• Long before the controversy emerged over human embryonic stem cells, scientists and doctors began using first-generation stem cells from adult bone marrow. (eppc.org)
  • Already, non-embryonic stem cells are being used to treat a variety of diseases-most notably certain cancers of the blood. (eppc.org)
  • Adult stem cells are easier to control than embryonic stem cells and thus less likely to form tumors. (eppc.org)
  • Before leaving office, President Clinton sought to get around the existing law without actually changing it, by funding research on embryonic stem cells so long as the actual embryo destruction was paid for with private dollars. (eppc.org)
  • XI - embryonic stem cells: embryonic cells that are capable of modifying the cells of any organism tissue. (hinxtongroup.org)
  • if you have a choice of starting material and are forced to use embryonic stem cells to carry out the invention, ensure you describe the use of embryonic stem cells from morally acceptable sources in your patent application. (schlich.co.uk)
  • Finally, and inexorably, a true professional scientist poses clearly challenging questions to his research colleagues, and to the scientific enterprise in general, about the dubious "scientific" justification for the current rush to clone human beings - for both "therapeutic" and for "reproductive" purposes. (lifeissues.net)
  • Agreeing with the premise of an earlier article in the same journal, he agrees that we "must not let our debate get completely derailed by vested interests, whether politically or economically motivated", and that the failure to find global agreement on human cloning at the U.N. could result in "reproductive" human cloning [and all the abuses of women that would entail]. (lifeissues.net)
  • But we can only wonder about the ethical propriety of producing the first human child with this technique, knowing that the hoped-for newborn would be a reproductive experiment, one that may end initially in numerous fetal failures. (eppc.org)
  • … "human clone" means an embryo that, as a result of the manipulation of human reproductive material or an in vitro embryo, contains a diploid set of chromosomes obtained from a single - living or deceased - human being, fetus, or embryo. (hinxtongroup.org)
  • But what is not getting such wide reporting is the use of pluripotent stem cells (as well as many other types of cells and genetic engineering techniques) for reproductive purposes . (lifeissues.net)
  • 3. National regulations of governance of human cloning and embryo research in general adopted so far confirm the convergence of views of the refusal to adopt legislation or guidelines permitting reproductive cloning , while they still show variations on the legitimacy of human cloning carried out as part of research agendas. (lifeissues.net)
  • Reproductive Cloning - Use of a donor cell to create a new human genetically identical to the donor. (schlich.co.uk)
  • Cloning technology, however, is perceived as having the potential for reproductive cloning, which raises serious ethical and moral concerns. (who.int)
  • Reproductive cloning versus germ cell (egg, ovum). (who.int)
  • Assisted reproductive technology (ART) and embryo research have posed many challenges to the different timeframes of science, ethics and law. (edu.au)
  • and the general public debate about reproductive cloning. (edu.au)
  • Assisted reproductive techniques for canines: preservation of genetic material in domestic dogs [3] "Assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs), such as artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, and cryopreservation of gametes/zygotes, have been developed to improve breeding and reproduction of livestock and for the treatment of human infertility. (edu.au)
  • Research advocates attack President Bush for "banning stem cell research," while pro-life advocates lament a Republican administration and Congress that have banned nothing-not embryo destruction, not human cloning, not fetal farming, not genetic engineering. (eppc.org)
  • The stem cells suits human needs, does not cause harm and can be obtained from both adult and fetal does not conflict with religious beliefs, it has tissues, umbilical cord and early embryos. (who.int)
  • But he is equally concerned about the unethical aspects inherent in the rush to perform " therapeutic " human cloning research, including the abuses to all vulnerable human patients who would be required to participate in clinical trials. (lifeissues.net)
  • But adult stem cells also raise some interesting ethical dilemmas alongside their great therapeutic promise. (eppc.org)
  • In particular, scientific developments in areas such as iPS cells open new possibilities of research and, at mid term, of therapeutic applications, but they also bring new ethical challenges and problems requiring further reflection and debate. (lifeissues.net)
