tree nuts. (medicalchannelasia.com)
A simple, rapid test that can detect aflatoxins and costs under $2 has been developed by consortia, including the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), here. (dosaraf.com)
As a results of rules supposed to cut back human exposure, crop contamination with aflatoxins causes vital economic loss for producers, marketers, and processors of numerous inclined crops. (journalgazett.com)
bioarm contamination happens once specific fungi within the Aspergillus infect crops. (journalgazett.com)
with cancer properties that are a typical food contamination of the many crops as well as maize and peanuts. (journalgazett.com)
In Kenya, levels of exposure to aflatoxin-a contaminant produced by a fungus found on maize and other crops-are among the highest in the world, due to high maize consumption and agroecological conditions in parts of the country. (cgiar.org)

Fusarium toxins are produced by over 50 species of Fusarium and have a history of infecting the grain of developing cereals such as wheat and maize. (wikipedia.org)
Contamination also happens when grain is stored in hot, humid and poorly ventilated conditions. (feedstuffs.com)
Avec les semis de la mi-avril, il y avait significativement moins de contamination par les fumonisines dans le grain récolté et moins de contamination supérieure aux niveaux légalement acceptés qu'avec les semis du début de mai pour deux des trois années et dans l'ensemble, tant pour le maïs Bt que celui non Bt. (erudit.org)
Humphrey Mutaasa, the Chief Technical Officer at Grain Council of Uganda said Uganda loses an estimated US$38 million annually in missed export opportunities due to aflatoxin contamination. (ideashouse.news)
poorly stored maize grain. (edu.ng)
Regions with the top three highest occurrences of aflatoxins in the grain and balanced feed in the global investigations. (drbata.com)
Recently, Kenya banned Uganda's maize claiming that the grain had unacceptably high levels of aflatoxins. (dispatch.ug)
Control of the storage pest Larger Grain Borer (LGB) (Prostephanus truncates) and aflatoxin contamination by the mould Aspergillus spp. (edu.gh)
the common concentration of biological weapon within the grain samples was low with most maize (88%) and peanut (92%) samples - less than European Commission tolerated aflatoxin level. (journalgazett.com)
mays) known in many countries as corn or mielie/mealie, is a grain domesticated by indigenous peoples in Mesoamerica in prehistoric time The leafy stalk produces ears which contain seeds called kernels.Though technically a grain, maize kernels are used in cooking as a vegetable or starch. (bvs.br)
Unpredictable weather and poor postharvest practice contribute to rapid deterioration of grain and mold contamination, and subsequent production of mycotoxins. (iastate.edu)
The purpose of this study was to assess awareness and knowledge regarding mycotoxin contamination in maize grain in three agro-ecological zones (Eastern, Central, and Northern) of Tanzania between November 2015 and February 2016. (iastate.edu)

The current study determined both the aflatoxin levels in pre-harvest maize across Uganda and the structures of communities of aflatoxin-producing fungi associated with the maize. (ac.ke)
As climate shifts, therefore do the complicated communities of aflatoxin-producing fungi. (journalgazett.com)

Le maïs ( Zea mays ) est sensible à la contamination par les aflatoxines, les fumonisines et d'autres mycotoxines, surtout dans le sud-est des États-Unis. (erudit.org)
In the Southern United States, corn (maize, Zea mays L.) is commonly grown in rotation with cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) or soybeans [ Glycine max (L.) Merr. (erudit.org)
Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most important cereal crop in southern Africa. (ukzn.ac.za)
An investigative study of the drought tolerance of F1 maize (Zea mays L.) single crosses derived from PANNAR and CIMMYT inbred lines. (ukzn.ac.za)
Drought is the most devastating abiotic stress limiting the production of maize (Zea mays L.) worldwide. (ukzn.ac.za)
Effects of Phytohormones on Reversing the Inhibitory Action of Aflatoxin B1 on the Growth of Maize Seeds (Zea mays L. (journalgazett.com)

ICRISAT has been working with smallholder farmers in Africa to combat the aflatoxin problem. (dosaraf.com)
Like other sub-Saharan countries, postharvest losses of maize during storage in Tanzania remain significantly high, especially for smallholder farmers. (iastate.edu)

