Adult somatic tissues somatic adult mammalian cells. Medical search. Frequent questions

One cloning technology that has been developed for mammalian and human cells is somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). (news-medical.net)
They performed nuclear transfer experiments in which nuclei from embryonic, foetal and adult cells of the sheep were transplanted into fertilized eggs derived from ewes. (shawprize.org)
Scientists have applied somatic cell nuclear transfer to clone human and mammalian embryos as a means to produce stem cells for laboratory and medical use. (asu.edu)
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a technology applied in cloning, stem cell research and regenerative medicine. (asu.edu)
Twenty years have passed since Dolly the sheep was born by cloning (somatic cell nuclear transfer, SCNT) but the results of non-human mammalian cloning are very poor, and cause animal diseases and huge biological losses. (sibi.org)
True cloning performed by nuclear transfer from an adult and differentiated somatic cell to a previously enucleated egg (somatic cell nuclear transfer, SCNT), gives rise to a new cell, the nuclovulo (nucleus+ovum), distinct from the zygote because the sperm is not involved in its creation, while both can develop as embryos and give rise to offspring. (sibi.org)
In contrast, Dolly was produced by what's called somatic cell nuclear transfer. (wptv.com)
By my calculations, Dolly was the single success from 277 tries at somatic cell nuclear transfer. (wptv.com)
Sometimes the process of cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer still produces abnormal embryos, most of which die. (wptv.com)
Cloning by nuclear transfer using mammalian somatic cells has enormous potential application. (biomedcentral.com)
Because cattle are a species widely used for nuclear transfer studies, and more laboratories have succeeded in cloning cattle than any other specie, this review will be focused on somatic cell cloning of cattle. (biomedcentral.com)
Somatic cell cloning (cloning or nuclear transfer) is a technique in which the nucleus (DNA) of a somatic cell is transferred into an enucleated metaphase-II oocyte for the generation of a new individual, genetically identical to the somatic cell donor (Figure 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
Various strategies have been employed to modify donor cells and the nuclear transfer procedure in attempts to improve the efficiency of nuclear transfer. (biomedcentral.com)
The Dolly experiment showed that scientists could reprogram the nucleus of somatic cells by transferring the contents of the nucleus into oocytes that have had their nuclei removed, a technique called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). (asu.edu)
Somatic-cell nuclear transfer, the technique by which Dolly was created, was first used 40 years ago in research with tadpoles and frogs. (who.int)
Scientists were initially interested in somatic-cell nuclear transfer as a means of determining whether genes remain functional even after most of them have been switched off as the cells in a developing organism assume their specialized functions as blood cells, muscle cells, and so forth. (who.int)

It was believed that the epigenetic signature and age-related changes such as shortened telomeres and oxidative DNA damage might hinder reprogramming of mature adult nuclei. (news-medical.net)
The adult cell nuclei were transferred into metaphase-II stage human oocytes, producing a karyotypically normal diploid embryonic stem cell line from each of the adult male donor cells. (news-medical.net)
In addition, Nanos1B protein was predominantly located in the nuclei of male germinal cells. (nature.com)
The mudpuppy is an aquatic salamander commonly used by embryologists because its large embryonic cells and nuclei are easy to see. (asu.edu)
These developmental defects have been attributed to incomplete reprogramming of the somatic nuclei by the cloning process. (biomedcentral.com)
These observations suggest that further studies on nuclear reprogramming are needed in order to understand the underlying mechanisms of reprogramming and significantly improve the ability of the differentiated somatic nuclei to be reprogrammed. (biomedcentral.com)
This allows induction of reprogramming of various animal cell nuclei, which was difficult with conventional cloning methods. (mynewsdesk.com)
The research team succeeded in inducing the activation of embryonic genes*4, which is an essential reprogramming phenomenon, with various animal somatic nuclei in mouse embryos arrested at the early stage, which has not been used in conventional cloning techniques. (mynewsdesk.com)
By this technique, the team established primary cultured cells using tissues collected from postmortem Oryx dammah, a species extinct in the wild, and succeeded in activating embryonic genes from their cell nuclei. (mynewsdesk.com)
2 Cloning technology: Development of reconstructed embryos produced by transplanting cell nuclei into pre-fertilized eggs is induced by activation stimulation, and then the reconstructed embryos are to be implanted in oocytes to generate cloned animals that share identical genomes as the donor cells. (mynewsdesk.com)

Since 2008, medical management has been limited to sirolimus (rapamycin), a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor, which can be effective even when mTOR mutations aren't apparent. (medscape.com)
29, 30, 37] FNIP1 then interacts with 5'-AMP (activated protein kinase), which interacts with mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) that is involved in cellular energy, cytokinesis, cell motility, cellular adhesion, and nutrient sensing. (medscape.com)

This experimental paradigm revealed the existence of a rare population of somatic stem cells that can stably reconstitute all blood lineages lifelong. (digs-bb.de)
Planarians contain an abundant and accessible population of somatic adult stem cells called neoblasts [ 18 - 21 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

