• A nerve is a bundle of fibers that receives and sends messages between the body and the brain. (healthline.com)
  • The electrical stimuli on the skin preferentially activate low-threshold, myelinated nerve fibers. (medscape.com)
  • The afferent input from these fibers inhibits propagation of nociception carried in the small, unmyelinated C fibers by blocking transmission along these fibers to the target or T cells located in the substantia gelatinosa (laminae 2 and 3) of the dorsal horn. (medscape.com)
  • When painful peripheral stimulation occurs, however, the information carried by C fibers reaches the T cells and opens the gate, allowing pain transmission centrally to the thalamus and cortex, where it is interpreted as pain. (medscape.com)
  • According to the theory, neuromodulation may activate large myelinated afferent nerve fibers in the dorsal horn to inhibit transmission in primary afferent nociceptive fibers. (societyfp.org)
  • [ 1 ] This approach tries to alleviate pain by modifying the afferent sensory nerves in the celiac plexus, using agents that anesthetize, reduce inflammation, or destroy the nerve fibers. (medscape.com)
  • The sensation of pain is associated with activation of afferent C-fibers found in the skin. (athabascau.ca)
  • These fibers are stimulated by both mechanical and heat stimulation. (athabascau.ca)
  • When these C-fibers were activated by laser stimulation, the level of activation was highly correlated with the reported subjective level of pain (Olausson, 1998). (athabascau.ca)
  • This finding suggests the importance of the spatial summation of activity across multiple afferent C-fibers in the perception of pain. (athabascau.ca)
  • Due to the significant anatomical overlap between afferent nerve fibers of the trigeminal nerve and C2-3 nerve roots. (fsahq.org)
  • Cervical nVNS can activate vagal afferent fibers, as evidenced by the recording of far-field vSEPs similar to those seen with iVNS and non-invasive auricular stimulation. (gammacore.com)
  • Using the novel in situ experimental setup presented in this thesis it was concluded that stretch-evoked contralateral contractions, mediated by afferent nerve fibers, were increased during cystitis. (gu.se)
  • The ABVN is a fiber bundle containing sensory fibers only, those branches from the vagal nerve and runs through the ear canal towards the brainstem. (tinnitusjournal.com)
  • 3,4 This triggers a mechanical and chemical response in the corneal nerve fibers to protect against danger, assist in maintaining a healthy cornea and modulate wound repair. (reviewofoptometry.com)
  • 3-5 One millimeter into the corneal limbus, corneal nerve fibers lose their perineurium and myelin sheaths and are surrounded solely by Schwann cells. (reviewofoptometry.com)
  • Neurokinin-containing nerve fibers were localized to guinea pig airway parasympathetic ganglia in control tissues but not in tissues pretreated with capsaicin. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • The afferent fibers of the autonomic nervous system of the heart share the same pathway with gastrointestinal, genitourinary, baroreceptors, and chemoreceptors and transmit signals to the medulla by cranial nerves X and IX. (medscape.com)
  • All the fibers forming the different cardiac plexus present synapse with the cervical plexus, brachial plexus, and intercostal nerves through communicating branches. (medscape.com)
  • Varicosities, which are small enlargements along the nerve fibers, are the site of neurotransmitter release. (medscape.com)
  • The neural elements of somatosensory receptors in the hands and feet represent the distal extreme of long afferent fibers, and thus, are par- ticularly vulnerable in the distal axonopathies. (cdc.gov)
  • Vagal efferent stimulation produced isolated LES relaxation at lower frequency stimulation and LES relaxation with esophageal contractions at higher frequency stimulation. (jci.org)
  • In this review, we examined the efficacy of acupuncture with regard to urinary incontinence, and assessed the levels of the autonomic efferent and afferent pathways and the depth of the needle insertion in the acupuncture. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The perceptions of pressure, texture, taste and temperature are transmitted up to the brain (via the afferent nerve pathways), and down to the relevant muscles (via the efferent nerve pathways). (iqoro.com)
  • I. Aronsson P, Carlsson T, Winder M & Tobin G. A novel in situ urinary bladder model for studying afferent and efferent mechanisms in the micturition reflex in the rat. (gu.se)
  • Nerves with axons that conduct electrochemical impulses toward the central nervous system (CNS) are afferent, nerves with axons that conduct impulses away from the CNS are efferent, and nerves with both afferent and efferent axons are mixed. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Sympathetic efferent nerves are present throughout the atria, ventricles (including the conduction system), and myocytes in the heart and also the sinoatrial (SA) and atrioventricular (AV) nodes. (medscape.com)