However, in tropical and subtropical climates, maize is frequently contaminated with aflatoxins, a group of cancer-causing and immuno-suppressive mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus section Flavi fungi. (ac.ke)
However, in tropical and sub-tropical regions, maize is frequently contaminated with aflatoxins by Aspergillus section Flavi fungi. (iita.org)
Maize is frequently contaminated with multiple mycotoxins, especially those produced by Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides. (usda.gov)

2016). Temperature is a key environmental factor that may favor the growth of these fungi and aflatoxin production (Arrus et al. (researchgate.net)

Physical barriers (i.e., wax and cuticle) prevented both aflatoxin accumulation and A. flavus sporulation in a highly resistant MLR accession. (iita.org)
0.05) resistance to both aflatoxin accumulation and A. flavus sporulation. (iita.org)
Aflatoxins are a type of mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus species of fungi, such as A. flavus and A. parasiticus. (wikipedia.org)
Scientists from different research institutions in Germany conducted a study to investigate the effect of anti-microbial peptides on major aflatoxin-producing fungi Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus . (isaaa.org)
The molds - Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus , which infect groundnut, maize/corn, cottonseed and chili - produce these toxins that suppress the immune system, hinder growth and even cause liver cancer. (feedstuffs.com)
As mycotoxin contamination is a critical factor that destabilizes global food safety, the current review provides an updated overview of the (co-)occurrence of A. flavus and F. verticillioides and (co-)contamination of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) in maize. (usda.gov)
Phenotypic characterization of mycotoxins resistant maize inbred families and regional hybrids under Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides infestation. (ukzn.ac.za)
Aflasafe®, an innocuous blue ball, is an all-natural deterrent to the toxic strains of aspergillus flavus, the fungi that produces aflatoxin. (agrilinks.org)
The obtained data showed that six isolates of A. flavus and four isolates of A. parasiticus were positive for aflatoxin production, while all isolates of A. niger were negative. (hindawi.com)
Five commercially essential oils (thyme, garlic, cinnamon, mint, and rosemary) were tested to determine their influence on growth and aflatoxin production in A. flavus and A. parasiticus by performing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). (hindawi.com)
Aspergillus flavus and its toxic aflatoxins secondary metabolites contaminate food and grains, posing a severe threat to human health and leading to liver cancer. (bvsalud.org)
The results demonstrated that aflatoxin production in A. flavus was completely blocked after cycloleucine treatment. (bvsalud.org)
Crop contamination by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), an Aspergillus-flavus-produced toxin, is frequently observed in tropical and subtropical regions. (bvsalud.org)
Aspergillus flavus contamination in the non-hermetic bags was highly significant compared to the hermetic bags (p = 0.002). (edu.gh)
The mycotoxin‐producing plant genus Aspergillus flavus will grow and turn out aflatoxin on corn preharvest and in storage. (journalgazett.com)
Aflatoxins (AFs) are predominantly produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus . (encyclopedia.pub)

Reduced aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination with mid-April planting could not be explained by any measure of heat stress during the kernel-filling period. (erudit.org)
Introgression of aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination resistance genes in maize hybrids. (ukzn.ac.za)

RESISTANCE OF EARLY MATURITY MAIZE GENOTYPES TO SOUTHERN CORN LEAF BLIGHT ABSTRACT: In order to study the resistance of early maize genotypes to Southern Corn Leaf Blight (SCLB) or Maydis Leaf Blight (MLB), RCBD experiments with 20 inbred lines and hybrids in 2014 and 16 genotypes in 2015 were conducted at Karaj and Sari Stations. (bvs.br)

At the same time, the project carries out public awareness and education on food safety, nutrition, and aflatoxin mitigation, and supports the development of bylaws to regulate codes of practice for maize and groundnuts. (gafspfund.org)
As of September 2017, IITA and its partners have sold and distributed more than 1,000 tons of Aflasafe® to farmers through public- and private-sector channels, covering a collective 100,000 hectares of maize and groundnuts. (agrilinks.org)

