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AdsorptionChromatography, High Pressure LiquidChromatographyChromatography, AffinityChromatography, Ion ExchangeChromatography, GelChromatography, LiquidMolecular WeightChromatography, GasChromatography, Thin LayerElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelChromatography, DEAE-CelluloseHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationSurface PropertiesKineticsHydroxyapatitesAmino AcidsMolecular Sequence DataSilicon DioxideChromatography, AgaroseAmino Acid SequenceChemistryChemical PhenomenaTemperatureSepharoseIonic LiquidsSubstrate SpecificityMass SpectrometryCattleChemical FractionationSpectrophotometry, UltravioletGas Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryCarbohydratesMethodsEscherichia coliBentoniteSurface-Active AgentsChemical PrecipitationChemistry, PhysicalPhysicochemical PhenomenaImmunodiffusionDurapatiteIsoelectric PointRabbitsSolubilityChromatography, PaperIsoelectric FocusingDrug StabilityFermentationSurface TensionLiquid CrystalsSilica GelPolystyrenesMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyCarbohydrate SequenceHydrolysisCharcoalAmmonium SulfateMolecular StructureAluminum SilicatesStreptomycesWaterChromatography, Reverse-PhaseProtein BindingIndicators and ReagentsHot TemperatureTrypsinGlassGlycoside HydrolasesImmune SeraOligosaccharidesPolymersCelluloseLiverMembranes, ArtificialSpectrophotometry, InfraredSolutionsPlant ExtractsTandem Mass SpectrometryProteinsPeptidesIon Exchange ResinsMacromolecular SubstancesSpectrometry, Mass, Electrospray IonizationImmunosorbent TechniquesGlycoproteinsSerum Albumin, BovineCentrifugation, Density GradientBacteriophagesHydrophobic and Hydrophilic InteractionsBinding SitesAirElectrophoresis, DiscPhospholipidsBase SequencePeptide FragmentsRecombinant ProteinsElectrophoresisPorositySpectrophotometry
High-performance liHPLCThin layer chromatoDesorptionSeparationExchange chromatographyPurificationPreparativeStationary phaseIsothermsSoluteNormal-phase liquid chromatographyAdsorbentsSupercritical Fluid ChromatoBatch adsorptionTandem mass spectroCapillary columnsGood adsorptionPaper chromatographyInteraction ChromatographyRetentionChromatographic TechniquesSolventMass spectrometrySelectivePrinciplesPolymerMixturesMoleculesPolymersElutionAnalyticalAcetonitrilePhasesDetectionSeparationsMechanismMechanismsCoefficientConstantsTechniquesFreundlichResinGasesOptimisationColoursHILICPhaseSelectivitySubstance1903Compounds
High-performance li19
HPLC6
  • Snyder was the author of several books including An Introduction to Separation Science , Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography , Second Edition, the bestselling Practical HPLC Method Development , Second Edition, and the comprehensive High-Performance Gradient Elution . (phenomenex.blog)
  • The test substance interacts with the stationary phase of the cyanopropyl reverse phase HPLC column containing lipophilic and polar moieties. (europa.eu)
  • HPLC is an analytical technique based on the separation of the components of a mixture in solution by selective adsorption. (innovatechlabs.com)
  • This course covers modern liquid chromatography (HPLC and UHPLC) that are especially used for bioanalytical applications. (lu.se)
  • For a deeper insight into mass spectrometric detection the LifeScience course "Mass spectrometry for small molecules" is recommended.course covers modern liquid chromatography (HPLC) especially for bioanalytical applications. (lu.se)
  • Bioanalytical HPLC includes advanced theoretical treatment of liquid chromatographic separation modes and the underlying distribution and adsorption equilibria including reversed-phase chromatography, normal-phase chromatography, ion chromatography, ion-pair chromatography, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), size exclusion chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography. (lu.se)
Thin layer chromato4
Desorption10
  • For these reasons it is not considered to be technically feasible to conduct an adsorption/ desorption screening study with the substance. (europa.eu)
  • An adsorption/desorption study is considered to be not technically possible due to the properties of the test material. (europa.eu)
  • The FIA method determines saturated hydrocarbons, olefins and aromatic hydrocarbons of a sample chromatographically by adsorption and desorption in a column filled with FIA silica, in the presence of a fluorescent dye mixture. (thomassci.com)
