Aerosol emissions. Medical search. Frequent questions

Although mask wearing is intended, in part, to protect others from exhaled, virus-containing particles, few studies have examined particle emission by mask-wearers into the surrounding air. (nih.gov)
Here, we measured outward emissions of micron-scale aerosol particles by healthy humans performing various expiratory activities while wearing different types of medical-grade or homemade masks. (nih.gov)
These masks similarly decreased the outward particle emission of a coughing superemitter, who for unclear reasons emitted up to two orders of magnitude more expiratory particles via coughing than average. (nih.gov)
The PILS is a well-established aerosol collection device that provides a liquid sample containing dissolved aerosol particles which can be analyzed by various methods. (noaa.gov)
Atmospheric aerosols are microscopic particles, solid or liquid, suspended in a gas, (our atmosphere in this instance). (copernicus.eu)
An aerosol is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in air or another gas. (wikipedia.org)
The liquid or solid particles in an aerosol have diameters typically less than 1 μm (larger particles with a significant settling speed make the mixture a suspension, but the distinction is not clear-cut). (wikipedia.org)
Aerosol is defined as a suspension system of solid or liquid particles in a gas. (wikipedia.org)
An aerosol includes both the particles and the suspending gas, which is usually air. (wikipedia.org)
Frederick G. Donnan presumably first used the term aerosol during World War I to describe an aero-solution, clouds of microscopic particles in air. (wikipedia.org)
A monodisperse aerosol, producible in the laboratory, contains particles of uniform size. (wikipedia.org)
Although all hydrometeors, solid and liquid, can be described as aerosols, a distinction is commonly made between such dispersions (i.e. clouds) containing activated drops and crystals, and aerosol particles. (wikipedia.org)
Researchers evaluated the impact of age, body mass index, and gender on aerosol particles. (news-medical.net)
A newly developed sample delivery system at MAX IV lets researchers study the properties of aerosol particles. (lu.se)
September 2010 "Recent analysis suggests that the effectiveness of stratospheric aerosol climate engineering through emission of non condensable vapors such as SO2 is limited because the slow conversion to H2SO4 tends to produce aerosol particles that are too large. (zerogeoengineering.com)
The combined exhaust gas aftertreatment systems (DPF+SCR) are the most efficient way and the best available technology (BAT) to radically reduce the critical Diesel emission components particles (PM&N. (sae.org)
A new study published Wednesday in the journal Science Advances found that over the past four decades, a 50% decrease in aerosols - tiny particles of air pollution - over North America and Europe led to a 33% increase in the number of tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic. (cnn.com)
Ambient air contains a multitude of solid particles in a wide grain size range, commonly referred to as atmospheric aerosol. (bl.uk)
By definition, aerosols are suspensions in air (or in a gas) of solid or liquid particles, small enough that they remain airborne for prolonged periods because of their low settling velocity. (cdc.gov)
The median diameters at which particles exhibit aerosol behavior also correspond to the sizes at which they are efficiently deposited in the lower respiratory tract when inhaled. (cdc.gov)
In addition, particles expelled by coughing or sneezing rapidly shrink in size by evaporation, thereby increasing the number of particles that behave as aerosols. (cdc.gov)
Soot is a type of aerosol, aerosols being liquid or solid particles small enough to float, at least for a time, in the air. (encyclopedia.com)
Charcoal particles-which, together with soot, form the category of aerosols called "black carbon particles"-are produced in large quantities in China, India, and South Asian countries by the burning of wood and other organic matter for cooking. (encyclopedia.com)
Falling snowflakes are efficient collectors of airborne particles, and a single flake may contain scores to thousands of aerosol particles. (encyclopedia.com)
A type of aerosol (small, airborne particle) consisting mostly of carbon: includes soot, charcoal, and some other dark organic particles. (encyclopedia.com)
The science of climate and climate change involves study of the interaction between clouds, atmospheric radiation and aerosol particles. (lu.se)
Aerosol particles and their role for clouds and climate is an important part of climate research and of huge importance for air quality around the world. (lu.se)
VHL is equipped with meteorological instrumentation and can measure gases, aerosol particles, and precipitation chemistry. (lu.se)
To generate the knowledge needed to implement Safe(r)-and-sustainable-by-design, we assess real-world emissions and exposure as well as properties of emitted particles in all stages of the life cycle of a nanomaterial. (lu.se)