These mutations are usually somatic (only within the involved tissues, not in the blood or germ cells and therefore, not heritable) and tend to cluster in the VEGF-PIK3CA and RAS-MAP signaling pathways. (medscape.com)
Recently, vascular anomalists have begun to repurpose drugs from adult oncology that specifically target pathogenic mutations. (medscape.com)
Live imaging shows that healthy skin cells surround and expel neighbours that have cancer-promoting mutations, revealing that tissues can recognize and eliminate mutant cells to prevent tumour initiation. (natureasia.com)
Most patients with mastocytosis have activating somatic mutations in the receptor tyrosine kinase kit (CD117). (digs-bb.de)
We want to understand how the hierarchical organization of mature blood cell regeneration from stem and progenitor cells shapes the accumulation of somatic mutations and hence the risk of developing blood cancer. (digs-bb.de)
Activating mutations upstream may also underlie some epigenetic or within the ERK1/2 cascade are events that change cell signalling. (who.int)

But what is not getting such wide reporting is the use of pluripotent stem cells (as well as many other types of cells and genetic engineering techniques) for reproductive purposes . (lifeissues.net)
In 2006, Kazutoshi Takahashi and Shinya Yamanaka reprogrammed mice fibroblast cells, which can produce only other fibroblast cells, to become pluripotent stem cells, which have the capacity to produce many different types of cells. (asu.edu)
They called the pluripotent stem cells that they produced induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) because they had induced the adult cells, called differentiated cells, to become pluripotent stem cells through genetic manipulation. (asu.edu)
After these experiments with somatic cells, Takahashi and Yamanaka hypothesized that there were common factors, genes in particular, which caused somatic cells to become pluripotent stem cells. (asu.edu)
Their team focuses on using human induced pluripotent stem cells to grow human tissues inside pigs. (the-scientist.com)
Human pluripotent stem cells harbor the potential to provide an inexhaustible supply of donor cells or tissues or organs for transplantation," Wu wrote in an email. (the-scientist.com)
In 2007, a team at Kyoto University created pluripotent stem cells from adult human somatic cells (4). (the-scientist.com)
Researchers began to dream of a future in which a patients' own cells, perhaps from the blood or the skin, could be converted into these induced pluripotent stem cells and grown into whatever organ the patient needed. (the-scientist.com)

SCNT is a method of cloning mammalian cells that can be used to create personalized embryonic stem cells from an adult animal or human. (news-medical.net)
But SCNT can also be used to clone human cells for transplant or other therapies. (news-medical.net)
In humans, a major roadblock in achieving successful SCNT leading to embryonic stem cells has been the fact that human SCNT embryos fail to progress beyond the eight-cell stage. (news-medical.net)
This was the first successful reprogramming of human somatic cells into embryonic stem cells using a cloning technique, SCNT. (news-medical.net)
Another successful attempt at human SCNT was made using cells from two adult males. (news-medical.net)
I believe that the reprogramming errors are not the only cause of these low rates of cloning: the mammalian SCNT fails with a very high frequency mainly due to the damage that the technique itself inflicts in the egg and the somatic nucleus, and the very few successful cases occur only when the damage is not significant. (sibi.org)
Prior to SCNT, the somatic cell (differentiated) must be reprogramed to a similar state of a pluripotent embryonic cell (undifferentiated) before the nucleus is extracted and transferred. (sibi.org)

They derived several human embryonic stem cell lines from these cloned embryos whose DNA was an exact match to the adult cell that donated the DNA. (news-medical.net)
Platt followed the paths of cells in developing mudpuppy embryos to see how embryonic cells migrated during the formation of the head. (asu.edu)
I've been working with mammalian embryos for over 40 years, with some work in my lab specifically focusing on various methods of cloning cattle and other livestock species. (wptv.com)
The somatic cell and the oocyte is then fused (f) and the embryos is allowed to develop to a blastocyst in vitro (g). (biomedcentral.com)
Yamanaka worked to find new ways to acquire embryonic stem cells to avoid the social and ethical controversies surrounding the use of human embryos in stem cell research during the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. (asu.edu)
Patterns are ubiquitous in living systems and underlie the dynamic organization of cells, tissues, and embryos. (mpi-cbg.de)
Developed a new method that induces the reprogramming of the mammalian genome, including wild/endangered species, and induces the activation of genes that are specifically expressed in early embryos. (mynewsdesk.com)

The cloning method is based on the fact that cytoplasmic factors in mature, metaphase II oocytes are able to reset the identity of a transplanted adult cell nucleus to an embryonic state. (news-medical.net)
The therapeutic potential of cloned human cells has been demonstrated by another study using human oocytes to reprogram adult cells of a type 1 diabetic. (news-medical.net)
Various cloned animals have been created with the reprogramming technology that restores cells to the undifferentiated state by transplanting differentiated adult somatic cells into oocytes, and it has been also expected to revive endangered or extinct species. (mynewsdesk.com)

A comparative biology study of mammalian telomeres indicated that telomere length of some mammalian species correlates inversely, rather than directly, with lifespan, and concluded that the contribution of telomere length to lifespan is unresolved. (wikipedia.org)
Fruit flies of the species Drosophila melanogaster develop from eggs to adults in eight to ten days at 25 degrees Celsius. (asu.edu)
it's highly variable, though, depending on the cell type used and the species. (wptv.com)
However, somatic cloning has been inefficient in all species in which live clones have been produced. (biomedcentral.com)
We are especially interested in mechanisms that allow rapid cell proliferation and hence rapid body growth in young mammals and subsequently suppress proliferation, thus setting a fundamental limit on the adult body size of the species. (nih.gov)
Increases in the amount of PAPP-A mRNA in granulosa cells during follicular development occurs in some but not all species, indicating that other proteases or protease inhibitors may be involved in IGFBP degradation. (bioone.org)
Although many species produce clonal offspring in this fashion, Dolly, the lamb born in 1996 at a research institute in Scotland, was the first asexually produced mammalian clone. (who.int)
Today, Garry and her husband Dan, a transplant cardiologist, are pioneers in the field of interspecies chimera research, the study of organisms containing cells from two different species. (the-scientist.com)
This can range from the relatively pedestrian, such as a person who received a bone marrow transplant, to creatures that seem more at home in science fiction, such as animals containing cells or tissues belonging to other species. (the-scientist.com)
Some researchers are attempting to use stem cells to bioengineer human organs in the lab in vitro , rather than inside another species (5). (the-scientist.com)