There is an ongoing search for sources of aflatoxin resistance in maize to reduce continuous exposures of human populations to those dangerous mycotoxins. (iita.org)
Conducting a national assessment of commercial products to identify other sources of aflatoxin exposure beyond the household farm. (cdc.gov)

For EU it is about 16% of the samples contained aflatoxin concentrations above tolerance thresholds. (ac.ke)

A total of 256 pre-harvest maize samples were collected from 23 major maize-growing districts in eight agro-ecological zones (AEZ). (ac.ke)
Maize is a major cereal crop in Tanzania and it is grown in diverse agro-ecological zones. (iastate.edu)

Similar to ochratoxin A (OTA), South Asia is the most severely contaminated area of aflatoxins in the world for the long term. (drbata.com)

A project by the International Food Policy Research Center (IFPRI) seeks to identify and utilize postharvest and storage technologies to reduce aflatoxin exposure, and studies the impact of reduced exposure on child nutrition. (illinois.edu)

The extremely high aflatoxin concentrations detected in some of the studied regions indicate that management strategies should be urgently designed for use at the pre-harvest stage. (ac.ke)
Maximum concentrations of total aflatoxin and B1 were detected in nuts stored at 97% r.h. and at temperatures of 25-30 °C. Shelled half-nuts contained the highest total (6817 ng/g) and B1 (4483 ng/g) aflatoxin. (researchgate.net)
Asia and North America had aflatoxin concentrations above the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) maximal level for positive feed samples (20 μg/kg). (drbata.com)
In our study, 'monitoring aflatoxin concentrations and its bioaccumulation in organisms' has been conducted. (bvsalud.org)
Sweetcorn kernels inoculated with AF + strains only, AF − strains only, and co-inoculated with AF + + AF − strains were investigated for aflatoxin concentrations. (encyclopedia.pub)

Atoxigenic genotypes detected across Uganda could serve as aflatoxin biocontrol agents to reduce crop contamination from fields conditions and throughout the maize value chain. (ac.ke)
There are two important factors causing crop contamination by AFs at pre-and post-harvest stages, including high temperature and humidity [ 2 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

En principe, la contamination par les mycotoxines pourrait être diminuée chez les hybrides commerciaux de maïs par des saisons de croissance plus courtes en plantant à des dates qui minimisent le stress sur les plantes au moment de la période critique du remplissage des grains. (erudit.org)
Les moindres contaminations par les aflatoxines et les fumonisines avec les semis de la mi-avril n'ont pu être expliquées par aucune des mesures du stress causé par la chaleur lors de la période du remplissage des grains. (erudit.org)
This assay, normally used in developed countries, was used in rural Kenya to assess whether aflatoxin levels in grains were above or below the Kenyan regulatory limit. (cdc.gov)
According to Alfred Oyo Andima, the Under Secretary at the Ministry of Trade, the National Trade Policy, Grains Trade Policy and Standard and Quality Policy provide measures to ensure aflatoxin-free foods on the market. (ideashouse.news)
Extracted toxin from Aspergillus infected maize grains. (edu.ng)
were each introduced into 1.5 kg of the maize grains in hermetic and non-hermetic bags and stored alongside uninfected grains of same weight. (edu.gh)
The government is currently implementing a bio-control technology Aflasafe in order to effectively reduce contamination of maize grains in the field. (co.ke)
Munya indicated that the biggest threat to food grains and their products is contamination by aflatoxins, noting that this is a big concern not only at consumer level, but at all stages of the food system, right from production, transportation, processing, retailing and consumption. (co.ke)

It infects maize and groundnut during drought and heat stress. (feedstuffs.com)
If deployed commercially, this technology has significant potential to contribute to food safety in the under-developed and developing countries where mycotoxin contamination of groundnut, maize, chili and cottonseed pose a major threat to human and animal health,' said Dr. Dilip Shah, principal investigator at the Danforth Plant Science Center. (feedstuffs.com)
His three-hectare farm is dedicated to groundnut intercropped with maize, both of which are highly susceptible to aflatoxin contamination. (agrilinks.org)
These key customers include groundnut processors and exporters who could potentially earn 40 to 60 percent more revenue per ton by selling to the European Union market, which demands higher quality but is more profitable, instead of the less profitable Chinese market, notorious for lower quality product and higher rates of aflatoxin. (agrilinks.org)