We investigate the mean and extreme temperature response to regional changes in aerosol emissions using three coupled chemistry-climate models: NOAA GFDL CM3, NCAR CESM1, and NASA GISS-E2. (nasa.gov)
We find that climate sensitivity to regional aerosol perturbations ranges from 0.5 to 1.0 K/(W/m 2 ) depending on the region and aerosol composition and is larger than the climate sensitivity to a doubling of CO 2 in two of three models. (nasa.gov)
We update previous estimates of regional temperature potential (RTP), a metric for estimating the regional temperature responses to a regional emissions perturbation that can facilitate assessment of climate impacts with integrated assessment models without requiring computationally demanding coupled climate model simulations. (nasa.gov)
In a study appearing in the Journal of Climate in 2016, MIT researchers found that a high coal-use future-in which today's emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) and black carbon aerosols from Asia's industry, energy and domestic sectors are set to twice their year-2000 values from 2030 to 2100-would produce significant local and global climate impacts. (mit.edu)
Constraining mass emissions factors (EFs) for prevalent cookstoves is important because they serve as inputs to bottom-up emissions inventories used to evaluate health and climate impacts. (org.in)
The sensitivity of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) concentration to changes in climate and emissions is investigated using a coupled global atmosphere-land model driven by the year 2100 IPCC A1B scenario predictions. (escholarship.org)
SOA in 2100 from the net effect of climate and emissions (67% increase predicted). (escholarship.org)
In this analysis, Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) and Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) scientists conclude that it is too early to attribute the recent exceptional warming to a reduction in shipping emissions undertaken since 2020. (copernicus.eu)
Scientists such as the Met Office's Ben Booth have suggested for some time that anthropogenic aerosols, such as those resulting from industrial and shipping emissions, had been a key driver of climate variability in the North Atlantic. (copernicus.eu)
Climate models have since been improved to integrate atmospheric aerosols interactions. (copernicus.eu)
However, linking SO2 reductions directly to the recent extreme marine heatwaves omits part of the complexity of using models to calculate sulphate aerosol interactions in the atmosphere or estimating the effective application of the IMO 2020 regulation, and, more generally, the complexity of climate and atmospheric chemistry. (copernicus.eu)
Some devices for generating aerosols are: Aerosol spray Atomizer nozzle or nebulizer Electrospray Electronic cigarette Vibrating orifice aerosol generator (VOAG) Several types of atmospheric aerosol have a significant effect on Earth's climate: volcanic, desert dust, sea-salt, that originating from biogenic sources and human-made. (wikipedia.org)
With this knowledge, they can further understand the health and climate effects of soot from burning fuels for transportation or natural emissions. (lu.se)
Our results facilitate more rigorous comparison between existing and upcoming studies of climate and health effects of aerosols using different emission inventories. (iiasa.ac.at)
Organic aerosols make up a substantial fraction of ambient particulate matter (PM) that can affect climate, air quality and human health. (labmanager.com)
Reliable assessment of the impact of aerosols emitted from boreal forest fires on the Arctic climate necessitates improved understanding of emissions and the microphysical properties of carbonaceous (black carbon (BC) and organic aerosols (OA)) and inorganic aerosols. (nasa.gov)
That's exactly wrong, for two reasons: 1) Humans generate far more CO 2 than volcanoes do annually , and b) volcanoes actually emit a lot of sulfur dioxide, which is an aerosol that acts to cool the climate. (syfy.com)
Despite much recent efforts, the emission sources of black carbon (BC) aerosols―central input to understanding and predicting environmental and climate impact―remain highly uncertain. (whoi.edu)
recognized as causes of global climate change, but in the 1990s and early 2000s, aerosols were increasingly recognized as having a role in global warming . (encyclopedia.com)
The overall aim of RA3 is to formulate and validate a model framework - linking vegetation, aerosols, clouds and their climate feedbacks. (lu.se)
The terrestrial carbon cycle and aerosol-cloud-climate interactions are key components in the climate system, but they are complex to describe in climate models. (lu.se)