After cloning the antibody genes into an expression vector, this is then transfected into an appropriate host cell line for antibody expression. (cellsignal.com)
Taken together, these data identify Nanos as primordial genes with highly conserved functions for both, the migration of the germinal cells and their maintenance in adults. (nature.com)
The five genes exhibit different expression patterns in tissues and during larval development. (biomedcentral.com)
For information on therapeutic regulation of gene expression, see therapeutic gene modulation.Regulation of gene expression includes the processes that cells and viruses use to regulate the way that the information in genes is turned into gene products. (absoluteastronomy.com)
After epidermal injury, barrier repair requires activation of many wound response genes in epidermal cells surrounding wound sites. (sdbonline.org)
It demonstrated that genes inactivated during tissue differentiation can be completely re-activated by a process called nuclear reprogramming: the reversion of a differentiated nucleus back to a totipotent status. (biomedcentral.com)
For the downregulated genes in the program, gene ontology analyses indicated strong overrepresentation of genes implicated in cell growth/ proliferation (see reference 2). (nih.gov)
Furthermore, of the knockout phenotypes that have been reported for age-downregulated genes, more than one third showed a decrease in body size without any detected underlying disease, implying that these age-downregulated genes in the program promote somatic growth (Figure 1C). (nih.gov)
The observed effects on cell proliferation in vitro were concordant with effects on body size reported in mice with targeted ablation of these genes and thus suggest that the previously observed altered body size represents a direct effect on cell proliferation, rather than only indirect effects such as systemic disease, placental dysfunction, or impaired prior organogenesis. (nih.gov)
In 2006, Takahashi and Yamanaka selected twenty-four candidate genes as factors that they hypothesized could possibly induce somatic cells to become pluripotent, and they began to test them one at a time. (asu.edu)
If one of the infected cells showed G418 resistance, then the scientists would know that one of the twenty-four genes influenced the cell to become an embryonic stem cell-like cell. (asu.edu)
The fact that the DNA of a fully differentiated (adult) cell could be stimulated to revert to a condition comparable to that of a newly fertilized egg and to repeat the process of embryonic development demonstrates that all the genes in differentiated cells retain their functional capacity, although only a few are active. (who.int)
With roughly 30,000 genes in mammalian genomes, fection with a vector encoding MyoD (Tapscott et al. (lu.se)
explosion further, consider that a fictitious small genome with 2002) More recently and more dramatically, the potential for 260 genes would host the same number of combinations as cell state conversions is exemplified by the reprogramming of the number of atoms in the visible universe! (lu.se)
The mRNA expression patterns of these 26 genes were validated using RT-PCR analyses of independent tissue samples (n = 77) and blood samples (n = 48). (cdc.gov)

The use of various types of stem cells for research purposes to make disease "models" in the lab for regenerative medicine and for "therapies" to cure sick patients for diseases is constantly in the news. (lifeissues.net)
Evidence the fate of stem cells has broad ramifications for biomedical suggests that during development or differentiation, cells make science from elucidating the causes of cancer to the use of very precise transitions between apparently stable ``network stem cells in regenerative medicine. (lu.se)

Dolly was the culmination of hundreds of cloning experiments that, for example, showed diploid embryonic and fetal cells could be parents of offspring. (wptv.com)
Bovine fetal mesenchymal stem cells exert antiproliferative efect against mastitis causing pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. (sciendo.com)
Similar to tissue-resident macrophages, mast cells are of dual ontogeny and are generated during both fetal and adult ("definitive") hematopoiesis. (digs-bb.de)

During the development of vertebrates, including humans, the fertilized egg develops into the embryo, and the cells in the embryo then proceed to differentiate to form somatic cells of different tissues and organs. (shawprize.org)
The French flag model represents how embryonic cells receive and respond to genetic information and subsequently differentiate into patterns. (asu.edu)
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are at the top of the hematopoietic hierarchy and can differentiate into all types of mature blood cells throughout life. (digs-bb.de)
1 Reprogramming: Reprogramming is the process that adult somatic cells acquire the ability to differentiate into all cell types of an organism. (mynewsdesk.com)

Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol , Art. (mpi-cbg.de)

One of the live-born lambs, Dolly, was derived from the transplantation of the nucleus of an adult mammary cell. (shawprize.org)
What was special about Dolly is that her "parents" were actually a single cell originating from mammary tissue of an adult ewe. (wptv.com)
Adipose stem cells in reparative goat mastitis mammary gland. (sciendo.com)