  • Therapeutic Cloning - Use of a donor cell to create pluripotent stem cells suitable for growing tissues for implantation into the donor or other patient. (schlich.co.uk)
  • Therapeutic cloning possesses enormous potential for revolutionizing medical and thera- peutic techniques. (who.int)
  • This is therapeutic cloning. (who.int)
  • This cell then has therapeutic cloning: the global the capacity to divide and grow into an exact replica of the original from whom the debate somatic cell was taken. (who.int)
  • Developmental defects, including abnormalities in cloned fetuses and placentas, in addition to high rates of pregnancy loss and neonatal death have been encountered by every research team studying somatic cloning. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Independently of the gestational periods, the qualitative evaluation showed the initial wash-in phase from the first appearance of the uterine artery to the rapid distribution in embryonic vesicles or placenta to the progressive washout, whilst there was no enhancement of either embryos or fetuses in any bitch. (edu.au)
  • In addition to these basic issues concerning leukemia pathogenesis, we are devising new diagnostic procedures for detecting and monitoring leukemia patients based on molecular genetic abnormalities in the malignant cells. (stanford.edu)
  • Many of these developmental abnormalities are common to human development. (edu.au)
  • Somatic cell cloning (cloning or nuclear transfer) is a technique in which the nucleus (DNA) of a somatic cell is transferred into an enucleated metaphase-II oocyte for the generation of a new individual, genetically identical to the somatic cell donor (Figure 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, the possibility of reprogramming adult stem cells back to a "pluripotent" (or embryonic-like) state raises the biological prospect of going back too far. (eppc.org)
  • Today, we can derive stem cells from a range of adult and newborn tissues: liver cells, kidney cells, brain cells, fat cells, and umbilical cord blood. (eppc.org)
  • Cells are collected from donor (a) and cultured in vitro (b). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The somatic cell and the oocyte is then fused (f) and the embryos is allowed to develop to a blastocyst in vitro (g). (biomedcentral.com)
  • In vitro studies indicate that Dab2 establishes epithelial cell polarity and organization by directing endocytic trafficking of membrane glycoproteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Dynamics of male canine germ cell development [6] "Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are precursors of gametes that can generate new individuals throughout life in both males and females. (edu.au)
  • A matured oocyte (c) is then enucleated (d) and a donor cell is transferred into the enucleated oocyte (e). (biomedcentral.com)
  • To take human organ generation via BC and transplantation to the next step, we reviewed current emerging organ generation technologies and the associated efficiency of chimera formation in human cells from the standpoint of developmental biology. (frontiersin.org)
  • One of the greatest controversies triggered tissue, a stem cell encoding for heart tissue by the rapid pace of evolution in biology, will eventually develop into heart tissue particularly in genomics and biotechnology, and so on. (who.int)
  • The ethical and legal controversies that were aroused in the ART debates during the 1980s have been re-ignited with the development of stem cell technology. (edu.au)
  • Ethically, since eventually all such "research" will be applied to people, he cautions against the abuse of women "egg" donors, and against the premature use of vulnerable sick human patients for testing supposedly "patient-specific" stem cells in supposed "therapies", pointing to the obvious violations of standard international research ethics guidelines such clinical trials would necessarily entail. (lifeissues.net)
  • The holy grail of regenerative medicine-whatever one's ethical beliefs about destroying embryos-is to "reprogram" regular cells from one's own body so that individuals can be the source of their own rejection-proof therapies. (eppc.org)
  • The use of various types of stem cells for research purposes to make disease "models" in the lab for regenerative medicine and for "therapies" to cure sick patients for diseases is constantly in the news. (lifeissues.net)
  • We now see a patent landscape where stem cell technologies and related therapies can, with very few exceptions, be protected via patents, provided the appropriate form of claim wording is used. (schlich.co.uk)
  • Stem cell technologies promise to be the next transformative medical technology offering therapies for conditions and diseases that are currently beyond medical science by creating replacement or supplementary tissues for a patient. (schlich.co.uk)