  • The messages are sent by chemical and electrical changes in the cells, technically called neurons , that make up the nerves. (healthline.com)
  • While no one knows exactly, it's safe to say humans have hundreds of nerves - and billions of neurons! (healthline.com)
  • Read on to learn more about the numbered and named cranial and spinal nerves, as well as what neurons are composed of, and some fun facts about your nervous system. (healthline.com)
  • Your neurons work to conduct nerve impulses. (healthline.com)
  • Future therapeutic drugs targeting purinoceptors on afferent neurons may provide a valuable addition to the currently used medicines. (gu.se)
  • Cutaneous receptors are at the ends of afferent neurons. (mukemmellokma.com)
  • Sensory neurons, also known as afferent neurons, are neurons in the nervous system, that convert a specific type of stimulus, via their receptors, into action potentials or graded potentials. (mukemmellokma.com)
  • and ii) an exaggerated response of dorsal horn neurons to normally innocuous afferent input. (asra.com)
  • Intracellular recordings from the ganglia neurons revealed that capsaicin-sensitive nerve stimulation potentiated subsequent preganglionic nerve-evoked fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • The results of laboratory studies suggest that electrical stimulation delivered by a TENS unit reduces pain through nociceptive inhibition at the presynaptic level in the dorsal horn, thus limiting its central transmission. (medscape.com)
  • We studied the genesis of isolated LES relaxation in anesthetized opossums by observing the response of four components of the deglutition reflex (mylohyoid electrical activity, pharyngeal contraction, esophageal peristalsis, and LES relaxation) to pharyngeal tactile stimulation, electrical stimulation of superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) afferents or cervical vagal efferents, and to balloon distention of the esophageal body. (jci.org)
  • The proportion of isolated relaxations in response to SLN electrical stimulation varied inversely with the stimulus frequency, occurring in 64% of the responses at 5 Hz and 4% of the responses at 30 Hz. (jci.org)
  • A full four-component deglutition sequence was most likely to occur at the higher frequencies of SLN electrical stimulation. (jci.org)
  • Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) has been used in pain relief since 1965, when Metzger and Walls proposed using electrical stimulation as analgesia based on the "gate control" theory of pain relief. (societyfp.org)
  • Unlike an implanted vagus nerve stimulator or other migraine and cluster headache treatments, the gammaCore TM non-invasive vagus nerve stimulator, otherwise known as nVNS, activates the vagus nerve with gentle electrical stimulation through the skin via the neck. (gammacore.com)
  • However, there is still no electrophysiological evidence supporting the participation of P2X 3 receptors in the primary afferent sensory nerve of the colon in the EA-mediated inhibition of peripheral sensitization. (hindawi.com)
  • It primarily serves as a sensory nerve, responsible for reporting information to the brain and transmitting instructions back to the body. (gammacore.com)
  • The auricular branch of the vagus nerve is a sensory nerve emerging from the superior ganglion of the vagus nerve, joined by branches from the glossopharyngeal (CN IX) and facial nerves, and innervating the lower part of the tympanic membrane and the floor of the external auditory canal. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The afferent signal travels across the sensory nerve to the relay synapses in the spinal cord, a process called conduction. (reviewofoptometry.com)
  • 7. Lunderbeg T. Peripheral effects of sensory nerve stimulation (acupuncture) in inflammation and ischemia. (bvsalud.org)
  • This stimulation results in the activation of afferent nerves that stimulate the oxytocinergic neurones in the hypothalamus. (endocrinesurgeon.co.uk)
  • Usually, the electrodes are initially placed on the skin over the painful area, but other locations (eg, over cutaneous nerves, trigger points, acupuncture sites) may give comparable or even better pain relief. (medscape.com)
  • a clever way to create a sham condition using tVNS is by attaching the stimulation electrodes to the center of the left ear lobe, which is known to be free of cutaneous vagal innervation ( Peuker and Filler, 2002 ), see Figure 1 . (frontiersin.org)
  • A cutaneous nerve of the forearm. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Functional and topographical properties of field potentials evoked in rat dorsal horn by cutaneous C‐fibre stimulation. (lu.se)
  • The NTS is the core that gathers all incoming sensory signals from the oral cavity and pharynx via the afferent nerve pathways, and transmits them either to the brain's cortex or directly to the network-like system in the brain stem called the Formatio Reticularis (FR). (iqoro.com)
  • Pathways for ocular pain originate from a peripheral stimulus that then travels to the central nervous system along the afferent pathway. (reviewofoptometry.com)