The role of telomeres and telomerase in cell aging and cancer was established by scientists at biotechnology company Geron with the cloning of the RNA and catalytic components of human telomerase and the development of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based assay for telomerase activity called the TRAP assay, which surveys telomerase activity in multiple types of cancer. (wikipedia.org)
Cloning of human cells is a technology that holds the potential to cure many diseases and provide a source of exactly matched transplant tissues and organs. (news-medical.net)
Although attempts have not yet been made to create a therapeutic transplant from embryonic stem cells, the methods have been developed to allow the creation of functional, mature cells using human cell cloning technology. (news-medical.net)
Retrieved on December 04, 2023 from https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/Cloning-Human-Cells.aspx. (news-medical.net)
Why Cloning in Non-Human Mammalians Fail? (sibi.org)
Dolly was an important milestone, inspiring scientists to continue improving cloning technology as well as to pursue new concepts in stem cell research. (wptv.com)
More than 10 different cell types have been used successfully as "parents" for cloning. (wptv.com)
These days most cloning is done using cells obtained by biopsying skin. (wptv.com)
Schematic diagram of the somatic cloning process. (biomedcentral.com)
Developmental defects, including abnormalities in cloned fetuses and placentas, in addition to high rates of pregnancy loss and neonatal death have been encountered by every research team studying somatic cloning. (biomedcentral.com)

They pioneered a new technique of starving embryo cells before transferring their nucleus to fertilized egg cells. (shawprize.org)
In this process, researchers remove the genetic material from an egg and replace it with the nucleus of some other body cell. (wptv.com)
The nucleus of an adult somatic cell (such as a skin cell) is removed and transferred to an enucleated egg, which is then stimulated with electric current or chemicals to activate cell division. (who.int)
However, an animal created through this technique would not be a precise genetic copy of the source of its nuclear DNA because each clone derives a small amount of its DNA from the mitochondria of the egg (which lie outside the nucleus) rather than from the donor of cell nucleus. (who.int)

The fertilized egg is considered totipotent, as it can develop into a whole organism, while the cells in the embryo are pluripotent because they are capable of differentiating into somatic cells that make up all the organs. (shawprize.org)
A germ layer is a group of cells in an embryo that interact with each other as the embryo develops and contribute to the formation of all organs and tissues. (asu.edu)
We also have a long-standing interest in mast cells and the rare human disease mastocytosis, which is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of these cells in various organs. (digs-bb.de)
Animals with human cells could provide donor organs or help us understand neuropsychiatric disorders. (the-scientist.com)
Other scientists, including Jun Wu, a stem cell biologist at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, are also studying chimeras with the ultimate goal of one day being able to grow enough human organs to meet the enormous need for transplants, potentially saving hundreds of thousands of lives. (the-scientist.com)
since the new organs would be made from their own cells, they wouldn't have to worry about organ rejection. (the-scientist.com)

The Gerbaulet group studies the biology of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in their native environment. (digs-bb.de)
For decades, hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells have been studied primarily through such transplantation-based assays. (digs-bb.de)
Preconditioning of recipients by lethal irradiation or chemotherapy forces transplanted hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells to realize their maximum potential, but this does not necessarily reflect their fate and behavior in the native bone marrow environment. (digs-bb.de)
To investigate the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in their physiologic environment, we use state-of-the-art mouse models. (digs-bb.de)
To varying degrees, these fates also extend to the Such state stability is required in stem and progenitor cells to immediate progeny of stem cells, known as progenitor or support self-renewal and maintenance of the uncommitted transit-amplifying cells. (lu.se)

By transferring adult cell DNA into an embryonic stem cell, it is possible to create a line of immortal embryonic cells that are able to develop into any type of adult cell, genetically identical to the donor. (news-medical.net)
Those were spindle removal, donor cell fusion, and cytoplast activation. (news-medical.net)
The mitochondrial DNA of the stem cells, however, matched the donor egg's mitochondrial DNA. (news-medical.net)
The resulting cells were pluripotent and could be differentiated into insulin-producing beta cells to restore the function of the pancreas in the donor. (news-medical.net)
However, though BC is emerging as a potential organ transplant option, challenges regarding organ size scalability, immune system incompatibilities, long-term maintenance, potential evolutionary distance, or unveiled mechanisms between donor and host cells remain. (frontiersin.org)
Cells are collected from donor (a) and cultured in vitro (b). (biomedcentral.com)
A matured oocyte (c) is then enucleated (d) and a donor cell is transferred into the enucleated oocyte (e). (biomedcentral.com)
Most of these efforts are focused on donor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
if it implants and the pregnancy goes to term, the resulting individual will carry the same nuclear genetic material as the donor of the adult somatic cell. (who.int)

Yamanaka claimed that Gurdon's work in reprogramming mature cells in frogs ( Xenopus ) in 1962 influenced his own work in reprogramming differentiated cells. (asu.edu)

Somatic cells are cells that have gone through the differentiation process and are not germ cells. (asu.edu)
2017). MMP-2 and MMP-14 Silencing Inhibits VEGFR2 Cleavage and Induces the Differentiation of Porcine Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Endothelial Cells. (sciendo.com)
Osteogenic proliferation and differentiation of canine bone marrow and adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stromal cells and the influence of hypoxia. (sciendo.com)
Role of extracellular RNA-carrying vesicles in cell differentiation and reprogramming. (unicyte.ch)
In particular, stem cells are highly sensitive to extracellular signals that play a critical role in mainten- ance of stem cell characteristics, differentiation, and interplay with somatic cells. (unicyte.ch)
Several other environmental factors including oxy- gen concentration and mechanical, metabolic, and bio- chemical conditions have been shown relevant in cell differentiation and have been reviewed extensively (Fig. 1) [3]. (unicyte.ch)
Stem and progenitor cell populations are often heterogeneous, which may reflect stem cell subsets that express subtly different properties, including different propensities for lineage selection upon differentiation, yet remain able to interconvert. (lu.se)
A key challenge is to understand how state, but must also afford flexibility in cell-fate choice to permit the different cell-fate options confronting stem and progenitor cell-type diversification and differentiation in response to cells are selected and coordinated such that adoption of a given intrinsic cues or extrinsic signals. (lu.se)