  • The purpose of the flash column, that is, without sacrificing exchange efficiency (adsorption and desorption), use the fastest possible flow rate to reduce this lateral diffusion. (flashcolumns.com)
  • Studies on adsorption and desorption of methyl parathion on humic substances. (cdc.gov)
  • This technique requires a cooling (adsorption) and a heating (desorption) step. (polymerchar.com)
  • Elution of the sample takes place in that last heating step, observing a linear dependence of comonomer content to desorption temperatures in a similar manner to TREF and Crystallization Elution Chromatography ( CEF ) , and being molar mass-independent above 20,000 Da. (polymerchar.com)
  • The cation-exchange restricted access packings were characterised with respect to their adsorption and desorption kinetics. (lu.se)
  • Despite considerable effort, a molecular-level understanding of the mechanisms governing adsorption/desorption in reversed-phase liquid chromatography is still lacking. (researcher-app.com)
  • cPA, sampled cumulatively over several respiratory cycles, was quantified by thermal desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. (asahq.org)
Separation21
  • This is a method of separation of mixtures based on differential adsorption of substance by the adsorbent. (wowessays.com)
  • This is the method of separation used for two liquids with different boiling points, or a solid and a liquid. (wowessays.com)
  • Flash column chromatography, also known as a flash column, is a fast separation method, but it does not sacrifice resolution as others have said. (flashcolumns.com)
  • This not only makes the separation effect better but also shortens the column passing time. (flashcolumns.com)
  • Flash chromatography is a kind of fast chromatographic separation mode, which separates substances by using optimized pre-packaged medium and low-pressure columns. (flashcolumns.com)
  • Separation was achieved with a mobile phase composition of 44:56 (v v -1 ) methanol:1.25 mM ammonium acetate buffer, pH 4.7, monolithic column and spectrophotometric detection at 238 nm. (usp.br)
  • A discussion of these separation mechanisms can be found in Chromatography: Basic Principles. (edu.au)
  • Chromatography is an important biophysical method extensively used for the separation, isolation, and purification of components of a mixture in both qualitative and quantitative analysis. (rasayanika.com)
  • An important chromatographic separation method is column chromatography (SC). (dwk.com)
  • 1979. Separation of methyl parathion and fenitrothion metabolites by liquid chromatography. (cdc.gov)
  • Adsorption and enthalpic partition often function in concert, either synergistically or antagonistically, and this can have a significant impact on polymer separation selectivity. (tsijournals.com)
  • In this article we focus on challenges and opportunities for greening chromatography, adsorption and other separation technologies currently used in the pharmaceutical industry. (ddw-online.com)
  • The technique of chromatography was invented by botanist Mikael Tswett in 1903, and originally used for the separation of plant pigments (8,9). (ddw-online.com)
  • A method of gel filtration chromatography using agarose, the non-ionic component of agar, for the separation of compounds with molecular weights up to several million. (lookformedical.com)
  • There are basically three modes of separation: liquid/liquid, liquid/solid, and molecular size. (innovatechlabs.com)
  • In this study, the thermosensitive MIPs displayed a different adsorption capacity towards NVCL, which could be applied for controlled separation and release of α -lipoic acid in different temperatures in a complex matrix. (hindawi.com)
  • HILIC has advantages over conventional reversed phase or normal phase liquid chromatography as retention and separation of many polar analytes has proven to be a challenge as often unretained or poorly retained on most conventional reversed-phase stationary phases. (chromatographytoday.com)
  • Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) uses a filler with moderate hydrophobicity as the stationary phase and a salt-containing aqueous solution as the mobile phase, and uses the difference in the hydrophobic properties of the solute molecules to achieve separation by the difference in the strength of the hydrophobic interaction with the stationary phase, chromatographic method. (welch-us.com)