  • Overall, the brain receives input via afferent pathways that ascend from the bladder and provide feedback on how full the bladder is. (medscape.com)
  • Bilateral cervical vagotomy abolished all LES and esophageal body responses induced by pharyngeal stroking and SLN stimulation, and rendered the esophageal body and LES less responsive to small volumes of distention. (jci.org)
  • Pulsed radiofrequency of the auricular branch of the vagal nerve has strongly reduced tinnitus in a person with violent tinnitus and severe cervical pain. (tinnitusjournal.com)
  • Its cardiac branch, the middle cardiac nerve, arises independently or emerges after the synapse with the inferior cervical ganglion. (medscape.com)
  • Its cardiac branch, the inferior cardiac nerve, descends behind the subclavian artery (here, it converges with the recurrent nerve and with a branch of the medium cervical nerve) and all along the anterior surface of the trachea, finally joining to the deep part of the cardiac plexus. (medscape.com)
  • Transcutaneous Vagal Nerve Stimulation (tVNS): a new neuromodulation tool in healthy humans? (frontiersin.org)
  • In laboratory animals, tinnitus, as determined in a behavioral paradigm, can be eliminated by invasive Vagal Nerve Stimulation (VNS) or transcutaneous stimulation of the facial nerve and dorsal root ganglion [ 4 , 5 ]. (tinnitusjournal.com)
  • Furthermore, the expression of functional adrenoreceptors on primary afferents has been implicated in the relationship between sympathetic and afferent nerves. (healthremedy123.com)
  • Under normal conditions, primary afferents show little if any spontaneous activity. (asra.com)
  • Moreover, in inflamed tissue, spontaneous afferent activity showed a dose-dependent trend toward reduction with SB-750364. (nih.gov)
  • and iii) followed over time by the development of a measurable level of spontaneous afferent traffic in both myelinated and unmyelinated axons. (asra.com)
  • However, this decrease in synaptic efficacy is not immediate, and the initial response (1-5 d) to peripheral nerve axotomy is actually an increase in Ia EPSP amplitude measured in normal motoneurons ( Miyata and Yasuda, 1988 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • However, chronic neuralgias involving the head and neck have been confirmed to respond well to neuromodulation via peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS). (fsahq.org)
  • In rare cases, reflex sympathetic dystrophy may occur in the central nervous system, but the disease does not follow the peripheral nerve distribution. (healthremedy123.com)
  • In contrast, over time after a variety of injuries to the peripheral nerve, the animal and human will often reflect the appearance of a constellation of pain events. (asra.com)
  • This ability of light touch evoking this anomalous pain state is de facto evidence that the peripheral nerve injury has led to a reorganization of central processing, i.e. it is not a simple case of a peripheral sensitization of otherwise high threshold afferents. (asra.com)
  • This review addresses the principal changes that occur in connectivity and processing after peripheral nerve injury. (asra.com)
  • Following peripheral nerve ligation or section, several events occur signaling long-term changes in peripheral and central processing. (asra.com)
  • Following peripheral nerve injury there is a very significant upregulation in the expression of a wide variety of proteins in the dorsal root ganglion and thus the axon and terminals of the injured primary afferent. (asra.com)
  • Effects of chondroitinase ABC on intrathecal and peripheral nerve tissue. (lu.se)
  • Recordings of polymodal single c-fiber nociceptive afferents following mechanical and argon-laser heat stimulation of human skin. (athabascau.ca)
  • Nociceptive pain, which is usually transient, arises from the activation of nociceptors-the sensory receptors by which a nerve impulse is triggered-by actual or threatened damaging stimuli. (reviewofoptometry.com)
  • EACP, using the Yintang, ST4 and ST5 acupoints, induced an increased in the nociceptive threshold and this effect persisted for up to 2 h, even after the removal of electric stimulation. (bvsalud.org)
  • 14. Aloe L, Manni L. Low-frequency electroacupuncture reduces the nociceptive response and the pain mediator enhancement induced by nerve growth factor. (bvsalud.org)
  • Applied on experimental intrafascicular recordings of muscle spindle afferent nerve response to passive muscle stretch, the spike sorting algorithm manages to isolate afferent activity of units having a linear relationship between neural firing rate and muscle length, an important step towards a model-based estimator of muscle length. (cnrs.fr)
  • Short and long-term changes in synaptic efficacy occur in vivo at the central synapse between muscle spindle afferents (Ia) and spinal motoneurons ( Mendell, 1984 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS), also referred to as posterior tibial nerve stimulation, is the least invasive form of neuromodulation used to treat overactive bladder (OAB) and the associated symptoms of urinary urgency, urinary frequency and urge incontinence. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neuromodulation of the auricular branch of the vagal nerve is an uncomplicated remedy for tinnitus, especially for tinnitus patients with a pathologically small C2-C3 angle. (tinnitusjournal.com)
  • Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) currently is one of the most commonly used forms of electroanalgesia. (medscape.com)
  • TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulator). (medscape.com)
  • A transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) unit consists of 1 or more electrical-signal generators, a battery, and a set of electrodes. (medscape.com)
  • The posterior auricular nerve is a motor branch of the facial nerve (CN VII) that innervates the posterior and intrinsic auricular muscles. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The objective of our study was to study the long-term effects of pulsed radiofrequency of the auricular branch of the vagal nerve in a large group of tinnitus sufferers and to find predictors for a prosperous result. (tinnitusjournal.com)
  • 48% of tinnitus sufferers who undertook pulsed radiofrequency of the auricular branch of the vagal nerve reported a reduced loudness of their tinnitus, which was qualified as being moderate to good in 87% of these patients. (tinnitusjournal.com)
  • To further disentangle tinnitus heterogeneity, we here study underlying causes of variability in treatment success following Pulsed Radiofrequency (PRF) of the Auricular Branch of the Vagal Nerve (ABVN). (tinnitusjournal.com)
  • Pain Receptors are also called free nerve endings. (athabascau.ca)
  • These include the pain peptides or endorphins, prostaglandins, histamine, and substance P. Free nerve endings have receptors for each of these substances. (athabascau.ca)
  • Noxious stimulation activated PAG mu-opioid receptors to modulate the noxious response and EAP enhanced that activation. (med-vetacupuncture.org)
  • Tactile receptors range in complexity from free nerve endings to specialized sensory complexes complete with accessory cells and supporting structures. (mukemmellokma.com)
  • The psychophysics of this state clearly emphasize that the pain is evoked by the activation of low threshold mechano-receptors (Aß afferents). (asra.com)
  • Among other functions, the sacral nerve plexus regulates bladder and pelvic floor function. (wikipedia.org)
  • In October 2010, the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) issued NICE Interventional Procedure Guidance 362 supporting the use of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) as a routine treatment for overactive bladder syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
  • The acupoints used in the studies were selected based on Korean Medicine theory, and their mechanism may be understood with reference to the autonomic and somatic nerve innervations to the bladder. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Therefore, the coordination of the autonomic and somatic nerves to the bladder and urethra is important not only in micturition, but also in incontinence. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The novel in situ setup can be modified and used to study various afferent factors, without interfering with the contractility of the bladder. (gu.se)
  • Aronsson P, Carlsson T, Winder M & Tobin G. Studies of the micturition reflex initiated by stretch stimulation of the urinary bladder wall in normal and cyclophosphamide-treated anaesthetized rats. (gu.se)
  • The bladder and urethra are innervated by 3 sets of peripheral nerves arising from the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and somatic nervous system. (medscape.com)
  • The pons relays afferent information from the bladder to higher brain centers, which in turn communicate with the periaqueductal gray matter, a relay station that collects higher brain center intput and processes this in order to signal the PMC to trigger or suppress the voiding reflex. (medscape.com)
  • We conclude that mechanosensitivity of high-threshold serosal colonic splanchnic afferents to graded stimuli is unaffected during DSS colitis. (nih.gov)
  • In response to stimuli the sensory receptor fires off a nerve fibre which goes to the central nervous system. (mukemmellokma.com)
  • Recordings were made from serosal/mesenteric afferents responding only at high thresholds to graded mechanical stimulation with von Frey probes. (nih.gov)
  • The neurokinin type 3 (NK 3 ) receptor antagonists SB-223412 and SR-142801 inhibited vagally mediated cholinergic contractions of bronchi in vitro at stimulation voltages threshold for preganglionic nerve activation but had no effect on vagally mediated contractions evoked at optimal voltage or field stimulation-induced contractions. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • The neurokinin type 3 (NK3) receptor antagonists SB-223412 and SR-142801 inhibited vagally mediated cholinergic contractions of bronchi in vitro at stimulation voltages threshold for preganglionic nerve activation but had no effect on vagally mediated contractions evoked at optimal voltage or field stimulation-induced contractions. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Frequent components of this evolving syndrome are i) ongoing incidences of sharp-shooting sensations referred to the peripheral distribution of the injured nerve and ii) abnormal painful sensations in response to light tactile stimulation of the peripheral body surface. (asra.com)