In principle, mycotoxin contamination could be reduced in commercial corn hybrids with shorter growing seasons by planting at dates which minimize plant stress during the critical kernel-filling period. (erudit.org)
The mid-April planting date resulted in lower aflatoxin contamination in harvested corn each yr and in significantly less frequent contamination above a regulatory action level in 2005 and overall than did the early-May planting date in both Bt and non-Bt corn. (erudit.org)
A worldwide investigation in 2018 [5] indicated that approximately 37% of corn was contaminated with aflatoxins in Asia, 19% in South and Central America, 18% in Europe, and 9% in North America. (drbata.com)
A global survey in 2019 reported that samples from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) had the highest mean concentration of 42 μg/kg, while corn samples from Asia, MENA, as well as South and Central America, had aflatoxin contamination rates of 31%, 37%, and 21%, respectively. (drbata.com)
Aflatoxin B1 could be a potent hepatacarcinogen that happens in corn worldwide. (journalgazett.com)
inside the U.S., mycotoxin contamination of preharvest corn has been reportable in twenty three states, and contamination is chronic within the southeastern U.S. where hot, drought conditions usually favor the plant and also the production of mycotoxin. (journalgazett.com)
There is no way to save a crop that has the southern leaf blight fungus, but there are a … Southern corn leaf blight (SCLB) is an important foliar disease of maize crop and caused by fungi Cochliobolus heterostrophus, and also known as Bipolaris maydis (ascomy-cetes). (bvs.br)
The most common leaf disease that occurs in most of the maize producing areas of South Africa is northern corn leaf blight (below). (bvs.br)
Maize leaf fleck Maize leaf fleck virus (MLFV) Maize line* Maize line virus (MLV) Maize mosaic (corn leaf stripe, enanismo rayado) Photo 2. (bvs.br)
Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â A detached leaf assay to rapidly screen for resistance of maize to Bipolaris maydis, the causal agent of southern corn leaf blight Elizabeth Aregbesola & Alejandro Ortega-Beltran & Titilayo Falade & Gbolagade Jonathan & Sarah Hearne & Ranajit Bandyopadhyay Accepted: 10 … Northern corn leaf blight (NCLB) is caused by the fungus Setosphaeria turcica.Symptoms usually appear first on the lower leaves. (bvs.br)

Maize is an important staple crop for the majority of the population in Uganda. (ac.ke)
Maize is a staple for billions across the globe. (iita.org)
Most South African households depend on maize as source of their staple food and daily calories intake, especially the rural communities which depend on the crop to maintain their livelihood. (ukzn.ac.za)
Maize is a staple food in Uganda and a leading agricultural export to East Africa, for both human consumption and animal feed. (dispatch.ug)
In Timor-Leste deficiency disease and children's stunt flying are frequent and maize and peanuts are staple foods. (journalgazett.com)

This strategy effectively suppresses the indigenous aflatoxigenic strains and reduces aflatoxin accumulation in sweetcorn. (encyclopedia.pub)

Mutegi is leading the development of a biocontrol product used to fight off aflatoxins in maize. (illinois.edu)
Generated, electronic files/documents on aflatoxin biocontrol activities and projects. (edu.ng)
Alternative methods, such as biocontrol agents (BCAs), are currently being developed to reduce the use of chemicals in the prevention of mycotoxin contamination. (bvsalud.org)
Biocontrol is one of the most promising approaches, which involves field inoculation with AF − , and has proven to be effective in reducing AFs contamination in the field [ 6 ] [ 7 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

Results from the current study should encourage researchers across the globe to exploit the large potential that MLRs offer to breed for aflatoxin resistant maize. (iita.org)