On-line aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS) suggests that the chemical composition of the organic aerosols (OAs) was similar for HVO and diesel. (lu.se)
These measurements will provide high chemical specificity of sulfur species to complement other aerosol composition measurements to be deployed, such as aerosol mass spectrometry, and will be used to address the following research questions: (1) What are the differences in the type of sulfate observed in urban vs. marine emissions? (noaa.gov)
The new methodology and interpretation can improve methods that use aerosol mass spectrometry for the source apportionment of combustion emissions. (lu.se)
We are at the forefront when it comes to exposure/emission characterization with advanced state-of-the-art online and offline instrumentation, such as time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometry and electron microscopy. (lu.se)

Biogenic emissions of isoprene and monoterpenes are simulated interactively using the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols (MEGAN2) within the Community Land Model (CLM3). (escholarship.org)
The later includes enhanced biogenic SOA formation due to increased emissions of primary organic aerosol (5-25% increases in surface SOA concentrations in 2100). (escholarship.org)
There are many natural sources of atmospheric aerosols, such as desert dust, sea spray and salt from the oceans, biogenic aerosols from vegetation , wildfire smoke, or volcanoes to name a few. (copernicus.eu)

Residential solid biomass cookstoves are important sources of aerosol emissions in India. (org.in)
Scatter plots of acetonitrile versus CO suggest that the contribution of biomass burning to the enhancement of most gas and aerosol species was not dominant and perhaps not dissimilar from observations in the U.S. (nasa.gov)
Soot emissions were studied from a miniCAST soot generator, a heavy-duty diesel engine, and from traditional and modern biomass based cook stoves. (lu.se)
The aerosol types that are mostly seen in the AAI are desert dust, biomass burning and volcano ash aerosols . (temis.nl)

When the emissions were aged in an oxidation flow reactor to simulate secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in the atmosphere, it was found that OA concentration strongly increased for all fuels. (lu.se)
The DOC was also effective in reducing secondary organic aerosol formation upon atmospheric aging. (lu.se)
We describe simulations using an updated version of the Community Multiscale Air Quality model version 5.3 (CMAQ v5.3) to investigate the contribution of intermediate-volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in southern California during the CalNex study. (copernicus.org)
the subsequent atmospheric oxidation of BVOCs and their secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation potential, with consequences for clouds, global radiation and precipitation. (lu.se)

The main anthropogenic source of aerosols is emissions from combustion of fossil fuels, which emit a wide range of atmospheric pollutants including particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, and SO2. (copernicus.eu)
However, there is emerging evidence that respiratory activities such as cough and not AGPs are the important source of aerosols. (healthybuilds.com)

This project will make PILS (Particle-into-Liquid Sampler) measurements on the AEROMMA WP-3 NOAA aircraft to provide aerosol composition data for the AEROMMA Campaign. (noaa.gov)
We also implement new mobile-source emission profiles that quantify all IVOCs based on direct measurements. (copernicus.org)
On-road size-resolved particulate emission factors were computed using concurrently measured carbon monoxide (CO) as a freeway dilution indicator and correlating roadside particle measurements to CO measurements. (cdc.gov)
2-9 While these measurements provide the emissions from hookah in a laboratory setting, the vast majority of the studies have used just one puffing topography: 171 puffs, 2.6 s puffs, 208 mL s -1 flow rate and 17 s between puffs. (bmj.com)
Emission measurements during different work tasks using both portable and stationary time-resolved instruments. (lu.se)
CT utilizes specific airway and lung density measurements to identify severity of disease and pathology, hyperpolarized gases are used as MRI contrast media to identify small airway disease, and positron emission tomography (PET) can help identify and target lung inflammation. (medscape.com)