When the one-cell embryo duplicates its genetic material, both cells of the now two-cell embryo are genetically identical. (wptv.com)
When they in turn duplicate their genetic material, each cell at the four-cell stage is genetically identical. (wptv.com)
This pattern goes on so that each of the trillions of cells in an adult is genetically exactly the same - whether it's in a lung or a bone or the blood. (wptv.com)
Here, we employed a genetically encoded high-affinity H2 O2 sensor, HyPer7, in mammalian tissue culture cells to investigate different modes of mitochondrial H2 O2 release. (biomed.news)

Thus, Dolly was the first example of the reprogramming of the adult cell back to totipotency in a mammal. (shawprize.org)
It's been 20 years since scientists in Scotland told the world about Dolly the sheep , the first mammal successfully cloned from an adult body cell. (wptv.com)
Dolly demonstrated that adult somatic cells also could be used as parents. (wptv.com)

Traditional polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies are the product of normal B cell development and genetic recombination. (cellsignal.com)
Combining cell biological, physiological and behavioral analyses with a critical interventionist angle afforded by cutting-edge genetic approaches, the Department aims to understand the complexity of brain development and function. (umassmed.edu)
Created by Lewis Wolpert in the late 1960s, the model uses the French tricolor flag as visual representation to explain how embryonic cells can interpret genetic code to create the same pattern even when certain pieces of the embryo are removed. (asu.edu)
These germ cells are the only ones in the body that have their genetic material all jumbled up and in half the quantity of every other kind of cell. (wptv.com)
From that moment forward, nearly all cells in that body have the same genetic makeup. (wptv.com)
instead of half the genetic material coming from a sperm and half from an egg, it all comes from a single cell. (wptv.com)
RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (lookformedical.com)
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations. (lookformedical.com)
We therefore hypothesized that postnatal growth deceleration results from a genetic program that occurs simultaneously in multiple tissues. (nih.gov)
In 2004, Yamanaka began working at Kyoto University as a professor, where he studied factors that help an organism fend off retroviruses, which are single-stranded RNA viruses that can incorporate their genetic material into the DNA of a host cell. (asu.edu)

Comparison of human mesenchymal stromal cells from four neonatal tissues: Amniotic membrane, chorionic membrane, placental decidua and umbilical cord. (sciendo.com)
The estrous cycle comprises the recurring physiologic changes that are induced by reproductive hormones in most mammalian placental females. (absoluteastronomy.com)

A role of this gene in Germinal Stem Cells maintenance may be evolutionarily conserved as Nanos2 is specifically expressed both in oogonia and in spermatogonia of adult medaka 11 and in a subpopulation of undifferentiated A spermatogonia in juvenile and spermiating male trout 12 . (nature.com)
Phylogenetic and tissue expression analyses allowed for the identification of SseEF1A1 and SseEF1A2 as the Senegalese sole counterparts of mammalian eEF1A1 and eEF1A2 , respectively, and of Sse42Sp50 as the ortholog of Xenopus laevis and teleost 42Sp50 gene. (biomedcentral.com)
Each gene was inserted near the mouse Fbx15 gene, a gene that embryonic stem cells express during development in mice. (asu.edu)
As scientific understanding of stem cells, gene editing, and organism development improved, Garry felt that her career path was clear. (the-scientist.com)
Similarly, GATA-1 has been shown to induce lineage switching expression values even if, for simplicity, we assume only ``on'' of committed cells in hematopoiesis, first in cell lines (Kulessa and ``off'' states for each gene. (lu.se)
In reality, gene somatic cells to a pluripotent cell state by a handful of transcrip- expression is graded, making the potential gene expression tion factors (Takahashi and Yamanaka, 2006). (lu.se)
A set of 26-gene mRNA expression profiles were used to identify invasive ductal carcinomas from histologically normal tissue and benign lesions and to select those with a higher potential for future cancer development (ADHC) in the breast associated with atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH). (cdc.gov)
This gene signature classified cancer development in ADH tissues with an overall accuracy of 100% (n = 8). (cdc.gov)

In mammals, Akt is ubiquitously expressed and is associated with regulation of cellular proliferation, metabolism, cell growth and cell death. (biomedcentral.com)
Enlarged red blood cells likely represent an adaptation of plesiosaurs repeated deep dives in the pelagic habitat and mirror conditions found in extant marine mammals and birds. (peerj.com)

In particular, genomic reprogramming resets the epigenetic information accumulated in the adult somatic cells, and the cells revert back to an early embryonic state. (mynewsdesk.com)
Membrane vesicles, actively released by cells, represent a mechanism of intercellular communication that is conserved evolutionarily and involves the transfer of molecules able to induce epigenetic changes in recipient cells. (unicyte.ch)
In the present review we focus on the extracellular vesicle-induced epigenetic changes in recipient cells that may lead to phenotypic and functional modifications. (unicyte.ch)
Similarly, reprogramming of somatic cells involves a complex interaction among intracellular and extracellular signals leading to epigenetic remodeling [6]. (unicyte.ch)