  • Because the separation principle of hydrophobic interaction chromatography is completely different from chromatographic techniques such as ion exchange chromatography or gel filtration chromatography, this technique is often used in combination with the latter two to separate complex biological samples. (welch-us.com)
  • The aim of the course is to enable students to acquire in depth theoretical and practical knowledge of common modern separation techniques, such as chromatography, mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis. (lu.se)
  • Lectures and exercises (7.5 credits): In-depth theoretical treatment of chromatographic separation and underlying distribution and adsorption equilibria. (lu.se)
Exchange chromatography1
Purification8
  • various drawbacks have been identified in the purification techniques of ion resin adsorption ( 12 , 13 ), silica gel column chromatography ( 14 ) and supercritical extraction ( 15 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • And it is a fast and inexpensive technology compared with traditional chromatography, which is widely used in drug research, sample purification, and purification of natural products currently. (flashcolumns.com)
  • 2. Use column chromatography above 100 grams to prepare purification technology. (flashcolumns.com)
  • Due to the varying degrees of adsorption of the substance to be separated (in the mobile phase) on the stationary phase, preparative purification of substance mixtures of different polarity is achieved, for example. (dwk.com)
  • Liquid chromatography, most commonly used for purification in the pharmaceutical industry (10), typically employs modified silica or polymer particles as a solid phase, with water, organic solvents, or a mixture of the two as a mobile phase. (ddw-online.com)
  • Although originally invented by Tswett as a purification technique, chromatography has evolved into one of the most widely used analytical technologies in the pharmaceutical industry. (ddw-online.com)
  • In this article, we treat both of these subjects, and also survey recent developments in purification using batch adsorption techniques. (ddw-online.com)
  • One recent article describes the use of hydrophilic solid phase extraction of glycyrrhizin (GA) in liquorice coupled with reversed-phase liquid chromatography purification, and although this method improved enrichment of GA, HILIC was only employed as a crude extraction procedure [9]. (chromatographytoday.com)
Preparative2
  • In contrast, preparative chromatography is carried out using much larger columns, sometimes in excess of 1 metre diameter, with mobile phase flow rates of many litres per minute. (ddw-online.com)
  • Given this huge amount of solvent, preparative chromatography must clearly be a major focus for green chemistry efforts. (ddw-online.com)
Stationary phase15
  • WCOT columns have high phase ratios, meaning that the stationary phase is the minority phase. (agilent.com)
  • The mobile phase may be either a liquid or a gas, while the stationary phase is either a solid or a liquid. (profound-answers.com)
  • chemistry) The liquid or gas that flows through a chromatography system, moving the materials to be separated at different rates over the stationary phase. (profound-answers.com)
  • What do you mean by mobile phase and stationary phase in chromatography? (profound-answers.com)
  • In all chromatography there is a mobile phase and a stationary phase. (profound-answers.com)
  • The mobile phase is forced through an immiscible stationary phase which is fixed in place in a column or on a solid surface. (profound-answers.com)
  • The components with lower adsorption and affinity to stationary phase travel faster when compared to the greater adsorption and affinity with the stationary phase. (profound-answers.com)
  • The most common method is liquid chromatography consisting of a mobile phase (liquid or gaseous) and a stationary phase (e.g. solid packing material in a cylindrical tube). (dwk.com)
  • Chromatography relies on the selective partition of different molecules between a stationary phase and a mobile phase, as depicted in Figure 1. (ddw-online.com)
  • Analytical chromatography is typically performed using a stationary phase column of 4.6mm diameter and 25cm length at a mobile phase flow rate of about 1mL/min. (ddw-online.com)
  • Fractionation of a vaporized sample as a consequence of partition between a mobile gaseous phase and a stationary phase held in a column. (lookformedical.com)