Furthermore, the studies provide support to the importance of resistance based on the living host and maintaining living status to reducing episodes of post-harvest contamination. (iita.org)
Contamination with mycotoxins is a recurrent problem in Brazil nuts and is caused mainly by post-harvest infection with Aspergillus section Flavi species. (researchgate.net)
Despite the steady production of maize over the past three decades, post-harvest losses of maize remained significant, up to 30-40 % in some rural areas. (asabe.org)
The objective of this paper was to review current literature on the production trends, consumption, post-harvest losses, and mycotoxins contamination of maize and to provide strategies to control and prevent postharvest losses and mycotoxins contamination in Tanzania. (asabe.org)
Enhancing awareness and knowledge provide the opportunity to educate on post-harvest practices that reduce postharvest losses and mycotoxin of maize in Tanzania. (iastate.edu)
Consequently, various pre-and post-harvest methods were attempted to inhibit or minimize AFs contamination in food commodities. (encyclopedia.pub)

Moreover, over 80% of the farmers, traders, and consumers of maize were unaware of mycotoxins contamination. (iastate.edu)

A large proportion (69%) of the imported foods tested in this study were contaminated with one or several mycotoxins, including zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and aflatoxins. (usda.gov)
In addition, several samples of maize were collected and analyzed for aflatoxin, fumonisin, and zearalenone contamination to validate the awareness and knowledge of mycotoxin contamination of maize. (iastate.edu)

In maize ears, the growth of FV is stimulated while FG is suppressed. (usda.gov)
Unfortunately, normal yellow and white maize lacks vitamin A which is crucial mainly for sight as well as growth and immunity. (ukzn.ac.za)
He noted that aflatoxin contamination does not begin from the post-harvesting but rather in soils and suggested the breeding of resistant crippled breeds to control growth of molds. (ideashouse.news)

The study measured levels of biological weapon in locally-produced maize and peanuts (296 samples) and of aflatoxin-albumin conjugate in blood samples of girls and young kids (514 and 620 respectively) across all municipalities. (journalgazett.com)

Tanzania is a major maize producer in Sub-Saharan Africa. (asabe.org)
Maize is the principal crop in Africa, particularly in southern Africa. (ukzn.ac.za)
In addition to the health issues it can cause, it also has a major economic impact (costing up to 1.2 percent of national GDP, according to the Partnership for Aflatoxin Control in Africa), since many African harvests cannot be sold on international markets. (agrilinks.org)
Various research [1,3,4] reported that the most prevalent regions of aflatoxins in the world are South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia. (drbata.com)
are the major challenges to maize storage in Africa. (edu.gh)

Conducting a national assessment of human aflatoxin exposure measured in serum to determine the extent of exposure across all regions of Kenya and identify at-risk populations. (cdc.gov)
In Kenya, acute aflatoxin poisoning results in liver failure and death in up to 40% of cases. (cdc.gov)
Kenyan food scientist, Dr. Charity Mutegi, is honored for her efforts in reducing aflatoxin contamination in Kenya. (illinois.edu)
The Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research Organisation (KALRO) will avail 11 metric tons (MT) of genetically modified (GM) Bt maize for planting on 500,000 acres in time for the 2023 long rains season. (farmbizafrica.com)
According to the corporate body, commercialization of genetically modified maize will enable Kenya to achieve food and feed security as well as protect the environment. (farmbizafrica.com)
He explained that in order to start milling flour, one needs approval and licensing from Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBs), which checks for fortification, standardization and aflatoxin. (co.ke)
Although an official standard for aflatoxin levels has been set by the Kenya Bureau of Standards, testing and enforcement are very weak. (cgiar.org)
A new paper , published in the American Journal of Agricultural Economics , investigates the impact that advertising and discount promotions had on the demand for an aflatoxin-tested brand of maize flour in Central and Eastern Kenya. (cgiar.org)

PCR was used with four sets of primer pairs for nor-1, omt-1, ver-1 , and aflR genes, enclosed in the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway. (hindawi.com)
The m6A sites of several key genes involved in the aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis pathway were significantly enriched in the coding sequence and around the stop codon, resulting in their downregulation. (bvsalud.org)
Furthermore, m6A methylation on genes related to the aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis pathway led to reduced mRNA stability. (bvsalud.org)
Additionally, we demonstrated that inhibition of aflatoxin was linked to N6-methyladenosine methylation of multiple genes in aflatoxin biosynthesis pathway. (bvsalud.org)
For example, â ¼25 genes responsible for the biosynthesis of carcinogenic aflatoxins by Aspergillus section Flavi species are grouped in a â ¼70 Kb cluster. (bvsalud.org)