  • Both directed and random mutagenesis approaches, including the technologies of transgenesis and gene targeting in ES cells, have become commonplace. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fluorescent protein reporters currently represent a superior alternative to other gene-based reporters such as the bacterial lacZ or human placental alkaline phosphatase in that their visualization is non-invasive, and as such does not require chromogenic substrates. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the mice were grossly normal when dab2 deletion was restricted to the embryo proper and the gene was retained in extraembryonic tissues using Meox2-Cre and Sox2-Cre. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A fragment of the Dab2 human cDNA was also isolated based on its frequent loss of expression in ovarian cancer, and was termed DOC-2 (Differentially expressed in ovarian carcinoma gene 2) [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We are studying the role that normal chromatin structure plays in gene regulation in hematopoietic cells and how its disruption leads to altered development and cancer. (stanford.edu)
  • Various strategies have been employed to modify donor cells and the nuclear transfer procedure in attempts to improve the efficiency of nuclear transfer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Most of these efforts are focused on donor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, though BC is emerging as a potential organ transplant option, challenges regarding organ size scalability, immune system incompatibilities, long-term maintenance, potential evolutionary distance, or unveiled mechanisms between donor and host cells remain. (frontiersin.org)
  • Cloning by nuclear transfer using mammalian somatic cells has enormous potential application. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Because cattle are a species widely used for nuclear transfer studies, and more laboratories have succeeded in cloning cattle than any other specie, this review will be focused on somatic cell cloning of cattle. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is quite possible that the advances in human biology in the remainder of the twentieth century will be remembered as the most significant scientific achievement of the animal species known as Homo sapiens . (lifeissues.net)
  • The report arose out of a recommendation for the Committee to review the report of the Australian Health Ethics Committee (AHEC) of the NHMRC entitled Scientific, Ethical and Regulatory Considerations Relevant to Cloning of Human Beings (hereafter the AHEC Report ). (edu.au)
  • In July 2005, for example, scientists announced that they had engineered adult mouse stem cells into usable mouse eggs, a technique that might one day allow for the creation of human eggs from ordinary human cells. (eppc.org)
  • The recent desperation to clone human embryos may be seriously undermining accepted ethical principles of medical research, with potentially profound wider consequences. (lifeissues.net)
  • This issue was considered by the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs in its report entitled Human Cloning: Scientific, Ethical and Regulatory Aspects of Human Cloning and Stem Cell Research (hereafter the Andrews Report , after the Chair of the Committee, Mr Kevin Andrews, MP) released in September 2001. (edu.au)
  • Patterns are ubiquitous in living systems and underlie the dynamic organization of cells, tissues, and embryos. (mpi-cbg.de)
  • The study of the new dab2 mutant allele in embryos and embryoid bodies confirms a role for Dab2 in extraembryonic endoderm development and epithelial organization. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Over the past few years, the debate over stem cells and cloning has grown both more complex and more profound. (eppc.org)
  • diploid) chimeras comprising combinations of the ECFP and EYFP ES cells and/or embryos, demonstrate that populations of cells expressing each individual reporter can be distinguished within a single animal. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We demonstrate here that GSK-3 maintains the MLL leukemia stem cell transcriptional program by promoting the conditional association of CREB and its coactivators TORC and CBP with homedomain protein MEIS1, a critical component of the MLL-subordinate program, which in turn facilitates HOX-mediated transcription and transformation. (stanford.edu)
  • And he also agrees that if we don't find global agreement on human cloning, "we can probably expect dire consequences for the future of biomedical research and its impact on society at large. (lifeissues.net)
  • Our research focuses on developmental pathways that regulate hematopoietic cell growth and differentiation and are disrupted in the course of neoplastic transformation, particularly in leukemias and lymphomas. (stanford.edu)
  • The unique properties of human stem cells have aroused considerable optimism about their potential as new pathways for alleviating human suffering caused by disease and injury. (edu.au)