  • Two types are gas-solid chromatography, where the fixed phase is a solid, and gas-liquid, in which the stationary phase is a nonvolatile liquid supported on an inert solid matrix. (lookformedical.com)
  • A mobile phase (fluid or gas) passes through a column containing a stationary phase of porous solid or liquid coated on a solid support. (lookformedical.com)
  • It is commonly used as a desiccating agent and as a stationary phase for CHROMATOGRAPHY. (lookformedical.com)
  • Exiting of components - The components exit (elude) from the column, beginning with those least bound to the stationary phase. (innovatechlabs.com)
Isotherms3
  • Adsorption isotherms of diamond-packed columns in reverse phase liquid chromatography. (wikipedia.org)
  • Excess adsorption isotherms for acetonitrile were calculated using deuterated acetonitrile elution data. (lu.se)
  • All data generated in the definitive test were evaluated using the Freundlich equation and adsorption isotherms were plotted. (europa.eu)
Solute5
  • What factors determine the rate of migration of a solute in paper chromatography? (profound-answers.com)
  • The entropy controlled retention mechanism is paired with the interaction retention mechanisms to simultaneously identify two molecular features of a complex polymer such as copolymers or polymer blends Adsorption, or the distribution of a solute between a solid surface and a volume of its solution in a mobile phase, is the most prevalent interaction retention mechanism used in linked LC procedures. (tsijournals.com)
  • Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination. (lookformedical.com)
  • Therefore, in the HIC process, a solution with high salt concentration is used in the sample adsorption stage, so that the target molecules are bound in the chromatographic column, and in the elution stage, the hydrophobicity between the solute and the chromatographic medium is made by reducing the salt concentration in the eluent. (welch-us.com)
  • Obviously, the interaction between the hydrophobic solute and the RPC medium is much stronger than that of the HIC medium, and severe elution conditions such as organic solvent gradients are required to elute the solute from the column. (welch-us.com)
Normal-phase liquid chromatography1
Adsorbents2
  • In addition, replacement of petrochemical-derived hydrocarbon chromatography solvents with supercritical carbon dioxide, and the use of selective adsorbents and reactive resins, are presented as examples of greener approaches to the removal of impurities from pharmaceutical intermediates. (ddw-online.com)
  • Chromatography on thin layers of adsorbents rather than in columns. (lookformedical.com)
Supercritical Fluid Chromato1
Batch adsorption1
  • The batch adsorption test was conducted to select a most specific polymer in terms of affinity towards the template. (springeropen.com)
Tandem mass spectro2
  • Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) with stable isotope labeled internal standards (SIL-IS) is the gold standard for quantitative analysis of drugs and metabolites in complex biological samples. (cdc.gov)
  • The derivatized carbonyls are extracted from the pads and subsequently quantified by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. (cdc.gov)
Capillary columns1
Good adsorption1
  • The selectivity of MIP towards the 2pp was very appreciable as compared to its structural analog biphenyl with a good adsorption capacity. (springeropen.com)
Paper chromatography1
Interaction Chromatography3
Retention11
  • Prediction of analyte retention times requires prior knowledge of the column void volume, the measurement of which is still highly contested within the literature and therefore experimental based prediction is often used. (lu.se)
  • Steric exclusion, based on changes in conformational entropy of coiled macromolecules entering the pores of the column packing, is the basic retention mechanism. (tsijournals.com)
  • Both adsorption and enthalpic partition retention processes are used in practise, either isocratically or with a mobile phase whose composition changes with time. (tsijournals.com)
  • Basic information on retention mechanisms in synthetic polymer liquid chromatography is provided. (tsijournals.com)
  • As a result, at one eluent composition, a critical adsorption range was reached with a negligible or minor influence of enthalpic partition, and in eluent-suppressing adsorption, compensation of enthalpic partition and exclusion retention mechanisms was achieved. (tsijournals.com)