  • 1, 2, 3, 4 A striking characteristic of swallowing is that the whole motor sequence can be readily initiated by stimulating a nerve, namely the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve ( SLN ). (nature.com)
  • The purpose of the present study was to determine whether neurokinins, released during axonal reflexes or after antidromic afferent nerve stimulation, modulate ganglionic synaptic neurotransmission. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Modulation would not be expected to change if the increase in EPSP amplitude was attributable solely to a greater number of afferent connections ( Koerber and Mendell, 1991 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • In addition, amplitude modulation of composite EPSPs is similar to single fiber EPSP modulation ( Koerber and Mendell, 1991 ), and therefore an increase in EPSP amplitude resulting from a greater number of afferent connections would not predict a change in high-frequency amplitude modulation. (jneurosci.org)
  • Iotova VG (1991) [The AP stimulation of the hand points in hypertension patients with different types of blood circulation] . (med-vetacupuncture.org)
  • Prostaglandins sensitize afferent nerves and potentiate the action of bradykinin in inducing pain in animal models. (nih.gov)
  • In the brain stem we find the Nucleus Tractus Solitarius (NTS), the afferent nucleus . (iqoro.com)
  • A somatic motor nerve originating in the abducens nucleus in the pons. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • In the present study, the ABVN was targeted using PRF, which can alter the sensory nociceptors [ 9 ] and the electric stimulation switch on the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract (NTS) [ 10 ]. (tinnitusjournal.com)
  • The vagus nerve has 3 nuclei in the central nervous system (CNS) associated with cardiovascular control: (1) the dorsal motor nucleus, (2) the nucleus ambiguus, and (3) the solitary nucleus. (medscape.com)
  • 12. Yonehara N. Influence of serotonin receptor antagonists on substance P and serotonin release evoked by tooth stimulation with electroacupuncture in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis of the rabbit. (bvsalud.org)
  • Your nervous system is composed of a network of nerves and nerve cells that carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord and the rest of the body. (healthline.com)
  • Like PNS, spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been shown to be an effective therapy in conditions such as failed back surgery syndrome, radiculopathy, peripheral neuropathy, and CPRS. (fsahq.org)
  • Patient underwent a successful cervicomedullary spinal cord stimulation trial with a percutaneous epidural paddle lead. (fsahq.org)
  • However, if a patient's symptoms are not relieved with the help of medication, spinal cord stimulation may be performed. (healthremedy123.com)
  • For severe cases, patients may undergo spinal cord stimulation. (healthremedy123.com)
  • The neuronal cell bodies of a nerve's axons are in the brain, the spinal cord, or ganglia, but the nerves run only in the peripheral nervous system. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Thus, in the periphery after an acute mechanical injury of the peripheral afferent axon, there will be an initial dying back (retrograde chromatolysis) that proceeds for some interval at which time the axon begins to sprout sending growth cones forward. (asra.com)
  • Synaptic efficacy at the rat Ia-motoneuron synapse has been reported to increase in vivo , within 3 d of sectioning a single muscle nerve ( Miyata and Yasuda, 1988 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • In light of these considerations, we have examined synaptic function after short-term axotomy using a stimulation paradigm that reveals correlated differences between Ia EPSP amplitude and amplitude modulation during high-frequency stimulation. (jneurosci.org)
  • The methodology was first invented by Marshall Stoller at UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, and was first known as the SANS (Stoller Afferent Nerve Stimulator) protocol. (wikipedia.org)
  • We have implemented several operational enhancements, including home delivery and virtual training, to ensure our patients have uninterrupted access to gammaCore TM (non-invasive vagus nerve stimulator). (gammacore.com)
  • Activity in sensory afferents originates after an interval of days to weeks from the lesioned site (neuroma) and from the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of the injured nerve. (asra.com)
  • Minimally, a recep- tor includes a peripheral axon terminal of one pri- mary afferent neuron, whose cell body is sited proximally in the dorsal root ganglion. (cdc.gov)
  • During the extensor phase of fictive locomotion, activation of extensor muscle group I afferents increases extensor motoneurone activity and prolongs the extensor phase. (nih.gov)