Volcanic aerosol forms in the stratosphere after an eruption as droplets of sulfuric acid that can prevail for up to two years, and reflect sunlight, lowering temperature. (wikipedia.org)
In theory, influenza viruses can be transmitted through aerosols, large droplets, or direct contact with secretions (or fomites). (cdc.gov)
A recent commentary in Aerosol Science & Technology, " COVID-19 and the Workplace: Research Questions for the Aerosol Science Community , " presents some of the questions surrounding droplets and aerosols containing SARS-CoV-2 and provides suggestions for future research topics. (cdc.gov)
Primary biological aerosol particle (PBAPs) have a distinctive role because they initiate both cloud droplets and, at remarkably warm sub-zero temperatures, ice crystals. (lu.se)

Light absorbing components of aerosols, often called black carbon (BC), are emitted from combustion sources and are believed to play a considerable role in direct atmospheric radiative forcing by a nu. (sae.org)
Particulate air pollution is one of the major causes of premature death in the world, and combustion-derived soot emissions contribute strongly to the particulate pollution to which humans are exposed. (lu.se)
We related the combustion phase of the fire as represented by the modified combustion efficiency (MCE) to the emission ratios between BC and other species. (nasa.gov)

Sulphur dioxide emissions are the precursor of sulphate aerosol, which is a key player in Earth's energy balance. (copernicus.eu)
The Absorbing Aerosol Index (AAI) indicates the presence of elevated absorbing aerosols in the Earth's atmosphere. (temis.nl)

Cookstove emissions rates are largely based on laboratory experiments conducted using the standard water-boiling test, but real-world emissions are often higher owing to different stove designs, fuels, and cooking methods. (org.in)
A way to reduce harmful exhaust and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and secure the sources of energy is to develop technology for an efficient diesel engine operation independent of fossil fuels. (lu.se)
There is a lack of data on how renewable fuels change the semi-volatile organic fraction of exhaust emissions. (lu.se)
In order to characterize and explain the difference in exhaust emissions from fossil diesel, HVO and RME fuels, particulate matter (PM) emissions were sampled at two exhaust positions of an experimental single cylinder Scania D13 heavy-duty (HD) diesel engine: at the exhaust manifold, and after a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC). (lu.se)
NOx emissions occur when cars or power plants burn fossil fuels such as coal and gasoline, while VOCs derive from cars, paints, insecticides, cleaners, industrial solvents and chemical manufacturing. (dailymail.co.uk)
These quantitative observational constraints on source‐seasonality of BC aerosols in receptor sites located in China's four key economic zones highlight that regulatory control on BC aerosol emissions from different fuels should consider both seasonal and regional variations. (whoi.edu)
Emission factors from different fuels and cooking methods, and particle characteristics will be assessed in our Aerosol Lab in Lund. (lu.se)

As such, solar geoengineering is not a substitute for reducing greenhouse gas emissions but would act as a temporary measure to limit warming while emissions of greenhouse gases are reduced and carbon dioxide is removed . (wikipedia.org)
Objective To compare the effects of switching from a pressurised metered dose inhaler (pMDI)-based to a dry powder inhaler (DPI)-based maintenance therapy versus continued usual care on greenhouse gas emissions (carbon dioxide equivalents, CO 2 e) and asthma control. (bmj.com)

Examples of natural aerosols are fog or mist, dust, forest exudates, and geyser steam. (wikipedia.org)
There are natural aerosols, but much of the pollution in the early to mid-20th century came from sources like industrial smokestacks and car exhaust. (cnn.com)

As a consequence of this opinion, protection against infectious aerosols is often ignored for influenza, including in the context of influenza pandemic preparedness. (cdc.gov)
Are potentially infectious aerosols produced by toilets containing human waste with SARS-CoV-2? (cdc.gov)