Nanos are RNA-binding proteins playing crucial roles in germ cell development and maintenance. (nature.com)
Nanos1A was strongly expressed in brain and also localized in all germ cell types in the polarized testis. (nature.com)
The Nanos proteins family regroups highly conserved RNA-binding proteins in higher eukaryotes implicated in germ cell development and maintenance. (nature.com)
In mice, the suppression of Nanos3 expression in PGC resulted in the complete loss of germ cells in both sexes 9 . (nature.com)
During gastrulation, a hollow cluster of cells called a blastula reorganizes into two primary germ layers: an inner layer, called endoderm, and an outer layer, called ectoderm. (asu.edu)
With her research, Platt challenged then current theories about germ layers, the types of cells in an early embryo that develop into adult cells. (asu.edu)
Germ cell chromatin is vastly different from that of other cells. (i-sis.org.uk)

Telomerase restores short bits of DNA known as telomeres, which are otherwise shortened after repeated division of a cell via mitosis. (wikipedia.org)
A ubiquitously expressed telomere-binding protein that is present at TELOMERES throughout the CELL CYCLE. (lookformedical.com)

The Notch signaling pathway is a pathway in animals by which two adjacent cells within an organism use a protein named Notch to mechanically interact with each other. (asu.edu)
On the other hand, a chimera is defined as an organism in which cells from two or more different organisms have contributed. (frontiersin.org)
Nonetheless, there is limited understanding of how Akt signaling controls the response of stem cells during cellular turnover and tissue injury in the complexity of the whole organism. (biomedcentral.com)
This organism is well known for its stem cell-based regenerative capability. (biomedcentral.com)
However, advances in stem cell research in the 2000s revolutionized the field, opening up new possibilities and new applications for multispecies organism research. (the-scientist.com)

The scientists honoured by the 2008 Shaw Prize in Life Science and Medicine used different approaches to reprogramme an adult cell into the totipotent or pluripotent state, and in doing so made important contributions to potential new approaches to improve agriculture practices and to treat human diseases. (shawprize.org)
Yamanaka received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012, along with John Gurdon, as their work showed scientists how to reprogram mature cells to become pluripotent. (asu.edu)
Takahashi and Yamanaka's 2006 and 2007 experiments showed that scientists can prompt adult body cells to dedifferentiate, or lose specialized characteristics, and behave similarly to embryonic stem cells (ESCs). (asu.edu)
History of this disorder can be traced to as early as 1937, when Australian veterinary scientists recognized the critical role of copper in mammalian neurodevelopment through the association of copper deficiency with demyelinating disease in ataxic lambs. (medscape.com)
Scientists painstakingly removed tissue from one embryo and grafted it into another embryo (3). (the-scientist.com)

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. (lookformedical.com)

In the present study, we investigated the localization of PRKRA in the mammalian testis by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopic techniques. (hindawi.com)

This study defined the role of Smed-Akt in abnormal cell proliferation triggered by the abrogation of the phosphatase PTEN, an upstream component of the Akt signaling pathway, which is highly mutated in human cancers. (biomedcentral.com)
This was demonstrated by the somatic PTEN deletion in parotid tumors in addition to the germline loss of FLCN, thereby following a model of compound heterozygosity, instead of the classic two-hit mutation. (medscape.com)

The cell membrane or plasma membrane is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. (absoluteastronomy.com)
Drosophila melanogaster Larva Injection Protocol Ghada Tafesh-Edwards 1 , Eric Kenney 1 , Ioannis Eleftherianos 1 1 Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University Drosophila melanogaster adult flies have been extensively utilized as model organisms to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying host antimicrobial innate immune responses and microbial infection strategies. (jove.com)
We illustrate where such mechanisms of pattern formation arise in biological systems from cellular to tissue scales, with an emphasis on morphogenesis. (mpi-cbg.de)
The biological properties and clinical potential of stem cells elicit that are generated must not be unduly sensitive to small fluctu- continued scientific, commercial, and public interest. (lu.se)

His claim was based on chick-heart tissue cultures in his laboratory that seemed to be able to proliferate forever. (asu.edu)
In the 1960s, however, Carrel's thesis about cell immortality was put into question by the discovery that human diploid cells can only proliferate for a finite period. (asu.edu)
The neoblasts are the only dividing cells in planarians and constantly proliferate to repair tissues and support systemic cellular turnover [ 21 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Cell-Lineage Guided Mass Spectrometry Proteomics in the Developing (Frog) Embryo Aparna B. Baxi 1,2 , Leena R. Pade 1 , Peter Nemes 1,2 1 Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 2 Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, The George Washington University Here we describe a mass spectrometry-based proteomic characterization of cell lineages with known tissue fates in the vertebrate Xenopus laevis embryo. (jove.com)
We think that the developmental cues that exist in the pig will help to guide the human cells inside the porcine embryo. (the-scientist.com)

43] Additionally, knockdown of slingshot 2 (SSH2) serine phosphatase was demonstrated to induce caspase 3/7 activation that can trigger apoptosis in human carcinoma cells with a FLCN mutation. (medscape.com)