  • 3,5 Corneal nerve density increases and nerve diameter thins moving anteriorly through the stroma. (reviewofoptometry.com)
  • In addition to temperature, free nerve endings that trigger signals associated with the perception of pain respond to a number of different substances that are released by damaged tissue. (athabascau.ca)
  • The oral cavity's sensory nerves send these signals to the brain stem and it is based on these that the brain controls the musculature of the face, mouth, esophagus, diaphragm, down to the stomach and the upper and lower intestines. (iqoro.com)
  • When stimulating the vagus nerve, pain signals causing the attacks can be blocked, helping provide fast relief and preventing future attacks before they happen. (gammacore.com)
  • The selective TRPV1 antagonist, SB-750364 (10(-8) to 10(-6)M), was tested on mechanosensory stimulus response functions of afferents from normal and inflamed preparations (N=7 each). (nih.gov)
  • This enlargement to stretch stimulus was found to be due to both cholinergic and purinergic factors, of which the latter were more pronounced at lower stimulation intensities. (gu.se)
  • The generation of a spinal nerve impulse from an external stimulus is called transduction. (reviewofoptometry.com)
  • 2. 0000014538 00000 n Cependant, la place de chacune n'est pas clairement déterminée pour éviter l'intubation, ainsi la morbidité et mortalité associées à la ventilation invasive, ou encore en cas d'échec pour sécuriser la procédure d'intubation. (haevents.us)
  • Stimulation can be using minimally invasive methods, by placing an electrode percutaneously at the inner tragus. (tinnitusjournal.com)
  • 11. Sheng LL, Nishiyama K, Honda T, Sugiura M, Yaginuma H, Sugiura, Y. Suppressive effects of Neiting acupuncture on toothache: an experimental analysis on Fos expression evoked by tooth pulp stimulation in the trigeminal subnucleus pars caudalis and the periaqueductal gray of rats. (bvsalud.org)
  • Experiments consisted of in vivo recording of maximal composite group I EPSPs evoked in intact rat medial gastrocnemius (MG) motoneurons by stimulation of the lateral gastrocnemius-soleus nerve (LG-S). We compared the maximal LG-S EPSP amplitude and the response to high-frequency stimulation (modulation) recorded in untreated rats, with the same measures recorded in rats that had the LG-S nerve axotomized 3 d before data collection. (jneurosci.org)
  • However, for some patients, the correct placement and stimulation may only result in a mild sensation in the ankle area or across the sole of the foot. (wikipedia.org)
  • The many sensory nerves that bring sensation from the skin and internal organs merge together to form the sensory branches of the cranial and spinal nerves. (healthline.com)
  • No pain sensation was reported when the stimulation site was less than 1 millimeter in diameter. (athabascau.ca)
  • In this psychophysical study, however, the magnitude level of pain sensation reported in response to the laser stimulation varied among the individual subjects. (athabascau.ca)
  • Symptoms of nerve injury include paresthesias, loss of sensation and position sense, impaired motor function, cranial nerve malfunction, changes in reflexes, and impairments in glandular secretion. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • This ongoing input is believed to provide the source of the afferent activity that leads to spontaneous on going sensation. (asra.com)
  • The PNS is made up of nerves that branch off from your CNS. (healthline.com)
  • A sensory branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V3) It passes through the parotid gland en route to the ear, where it innervates skin of the pinna, external auditory canal, and tympanic membrane. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Apart from the major vagal nerve branch, spinal, trigeminal, and facial nerves run close to the ABVN innervation area [ 8 ]. (tinnitusjournal.com)
  • Taken together, the purinergic transmission is altered during cystitis, and the changes are likely predominantly on the afferent side of the micturition reflex arc. (gu.se)
  • 4,5 The tips of the stromal nerves penetrate Bowman's layer, predominantly in the peripheral cornea, and give rise to long bundles that run from the periphery to the center close to the subbasal epithelia and resemble wavy lines. (reviewofoptometry.com)
  • Thus, adults with chronic cough now have a firm physical explanation for their symptoms based on vagal afferent hypersensitivity. (ersjournals.com)
  • Perhaps the most promising future developments in pharmacotherapy are drugs which tackle neuronal hypersensitivity by blocking excitability of afferent nerves by inhibiting targets such as the ATP receptor (P2X3). (ersjournals.com)
  • The etiology of the urinary urgency that causes urge incontinence has not yet been fully elucidated, although some peripheral nerves, as well as the central nervous system, may be involved in muscle hypersensitivity and the reduced effectiveness of smooth muscle relaxation ( 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)