  • Although the efficiency of nuclear transfer has been dramatically improved from the initial success rate of one live clone born from 277 embryo transfers [ 1 ], none of the aforementioned efforts abolished the common problems associated with nuclear transfer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The blastocyst can then be transferred to a recipient (h) and cloned animals are born after completion of gestation (i). (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this regard, emerging technologies of chimeric human organ production via blastocyst complementation (BC) holds great promise. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, somatic cloning has been inefficient in all species in which live clones have been produced. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As he has questioned the HFEA before, would not the use of vulnerable human patients in clinical trials be premature, dangerous, and unethical given the already acquired knowledge in the research community that such supposed "patient-specific" stem cells would most probably cause serious immune rejection reactions in these patients? (lifeissues.net)
  • But they are also less equipped to produce every cell type of the body and less able to reproduce themselves indefinitely, which makes them less appealing to scientists interested in basic research. (eppc.org)
  • These moral perils are surely not a reason to oppose adult stem cell research, which deserves vigorous and expanded public support. (eppc.org)
  • Since 1995, Congress has annually reauthorized a law-called the "Dickey Amendment"-prohibiting federal funding for research "in which" embryos are destroyed while leaving embryo destruction in the private sector entirely unregulated. (eppc.org)
  • increased public sensitivity and awareness together with the development of national regulations of governance of human cloning and embryo research in general. (lifeissues.net)
  • An in-depth analysis aiming at re-defining this terminology according to the new developments in human embryo research would be highly beneficial . (lifeissues.net)
  • This paper outlines the debates prompted through a reproduction mechanism involv- by progress in cloning research, with special ing male and female germ cells. (who.int)
  • Embryonic stem cell technology is still at a preliminary research stage and announcements about its potential may be premature. (edu.au)
  • Experts from around the world are assessing the difficult issue of the extent to which embryonic stem cell research should be allowed to proceed, and to date there is little international consensus on this matter. (edu.au)
  • How, then, should embryonic stem cell research be regulated in Australia? (edu.au)
  • In this article we examine embryonic stem cell research and explore the current regulatory framework associated with this research in Australia, with particular reference to the Andrews Report . (edu.au)
  • On the other hand, a chimera is defined as an organism in which cells from two or more different organisms have contributed. (frontiersin.org)
  • Unicellular for those cells that are derived from human organisms are primed to replicate (clone) pre-embryos, which seem to have a high themselves by nature. (who.int)
  • Citizens disagree about whether we should destroy human embryos for their stem cells-and if so, which embryos, with whose money, under what regulatory guidelines. (eppc.org)
  • It demonstrated that genes inactivated during tissue differentiation can be completely re-activated by a process called nuclear reprogramming: the reversion of a differentiated nucleus back to a totipotent status. (biomedcentral.com)
  • … "embryo" means a human organism during the first 56 days of its development following fertilization or creation, excluding any time during which its development has been suspended, and includes any cell derived from such an organism that is used for the purpose of creating a human being. (hinxtongroup.org)
  • Conditional deletion indicates that Dab2 is dispensable for organ development, when the vast majority of the embryonic cells are dab2 null. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Stem cell technology is the latest development in this controversial branch of science. (edu.au)
  • We have previously demonstrated the utility and developmental neutrality of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in embryonic stem (ES) cells and mice [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study we have used embryonic stem (ES) cell-mediated transgenesis to test the enhanced cyan fluorescent protein (ECFP) and enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP), two mutant and spectrally distinct color variants of wild type (wt) GFP. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have also tested DsRed1, the novel red fluorescent protein reporter recently cloned from the Discostoma coral by virtue of its homology to GFP. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The ECFP and EYFP-expressing transgenic ES cells and mice that we have generated provide sources of cells and tissues for combinatorial, double-tagged recombination experiments, chimeras or transplantations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Last May, the House of Representatives passed a bill to create a cord blood stem cell bank, legislation that is likely to become law with virtually unanimous support. (eppc.org)