It is the second-most abundant protein after actin, comprising 1-3% of the total protein content in normal growing cells [ 7 , 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
G protein-coupled receptors , also known as seven-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptor, and G protein-linked receptors , comprise a large protein family of transmembrane receptors that sense molecules outside the cell and activate inside signal. (absoluteastronomy.com)
The protein kinase Akt also known as PKB, regulates multiple cellular functions including proliferation, survival, and growth during embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis [ 1 - 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
35] Expression of the Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome protein has been widespread in a variety of tissues, including the kidneys, lungs, and skin. (medscape.com)
DeMarini, and Chapter 20, by Rice and cell death determine the size protein in several signal ing path- and Herceg). (who.int)

Single cells and organisms may adapt to harmful oxidative stress conditions, through stress-activated factors. (springer.com)
The term applies not only to entire organisms but also to copies of molecules (such as DNA) and cells. (who.int)
Information exchange between cells coordinates devel- opment and functional interplay in complex organisms. (unicyte.ch)

The mammalian vesicular glutamate transporter VGLUT2 and Drosophila ortholog dVGLUT have been implicated as modulators of DA neuron resilience. (umassmed.edu)
Toll pathway modulates TNF-induced JNK-dependent cell death in Drosophila . (sdbonline.org)
To identify novel regulators of JNK-dependent cell death, this study performed a dominant-modifier screen in Drosophila and found that the Toll pathway participates in JNK-mediated cell death. (sdbonline.org)

Twelve miRNAs showed concordant expression in tumors vs. normal breast tissues and patient survival (n = 1093), with seven as potential tumor suppressors and five as potential oncomiRs. (cdc.gov)

Each cell is programmed for a certain number of cell divisions and at the end of that time proliferation halts. (lookformedical.com)
The deceleration in body growth is due primarily to a progressive decline in cell proliferation, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. (nih.gov)
Functional disruption of Smed-Akt alters the balance between cell proliferation and cell death leading to systemic impairment of adult tissue renewal. (biomedcentral.com)
In response to mito- pendence between the key mecha- gens, cell proliferation is triggered by nistic characteristics. (who.int)
H - Ras cell proliferation are also linked with haematopoietic cel s. (who.int)

This activates cascade of events which, in the end, affects oxidative status of the cells and provides robust protection against oxidative challenge. (springer.com)
The chemo-sensitizing effect of metformin was acted through reducing the mitochondrial transfer and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in the recipient AML cells. (biomed.news)
Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) takes place in mitochondria and is the process whereby cells use carbon fuels and oxygen to generate ATP. (biomed.news)

In an ongoing project, we are investigating how this mast cell ontogeny modifies the effect of a somatic kit mutation and may explain the heterogeneous phenotype of mastocytosis. (digs-bb.de)

Interaction between stromal cells and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells in bone marrow (BM) is known to contribute importantly to chemoresistance and disease recurrence. (biomed.news)
Here, we demonstrate that in a niche-like co-culture system, AML cells took up functional mitochondria from bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and inhibition of such mitochondrial transfer by metformin, the most commonly prescribed drug for type 2 diabetes mellitus, significantly enhanced the chemosensitivity of AML cells co-cultured with BMSCs. (biomed.news)
Altogether, this study identifies a potential application of metformin in sensitizing AML cells to chemotherapy and unveils a novel mechanism by which metformin executes such effect via blocking the mitochondrial transfer from stromal cells to AML cells. (biomed.news)

Carrel's ideas about cellular immortality convinced his many contemporaries that cells could be maintained indefinitely. (asu.edu)
When investigating the causes of this failure via cellular and molecular analysis of 2-cell zygotes and the successive cell divisions (blastomeres), all kinds of abnormalities were found. (sibi.org)
Mammalian sirtuins have diverse locations and multiple targets, and affect a broad range of cellular processes (Supplementary Figure 1). (frontiersin.org)
The planarian ortholog Smed-Akt is molecularly conserved providing unique opportunities to analyze the function of Akt during cellular turnover and repair of adult tissues. (biomedcentral.com)

Attempts were then made to show that mammalian cells - and human cells in particular - could also be reprogrammed back to a pluripotent state, because it is believed that such knowledge may advance our understanding of developmental mechanisms, and yield new approaches for disease treatment. (shawprize.org)
We finally implement a robust and cost-effective strategy to quench AF in mouse, marmoset, and human brain tissue. (umassmed.edu)
To take human organ generation via BC and transplantation to the next step, we reviewed current emerging organ generation technologies and the associated efficiency of chimera formation in human cells from the standpoint of developmental biology. (frontiersin.org)
In addition, metformin potentiated the antitumor efficacy of cytarabine (Ara-C) in vivo in an NCG immunodeficient mouse xenograft model by inhibiting the mitochondrial transfer and OXPHOS activity in the engrafted human AML cells. (biomed.news)
A human being produces approximately 3 × 10 11 mature blood cells per day, representing 90% of all cells regenerated on a daily basis. (digs-bb.de)
Characterization of Neuronal Lysosome Interactome with Proximity Labeling Proteomics Ashley Frankenfield* 1 , Jiawei Ni* 1 , Ling Hao 1 1 Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University A neuronal lysosome proximity labeling proteomics protocol is described here to characterize the dynamic lysosomal microenvironment in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons. (jove.com)
Takahashi and Yamanaka also experimented with human cell cultures in 2007. (asu.edu)
1967. Mineral oil in human tissues. (cdc.gov)
Increasing interest in studies of prenatal human brain development, particularly using new single-cell genomics and anatomical technologies to create cell atlases, creates a strong need for accurate and detailed anatomical reference atlases. (bvsalud.org)
Multi-omics biomarkers of response to the discovered drugs were identified using human breast cancer cell lines. (cdc.gov)