Achieving sustainable development goals on no poverty and zero hunger: Does technical efficiency of Ghana's maize farmers matter? (biomedcentral.com)
Whether or not maize farmers are technically efficient determines their choice of productivity improvement strategy and very important for achieving the sustainable development goals on no poverty and zero hun. (biomedcentral.com)
Farmers lose about 13 million (90kg) of maize to stock borers alone annually valued at Sh32.5 billion. (farmbizafrica.com)
The simple, non-laboratory based kit will be the first portable cost-effective way for farmers, agro dealers and food processors and other non-technical people to detect aflatoxin contamination instantly, according to a press release from the ICRISAT. (dosaraf.com)
Many countries reject imports of agricultural products that exceed certain levels of aflatoxin, costing farmers millions of dollars every year. (dosaraf.com)
A survey using questionnaires was administered to farmers, traders, and consumers of maize. (iastate.edu)
Education intervention is necessary to decrease the disconnect observed between actual mycotoxin contamination and the awareness and knowledge of farmers, traders, and consumers of maize in Tanzania. (iastate.edu)

Failed harvest: this Ghanaian farmer's maize ears are undersized and poorly developed due to drought. (generationcp.org)
Climate change, the severity of drought, and the emergence of new pests such as Fall Army Worms and maize stalk borer and diseases such as Maize Lethal Necrosis pose a real threat to food, feed, and nutritional security. (farmbizafrica.com)

Aflatoxin is carcinogenic. (dosaraf.com)

The result shows a high level of postharvest losses of maize mainly through insect infestation. (iastate.edu)

In Mexico, several maize landrace (MLR) accessions possess superior resistance to both Aspergillus infection and aflatoxin contamination but their mechanisms of resistance have not been reported. (iita.org)
0.05) proportionally support higher aflatoxin accumulation suggesting differential influences by some resistance factors between sporulation and aflatoxin biosynthesis. (iita.org)
Infection assayed with maize kernels from the transgenic plants exhibited up to three-fold resistance against Aspergillus infections compared to non-transgenic kernels. (isaaa.org)
Field and laboratory inoculation of maize lines to screen for aflatoxin resistance. (edu.ng)

GGE-Biplot and genetic diversity analysis of maize hybrids and inbred lines from the breeding programme at UKZN. (ukzn.ac.za)

In addition, influence of temperature on aflatoxin contamination was evaluated in both viable and non-viable kernels of a resistant and a susceptible MLR accession, and a commercial hybrid. (iita.org)

Large variability in susceptibility to aflatoxin contamination exists within maize germplasm. (iita.org)

Maize borer attacks also increase aflatoxin contamination, which is a health hazard. (farmbizafrica.com)

Aflatoxin B1, the most toxic, is a potent carcinogen and has been directly correlated to adverse health effects, such as liver cancer, in many animal species. (wikipedia.org)
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites of fungi that frequently contaminate the maize in the field and/or during storage. (asabe.org)
Aflatoxin is a highly toxic, cancer-causing poison that contaminates food. (agrilinks.org)
Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) is the most prevalent and toxic among more than 18 types of aflatoxins presently identified [1]. (drbata.com)
Aflatoxins are highly toxic compounds and can cause chronic toxicity in humans and animals. (hindawi.com)
There are four kinds of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, and G2) whereas aflatoxin B1 is the toxic kind. (hindawi.com)

ICRISAT scientists worked with collaborators at USDA and Louisiana State to transfer small RNA molecules from the aspergillus fungus that are involved in the aflatoxin synthetic pathway. (feedstuffs.com)

Aflatoxin was not detected (detection limit of 1.75 ng/g) in nuts maintained at either 10 °C (97% r.h.) or at 30 °C (75% r.h.) for up to 60 d. (researchgate.net)
Overall, increasing the relative humidity and temperature during storage resulted in an increase in aflatoxin and these were shown to be the most significant variables influencing toxin production in Brazil nuts. (researchgate.net)
Aspergillus nomius is a potent producer of aflatoxins B and G and is one of the most common species of fungi found in Brazil nuts. (researchgate.net)
Aflatoxins may be present in a wide range of many food commodities, as nuts [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)