But even accounting for all forms of road transport in the country - not just cars, but motorbikes, vans, lorries and buses - aerosols still emit more VOCs, the experts say. (dailymail.co.uk)

2020: Local and remote mean and extreme temperature response to regional aerosol emissions. (nasa.gov)
2020) reported that international shipping accounted for 16% of the total anthropogenic SO 2 emissions in 2014. (aaqr.org)
In 2020, the International Maritime Organization adopted its 'IMO 2020' regulation to drastically reduce shipping-related sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions. (copernicus.eu)

There are multiple potential approaches, with stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) being the most-studied method, followed by marine cloud brightening (MCB). (wikipedia.org)

Secondary formation of acetone may be more efficient in Mexico City than in the U.S., due to higher emissions of alkane precursors from the use of liquefied petroleum gas. (nasa.gov)
Therefore, IVOCs in mobile-source emissions contribute almost as much SOA as traditional precursors such as single-ring aromatics. (copernicus.org)

In particular, we derived the average emission ratios of BC/CO = 2.3 ± 2.2 and 8.5 ± 5.4 ng m−3/ppbv for BB in North America and Asia, respectively. (nasa.gov)

Agricultural crop residue burning contribute towards the emission of greenhouse gases (CO 2 , N 2 O, CH 4 ), air pollutants (CO, NH 3 , NO x , SO 2 , NMHC, volatile organic compounds), particulates matter and smoke thereby posing threat to human health. (aaqr.org)
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbonaceous aerosol were measured at a sub-urban site near Mexico City in March of 2006 during the MILAGRO study (Megacity Initiative: Local and Global Research Objectives). (nasa.gov)
Household aerosols now release more harmful volatile organic compounds (VOCs) than all vehicles in the UK, a new study reveals. (dailymail.co.uk)
The aim of this study was to determine if puff duration and flow rate have an effect on the characteristics of the mainstream emission from waterpipes, including total particulate matter (TPM), mass ratio of nicotine and mass concentration of volatile carbonyls. (bmj.com)
Conclusions The results presented here highlight that topographies influence the emissions generated from waterpipes including TPM, total nicotine and volatile carbonyls. (bmj.com)
Over the years researchers have worked to determine the emissions from smoking hookah, measuring many parameters including particulate matter, nicotine, volatile carbonyls and many others. (bmj.com)

The environmental sources of microbial aerosols and processes by which they are emitted into the atmosphere are not well characterized. (nature.com)
From these data, we estimate each fire aerosolized an average of 7 ± 4 × 10 9 cells and 2 ± 1 × 10 8 biological INPs per m 2 burned and conclude that emissions from wildland fire are sources of viable microbial aerosols to the atmosphere. (nature.com)
Despite the varied roles of bioaerosols in environmental health, biological dispersion, and the land-atmosphere system, their ecological sources and emission mechanisms remain poorly understood [ 13 ]. (nature.com)
Research suggests that the reduction in emissions of pollutants in Europe, thanks to regulations, i--s leading to reduced amounts of aerosols in the atmosphere. (copernicus.eu)
Aerosols, by scattering, reflecting or absorbing sunlight, reduce the amount of solar radiation reaching the lower layers of our atmosphere. (copernicus.eu)
Infrared spectra returned by the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) are well suited for retrieval of the thermal structure and the distribution of aerosols in the Martian atmosphere. (psu.edu)
Aerosols can be inserted into the atmosphere by a large number of processes, including water bubble bursting and wind injection, and can be derived from a numerous sources, including incinerators, smelters, vehicles, sea and soil/crust. (bl.uk)
Aerosol Pb and trace element abundance were found to be influenced by rainfall, with rain having an apparent scavenging effect on Pb in the atmosphere. (bl.uk)

Natural sources of atmospheric vanadium include continental dust, marine aerosol, and volcanic emissions. (cdc.gov)

When assessing particulate emissions, diesel engine exhausts are usually diluted to suit the design limitations of the measurement devices. (sae.org)