The potential of intra-articular injection of chondrogenic-induced bone marrow stem cells to retard the progression of osteoarthritis in a sheep model. (sciendo.com)
Intra-articular injection of expanded autologous bone marrow mesenchymal cells in moderate and severe knee osteoarthritis is safe: a phase I/II study. (sciendo.com)
Adipose Tissue- and Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Sheep: Culture Characteristics. (sciendo.com)

Single-time-point histopathological studies on postmortem multiple sclerosis (MS) tissue fail to capture lesion evolution dynamics, posing challenges for therapy development targeting development and repair of focal inflammatory demyelination. (umassmed.edu)

According to this concept, HSCs are activated by an increased demand for mature blood cells in situations such as systemic infection or severe blood loss. (digs-bb.de)
Loss of mature blood cells as well as systemic inflammation does not stimulate additional HSC contribution. (digs-bb.de)

The hematopoietic system is the most regenerative mammalian tissue. (digs-bb.de)
We discuss these properties with examples both from the hematopoietic and embryonic stem cell (ESC) systems. (lu.se)

We categorized 5 groups of microenvironments pertinent to neural function, immune and glial responses, tissue destruction and repair, and regulatory network at brain borders. (umassmed.edu)

Enhancers integrate transcription factor signaling pathways that drive cell fate specification in the developing brain. (bvsalud.org)
In terminally differentiated cell fate is coupled to appropriate regulation of the alternative cells, transcriptional networks must be stable and irreversible, pathways. (lu.se)

Cells have various mechanisms to restore length (TELOMERE HOMEOSTASIS. (lookformedical.com)
In addition, further investigation of the identified growth-limiting mechanisms may lead to broader medical applications, because disruption of these mechanisms may contribute to oncogenesis, and conversely transient therapeutic suspension of growth-limiting mechanisms in adult cells might be used to achieve tissue regeneration. (nih.gov)
However, the mechanisms by which Akt signaling regulates stem cell behavior in the complexity of the whole body are poorly understood. (biomedcentral.com)

RISC assembles into processing bodies (P-bodies) which are specific cytoplasmic foci in somatic eukaryotic cells [ 7 - 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
On the other hand, there are specific cytoplasmic foci similar to the P-bodies in spermatogenic cells, which are called nuage [ 15 - 18 ]. (hindawi.com)

Mammalian respiratory complex I (CI) is a 45-subunit, redox-driven proton pump that generates an electrochemical gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane to power ATP synthesis in mitochondria. (biomed.news)
The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. (absoluteastronomy.com)
Growing evidence suggests that transcriptional regulators and secreted RNA molecules encapsulated within membrane vesicles modify the phenotype of target cells. (unicyte.ch)
Cells can communicate via physical interactions, in- cluding membrane bridge formation, such as tunneling nanotubes and cytonemes, and/or through the release of soluble factors [1-3]. (unicyte.ch)

Only a small number of pediatric hematologist oncologists and even fewer of our adult counterparts feel comfortable evaluating and treating vascular anomalies. (medscape.com)

In adults, telomerase is highly expressed only in cells that need to divide regularly, especially in male sperm cells, but also in epidermal cells, in activated T cell and B cell lymphocytes, as well as in certain adult stem cells, but in the great majority of cases somatic cells do not express telomerase. (wikipedia.org)

The cell enters a quiescent state after which it experiences CELL DEATH via the process of APOPTOSIS. (lookformedical.com)

We paired enhancer labeling and single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) to delineate and distinguish specification of neuronal lineages in mouse medial, lateral, and caudal ganglionic eminences (MGE, LGE, and CGE) at embryonic day (E)11.5. (bvsalud.org)

Exploring perilesional microenvironment diversity, we uncovered central roles of EAE-associated astrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells, and ependyma in lesion formation and resolution. (umassmed.edu)
Specifically, the concepts of tumour heterogeneity, oncogene addiction, non-oncogene addiction, tumour initiating cells, tumour microenvironment, non-coding sequences and DNA damage response will be reviewed. (bmj.com)
Therefore, disruption of a crosstalk between AML cells and BM microenvironment may offer a promising therapeutic strategy for AML treatment. (biomed.news)
The cell phenotype is therefore determined by signals that target the cells received within a defined microenvironment. (unicyte.ch)

Anatomy71

Organisms22

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs50

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment32

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes80

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Health Care1

Nuclear transfer16

Nuclei10

Target of rapamycin2

Population of somatic2

Mutations6

Pluripotent stem8

SCNT7

Embryos7

Oocytes3

Species10

Genes15

Regenerative medicine2

Fetal3

Differentiate4

Biol1

Mammary3

Cloning10

Nucleus4

Organs6

Stem and progenitor cells5

Donor9

Reprogramming differentiated1

Differentiation8

Genetically4

Dolly3

Genetic10

Placental2

Gene8

Mammals2

Epigenetic4

Germ7

Telomeres2

Organism5

Scientists5

Vitro1

Testis1

PTEN2

Biological4

Proliferate3

Embryo2

Induce1

Protein5

Organisms3

Drosophila3

Tumors1

Proliferation5

Oxidative3

Mutation1

Stromal cells3

Cellular4

Human10

Bone marrow3

Postmortem1

Systemic2

Hematopoietic2

Neural1

Pathways2

Mechanisms3

Cytoplasmic2

Membrane4

Counterparts1

Epidermal cells1

Apoptosis1

Lineages1

Microenvironment4