NCEH/HSB has continued to work with the Kenyan government on prevention strategies to reduce exposure and mitigate contamination. (cdc.gov)
Increasing public awareness with education campaigns about aflatoxin in general, health effects related to exposure, and methods to prevent exposure. (cdc.gov)
Currently the assessment of individual exposure to mycotoxins in man and animals is usually based on the analysis of toxin and/or metabolite contamination in the blood or urine. (frontiersin.org)
The device will contribute to manage and reduce the entry of aflatoxins in the food value chains, improve diagnosis for local and export trade and support the food processing industry to maintain low exposure levels in food products in our local markets as well as for export markets," said Anitha Seetha, Scientist, ICRISAT, Malawi. (dosaraf.com)
The prevalence of aflatoxins in maize in various regions of the country, including low-risk areas, underscores the importance of raising awareness on the chances and consequences of chronic exposure to the toxin among producers, consumers, traders, and vendors. (co.ke)
While a limited amount of aflatoxin consumption is not harmful, chronic exposure is a significant contributor to the global cancer burden. (cgiar.org)

Since aflatoxins are potent carcinogens, the U.S. does not allow the sale and export of foods with aflatoxin levels exceeding 20 parts per billion. (feedstuffs.com)
In the end, testing soon revealed the culprit was high levels of aflatoxin in homegrown maize. (cdc.gov)
Ghana faces a number of challenges to comply with stringent requirements related to aflatoxin levels requested by importing countries and to develop potential value chains for export. (standardsfacility.org)
Aflatoxin levels and impacts are expected to increase with higher temperatures and increased water stress . (gafspfund.org)
so you will find high aflatoxin levels even if we fight it as government. (ideashouse.news)
Among them, 40% of samples contained aflatoxins above 20 μg/kg (maximum tolerable levels for poultry). (drbata.com)
The test can detect contamination at levels of 10 parts per billion (ppb) in less than 15 minutes. (dosaraf.com)
All maize samples collected contained detected levels of mycotoxins. (iastate.edu)

Under review).Occurrence of aflatoxin in Colocynthis citrullus L. (egusi) kernels in Southwestern Nigeria. (edu.ng)

0.05) increased susceptibility to aflatoxin contamination even when kernel viability was unaffected. (iita.org)

Frequent co-occurrence of aflatoxin and fumonisin was observed. (erudit.org)
Co-occurrence of AFB 1 and FUM was detected in 22% and 24% of the finished feed and maize samples, respectively [3]. (drbata.com)

Mycotoxin contamination of maize poses a health risk to humans and animals if not properly managed. (asabe.org)

Isolates were subsequently screened for aflatoxin production using yeast extract sucrose medium. (researchgate.net)
Results of this study indicate that the limiting moisture content and aW values required to control aflatoxin production () in SW and WIS stored at 30 °C for up to 60 d are 4.5, 0.68, 5.0, and 0.75, respectively. (researchgate.net)
Therefore, assessment of the response of aflatoxigenic species to different temperatures is important to add information about the understanding of aflatoxin production by Aspergillus nomius and may help in the development of new strategies to prevent aflatoxin contamination. (researchgate.net)
associated with cashew from the regions of Riyadh, Dammam, and Abha were isolated and three different culture media were used to qualitatively measure aflatoxin production by Aspergillus via UV light (365 nm), which was expressed as positive or negative. (hindawi.com)
Many factors are influencing aflatoxin production during storage such as moisture, storage temperature, availability of oxygen, and lipids content [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
Many approaches investigated to manage aflatoxin production using essential oils [ 8 - 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
The aims of the recent study were therefore to evaluate the effect of essential oils on the dry weight and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus spp. (hindawi.com)
Notably, cycloleucine inhibited aflatoxin B1 production via multiple targets. (bvsalud.org)
Cycloleucine inhibition of aflatoxin B1 production highlights its potential as an agent for removing mycotoxins in environmental pollution. (bvsalud.org)
On the other hand, contamination with AF could be reduced by the physical proximity of competitive strains that could send a signal inhibiting AF production in AF + strains by AF − strains [ 9 ] [ 10 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