This paper illustrates a method to determine the experimental uncertainties in the measurement of tailpipe emissions of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and particulates. (sae.org)

In contrast, shedding of non-expiratory micron-scale particulates from friable cellulosic fibers in homemade cotton-fabric masks confounded explicit determination of their efficacy at reducing expiratory particle emission. (nih.gov)
The new DustTrak DRX Aerosol Monitor 8533 measures Total Suspended Particulates (TSP). (environmental-expert.com)

In 2017, the UK population emitted around 60,000 tonnes of VOCs from aerosols but only around 30,000 tonnes from UK cars running gasoline. (dailymail.co.uk)
In the UK, 6.1 per cent of human-made VOC emissions were from aerosols in 2017, up from two per cent in 1990, the study reveals. (dailymail.co.uk)
A negative linear trend over 2005-2017 in global AOD following changes in anthropogenic emissions is found with all three inventories but is markedly stronger with CEDS21 and ECLv6. (iiasa.ac.at)

Diurnal variations of hydrocarbons, elemental carbon (EC) and hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA) were dominated by a high peak in the early morning when local emissions accumulated in a shallow boundary layer, and a minimum in the afternoon when the emissions were diluted in a significantly expanded boundary layer and, in case of the reactive gases, removed by OH. (nasa.gov)
Aerosols aren't like greenhouse gases. (cnn.com)
Our masks guarantee an optimal safety of the respiratory tract against the risks of inhalation of dangerous substances that may be present in the workplace such as aerosols, dusts or vapors and gases at risk. (environmental-expert.com)

Black carbon (BC) is one such emission and denotes soot with strong light absorption in the ultraviolet to infrared spectrum. (lu.se)
A novel methodology was introduced to investigate differences in soot maturity using a soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP AMS). (lu.se)
It can also aid in the development of new emission mitigation strategies, for example, with respect to the soot oxidation reactivity of relevance for diesel particulate filters. (lu.se)
A detailed chemical composition of the exhaust particulate matter (PM) was studied using a soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS), and secondary aerosol formation was studied using a potential aerosol mass (PAM) chamber. (vtt.fi)

The projected decrease in global sulfur emissions implies that SOA will contribute a progressively larger fraction of the global aerosol burden. (escholarship.org)
We use the ECLIPSE version 6 (ECLv6) and CEDS year 2021 release (CEDS21) as input to the chemical transport model OsloCTM3 and compare the resulting aerosol evolution to corresponding results derived with the first CEDS release, as well as to observed trends in regional and global aerosol optical depth (AOD). (iiasa.ac.at)

Generally, sulphate aerosols are considered to act as cloud condensation nuclei, favouring cloud formation, therefore reducing the amount of solar radiation that reaches the surface. (copernicus.eu)

While aerosols have a direct cooling effect by filtering solar radiation, their effective contribution to global cooling , or warming when they are reduced, also referred to as negative or positive radiative forcing of aerosols, is still a matter of research, and not the easiest, due to the uncertainties of indirect effects such as sulphate aerosol impacts in cloud droplet formation. (copernicus.eu)

Facing shortages of personal protective equipment, some clinicians have advocated the use of barrier enclosures (typically mounted over the head, with and without suction) to contain aerosol emissions from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. (medrxiv.org)
2019) estimated that SO 2 emissions could be reduced by 74.0% when ships use 0.5%-sulfur instead of 2.7%-sulfur fuel while docking at the Shanghai Port. (aaqr.org)
This study focuses on implications of differences between recent global emissions inventories for simulated trends in anthropogenic aerosol abundances and radiative forcing (RF) over the 1990-2019 period. (iiasa.ac.at)
Using CEDS21, we also estimate the RF in 2019 relative to 1990 to be 0.10 W m−2, reflecting the continuing decreasing trend in aerosol loads post-2014. (iiasa.ac.at)
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has raised many questions about the transmission of the virus that causes COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, including the possibility of aerosol transmission. (cdc.gov)