  • But we need to proceed carefully, recognizing that we are gaining new powers over human origins even when we do not use human embryos, and recognizing the danger of blurring the line between cellular parts and embryonic wholes. (eppc.org)
  • He probes the male mouse's reaction to chemical signals from female mice to advance understanding of pattern recognition and learning in the much more complex human brain. (vetscite.org)
  • To this end, we have established lines of ES cells together with viable and fertile mice having widespread expression of either the ECFP or EYFP GFP-variant reporters. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Adult Dab2-deficient mice had a small but statistically significant increase in serum cholesterol levels. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This mechanism also applies to hematopoietic cells transformed by other HOX genes, including CDX2, which is highly expressed in a majority of acute myeloid leukemias, thus providing a molecular approach based on GSK-3 inhibitory strategies to target HOX-associated transcription in a broad spectrum of leukemias. (stanford.edu)
  • Mechanochemical Principles of Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Cells and Tissues. (mpi-cbg.de)
  • But if we are to make wise policy the stem cell/cloning arena, we need to step back, sort out the various scientific alternatives and moral issues, and search for a way forward that all citizens can embrace. (eppc.org)
  • And recent experimental trials, while still very preliminary, suggest that adult stem cells may one day help us treat a host of terrible pathologies. (eppc.org)
  • Stem cell technologies have been dogged by controversy because of objections over the morality of sacrificing human embryos to produce the first human embryonic stem cell lines. (schlich.co.uk)
  • To this end, we offer a detailed analysis of the stem cell/cloning question-where is the science, what are the political alternatives, and what moral obligations should guide us? (eppc.org)
  • We illustrate where such mechanisms of pattern formation arise in biological systems from cellular to tissue scales, with an emphasis on morphogenesis. (mpi-cbg.de)
  • When the nucleus of a stem cell has been the technique of cloning. (who.int)
  • The con- is removed and replaced by a nucleus of cept of human cloning has long been in the another cell type, the stem cell will then imagination of many scientists, scholars and be reprogrammed to produce the product fiction writers [ 1 ]. (who.int)
  • The basic techniques of of the implanted nucleus, when it fully cloning have been known for some time, and develops. (who.int)
  • Their widespread use has contributed to improvements in human health and welfare. (edu.au)
  • Far more controversial-and for good reason-are stem cells derived from destroyed human embryos. (eppc.org)
  • Furthermore, the first source of stem cell technology is controversial. (schlich.co.uk)
  • But in order to become a part of medical history, parahuman reproduction and human genetic engineering must circumvent the recalcitrance of an antiquated culture. (lifeissues.net)
  • Stem cells offer the prospect of treatments for diseases and injuries that are currently beyond medical science. (schlich.co.uk)
  • A philosophy of reason will define a human being as one which demonstrates self-awareness volition and rationality. (lifeissues.net)
  • Patent law around the world has now developed to define the boundaries between stem cell technologies that can be patented and those that cannot. (schlich.co.uk)
  • Stem cell technology in humans derives from earlier and complementary work in animal studies. (edu.au)
  • reagents made using a patient's own cells used to regenerate disease or damaged tissues 14,15 , once the stuff of science fiction, may become science fact. (schlich.co.uk)
  • In ancient history, humans used the term "chimera" to describe mythical creatures and hybrids. (frontiersin.org)
  • These developmental defects have been attributed to incomplete reprogramming of the somatic nuclei by the cloning process. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Schematic diagram of the somatic cloning process. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Stem cells may underpin the next generation of pharmaceuticals, with even greater promise for successful treatment of diseases that are intractable or scarcely treatable now. (schlich.co.uk)