The standards, among others, help minimize contamination and ensure safe maize flour on the market. (dispatch.ug)

It directly measured toxins in blood samples from people who had eaten the maize. (cdc.gov)

The Uganda National Bureau of Standards (UNBS) has issued a list of 23 certified maize millers in a bid to protect the public from consuming substandard maize products. (dispatch.ug)
It is calling upon all the concerned to adhere to the maize flour quality standards as well as seek UNBS certification before placing their products on the market. (dispatch.ug)
The UNBS use of the Distinctive Mark regulation 2018 requires all products under mandatory standards, of which maize flour is among, to be certified by UNBS before being placed on the market. (dispatch.ug)
The UNBS is also discouraging the use of unacceptable pest control methods like spraying with pesticides and insecticides which contaminates the maize flour, as well as keeping pets like cats away because they leave fur behind. (dispatch.ug)

In the last four decades, Tanzania has ranked among the top 25 maize producing countries in the world. (asabe.org)
Supervised by the African Development Bank and supported with GAFSP funding, the Tanzania Initiative for Preventing Aflatoxin Contamination (TANIPAC) is rehabilitating the Ministry of Agriculture's National Bio-control Unit. (gafspfund.org)

In general, two sources of contamination are outside sources and formation in food that refer to primary and secondary contamination respectively [ 1 ]. (intechopen.com)
Path coefficient analysis and combining ability between quality protein and pro-vitamin - a maize lines for yield and secondary traits. (ukzn.ac.za)

Food contamination refers to the ways that food has been depraved biologically, physically, or chemically. (intechopen.com)
The discovery has the potential to drastically improve food safety and reduce losses caused by the contamination from the poisonous carcinogen aflatoxin. (feedstuffs.com)
Aflatoxins pose a major risk to human and animal health worldwide and result in an enormous amount of food waste. (feedstuffs.com)
Identifying risk factors associated with aflatoxin contamination such as improper storage, drying practices, and food insecurity. (cdc.gov)
In developing nations, many people are exposed to aflatoxin through food grown at home. (cdc.gov)
Aflatoxin affects around one-quarter of the world's total food supply, and it is even more common in warm, tropical countries. (agrilinks.org)
The heat-stable nature of aflatoxins means they can survive cooking and processing, posing a significant risk when people consume contaminated food products. (medicalchannelasia.com)
Identifying aflatoxins which contaminate several food products on location can save lives and open export markets for the African and Asian countries. (dosaraf.com)

Fungi from different AEZ varied significantly in aflatoxin-producing abilities and several atoxigenic genotypes were identified. (ac.ke)

Anatomy1

Organisms4

Chemicals and Drugs5

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment1

Phenomena and Processes1

Disciplines and Occupations1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture5

Health Care4

Fungal10

Fumonisins4

Presence of aflatoxin3

Crops15

Grain12

Communities of aflatoxin-produ2

Mays6

Smallholder farmers2

Frequently contaminated3

Fungi and aflatoxin1

Flavus16

Fumonisin contamination2

Abstract1

Groundnuts2

Sources of aflatoxin2

Contained aflatoxin concentrations1

Agro-ecological zones2

Ochratoxin1

Reduce aflatoxin1

Concentrations5

Crop contamination2

Grains8

Groundnut4

Corn10

Staple5

Reduces aflatoxin1

Biocontrol4

Resistant maize1

Post-harvest6

Mycotoxins contamination1

Zearalenone2

Growth3

Peanuts1

Africa5

Kenya8

Genes5

Farmers7

DROUGHT2

Carcinogenic1

Losses of maize1

Resistance4

Hybrids1

Susceptible1

Germplasm1

Borer1

Toxic6

Fungus1

Nuts4

Exposure6

Levels8

Kernels1

Susceptibility1

Occurrence2

Humans and animals1

Production10

Minimize1

Toxins1

UNBS4

Tanzania2

Secondary2

Food8

Significantly1