We perturb emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) and/or carbonaceous aerosol within six world regions and assess the statistical significance of mean and extreme temperature responses relative to internal variability determined by the control simulation and across the models. (nasa.gov)

The DOC strongly reduced primary organic emissions in both the gas (THC) and particle phase (OA) and only marginally affected OA composition. (lu.se)
For E100, a slight decrease in PM mass was observed after the PAM chamber, indicating that the PM produced by secondary aerosol formation was less than the PM lost through wall losses or the degradation of the primary organic aerosol (POA) in the chamber. (vtt.fi)

OA constituted the dominant fraction of aerosols mass in the submicron range. (nasa.gov)

The increased sulfate and carbonaceous aerosol levels would exert a large cooling effect throughout the Northern Hemisphere and particularly in South and East Asia, but also weaken several major monsoon systems, suppressing precipitation over vast land masses. (mit.edu)
Human-made sulfate aerosols, primarily from burning oil and coal, affect the behavior of clouds. (wikipedia.org)

The variability of 21.46% in annual emission of air pollutants was observed from 1995 to 2009. (aaqr.org)
NO x and SO 2 are the main pollutants of concern from ship emissions. (aaqr.org)
Examples of anthropogenic aerosols include particulate air pollutants, mist from the discharge at hydroelectric dams, irrigation mist, perfume from atomizers, smoke, dust, steam from a kettle, sprayed pesticides, and medical treatments for respiratory illnesses. (wikipedia.org)

The climatic implications of regional aerosol and precursor emissions reductions implemented to protect human health are poorly understood. (nasa.gov)
Overall, higher aerosol levels would result in more reductions in rainfall than increases, particularly in regions that are already water-stressed. (mit.edu)
This adoption has led to significant SO 2 emission reductions from docking ships. (aaqr.org)
Aerosols: are SO2 emissions reductions contributing to global warming? (copernicus.eu)
The widespread switching of aerosol propellant with non-VOC alternatives would lead to potentially meaningful reductions in surface ozone,' said Professor Alastair Lewis. (dailymail.co.uk)

the RME, in addition, reduced PAH emissions compared to fossil diesel. (lu.se)
Both mileage- and fuel-based particle number and mass emission factors at road and grid levels, along with CO emission factors, are presented and the results from freeways with distinctly different percentages of heavy-duty diesel truck traffic are compared. (cdc.gov)
Diesel fuel and exhaust emissions. (who.int)
The total carbon emission factors follow the order:heavy-duty diesel vehicles>light-duty diesel vehicles>light-duty gasoline vehicles. (bvsalud.org)
Although the emission factors of light-duty natural gas vehicles were very low at the low- and medium-speed stages, they were similar to those of heavy-duty diesel vehicles at the high-speed stage. (bvsalud.org)
The emission factors of OC and EC of diesel vehicles were similar. (bvsalud.org)

however, even emissions from regions remote to the Arctic, such as SO 2 from India, significantly warm the Arctic by up to 0.5 K. Arctic warming is the most robust response across each model and several aerosol emissions perturbations. (nasa.gov)
On the other side of the world, the study found that a 40% increase in aerosol pollution in China and India over the same time period sparked a 14% decline in the number of tropical cyclones in the western North Pacific. (cnn.com)
Corrigendum to "Implications of Implementing Promulgated and Prospective Emission Regulations on Air Quality and Health in India during 2030" [Aerosol Air Qual. (edu.sa)

Research to address these questions will help to better understand the roles of droplet and aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and inform public health recommendations. (cdc.gov)
Which engineering control methods are most effective to prevent SARS-CoV-2 exposure through droplet, fomite and short-range aerosol routes? (cdc.gov)
Each cloud droplet and each initial ice crystal is initiated by an aerosol particle. (lu.se)

Studies have concluded that the drop in emissions significantly reduced the formation of clouds over shipping lanes. (copernicus.eu)

Such chemical processes are anticipated to generate aerosols of the smallest size (1.18−1.55 nm), whereas larger clusters result from subsequent growth of the smaller aerosols. (dtu.dk)
Numerous research studies have shown that the flushing of toilets can generate aerosols that could lead to the transmission of pathogens. (cdc.gov)

A new study has found that certain emissions from cars and coal-fired power plants promote processes that transform naturally occurring emissions from trees into organic aerosols. (labmanager.com)
Detailed chemical and aerosol processes are tested in process models where explicit formulations can be used. (lu.se)
Flow reactors and chambers are used to test reaction mechanisms and aerosol processes, while larger oxidation chambers and the access to European infrastructures within strategic research collaboration, e.g. the Plan chamber in Julich and the SAPHIR chamber, allow to mimick atmospheric conditions. (lu.se)
We design and conduct advanced emission- and exposure assessments with high time-resolution, allowing studies of different processes and manufacturing steps. (lu.se)

Both surgical masks and unvented KN95 respirators, even without fit-testing, reduce the outward particle emission rates by 90% and 74% on average during speaking and coughing, respectively, compared to wearing no mask, corroborating their effectiveness at reducing outward emission. (nih.gov)

Advanced analyzing techniques were used to characterize the composition of the organic PM. Special attention was paid to an operating point at 18% intake oxygen level with constant engine operating conditions where the emission level of nitrogen oxides (NOx) was low, and carbon monoxide (CO) and total hydrocarbon (THC) were relatively low. (lu.se)
For the primary gaseous compounds, an increase in total hydrocarbon emissions and a decrease in aromatic BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes) compounds was observed when the amount of ethanol in the fuel increased. (vtt.fi)

Emission ratios of many hydrocarbon species relative to CO were higher in Mexico City than in the U.S., but we found similar emission ratios for most oxygenated VOCs and organic aerosol. (nasa.gov)
Currently, regulations on vehicle evaporative emissions only focus on the sum of Total Hydrocarbons (THC) without taking into account either the detailed hydrocarbon composition nor other chemicals be. (sae.org)

The objectives of this study were to determine if wildland fire smoke is an atmospheric source of viable microbes and biological INPs and estimate the scale of their emissions. (nature.com)

Aerosol decrease may lead to good health, but on the other hand, hurricane risk increases. (cnn.com)
Similarly, a clear decrease in secondary aerosol formation potential was observed with a larger contribution of ethanol in the fuel. (vtt.fi)
Decrease quantity for Ballistol Aerosol Can 6oz. (appalachianoutfitters.com)

However, RME both reduced the OA emissions and changed the composition with evidence for fuel signatures in the mass spectra. (lu.se)
The data of the GOME-2 Absorbing Aerosol Index are provided by KNMI in the framework of the EUMETSAT Satellite Application Facility on Atmospheric Composition Monitoring (AC SAF). (temis.nl)
of which, the emission factors and stable carbon isotope composition are important basic data. (bvsalud.org)

Anatomy9

Organisms5

Diseases12

Chemicals and Drugs94

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment54

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes51

Disciplines and Occupations7

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture20

Information Science6

Health Care39

Particles29

Climate21

Mass spectrometry4

Biogenic3

Biomass4

Secondary organic4

Source of aerosols2

Measurements6

Droplets4

Combustion3

Earth's2

Fuels7

Greenhouse gas emiss2

Natural aerosols2

Infectious aerosols2

Emit1

20203

Stratospheric aerosol1

Precursors2

North America1

Volatile6

Atmosphere8

Volcanic Emissions1

Particulate emissions1

Carbon dioxide1

Particulates2

20173

Gases3

Soot4

Global aerosol2

Favouring cloud1

Impacts1

20195

Sulfur1

Primary organic2

Submicron range1

Sulfate2

Pollutants3

Reductions5

Diesel6

India3

Droplet3

Clouds1

Generate2

Processes4

Particle emission1

Total hydrocarbon2

Hydrocarbon2

Wildland1

Decrease3

Composition3