  • Using state-of-the art, validated force fields and free-energy simulations, the adsorption thermodynamics of benzene derivatives is investigated in atomistic detail and provides a quantitative microscopic understanding of retention when compared with experimental data. (researcher-app.com)
  • In the absence of surface -OH groups for the gas chromatographic case, retention is controlled by adsorption on the brush as shown by comparison of regular support to silanized support. (niu.edu)
  • Sample size studies and thermodynamic parameters show that retention of other solutes is controlled by brush adsorption even in the presence of surface hydroxyls. (niu.edu)
  • Acetone exhibits a sample size curve indicative of brush adsorption even in the presence of these surface hydroxyl groups, acetone shows almost identical retention volume values. (niu.edu)
  • Daniels, John E., "Investigation of the retention mechanism for brush type bonded phases in gas and liquid chromatography" (1975). (niu.edu)
  • This mechanism has been scrutinised in detail by an analytical evaluation with many different stationary phases in a comprehensive analysis [2], the conclusion being that HILIC retention is a combination of electrostatic adsorption and hydrogen bonding interactions [2]. (chromatographytoday.com)
Chromatographic Techniques3
  • Biotecnika's Certification Course on Chromatographic Techniques takes you through the Fundamentals Principles of Chromatography, the types, the working, application of Chromatography in Drug discovery, Data acquisition Software, and the limitations. (rasayanika.com)
  • Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed. (lookformedical.com)
  • Chromatographic techniques in which the mobile phase is a liquid. (lookformedical.com)
Solvent7
  • Because we use compressed air to push the solvent through the column, it is called flash column chromatography. (flashcolumns.com)
  • Chromatography relies on two different 'phases': the mobile phase is the solvent that moves through the paper, carrying different substances with it. (profound-answers.com)
  • The molecule phase displays the solvent used in chromatography. (profound-answers.com)
  • TGIC is performed with a single solvent, typically o-DCB or 1, 2, 4 TCB in a Crystallization Elution Fractionation instrument with the standard autosampler, injection system, and an infrared detector, only requiring to replace the TREF column by a TGIC column. (polymerchar.com)
  • Several approaches are considered for 'greening' analytical chromatography, where small solvent savings multiplied across the hundreds or thousands of users found in a typical pharma company can add up to significant waste reduction. (ddw-online.com)
  • Solvent reduction, substitution or elimination has long been a major focus for many areas of green chemistry research (11), including dry cleaning, extractions and organic reactions and processing (12,13), and many of the approaches used in those areas are also useful in reducing solvent waste from chromatography. (ddw-online.com)
  • An increase in water content in the elution solvent reduces multipoint hydrogen bonding interactions, whilst an increase in electrolyte concentration decreases selectivity of various columns [2]. (chromatographytoday.com)
Mass spectrometry3
Selective1
  • Now a day's concept of molecular imprinting has been widely recognized as the most advanced technology for the preparation of different recognition materials with selective adsorption. (springeropen.com)
Principles1
  • American chemist, Dr. Lloyd R. Snyder , contributions led to uncovering principles of liquid chromatography , applying them in articles, short courses, and books, has passed away on September 20th, 2018 at 87 years old. (phenomenex.blog)
Polymer2
  • All enthalpy-based events in LC columns are accompanied by considerable changes in conformational entropy of macromolecules, resulting in a mix of enthalpy and entropy-based processes in all coupled polymer LC operations. (tsijournals.com)
  • PMMA surface adsorption on free silanols was inhibited by ACN, which encouraged enthalpic partitioning of polymer species in favour of a solvated C-18 bonded phase. (tsijournals.com)
Mixtures3
Molecules2
  • The porous architecture allows adsorption of guest molecules with high efficiency, which is advantageous for rapid detection of the guest molecules. (nature.com)
  • It was said of Tsvet that, "he invented chromatography, separating molecules, but uniting people. (innovatechlabs.com)
Polymers1
Elution1
Analytical1
Acetonitrile3
  • For a water:acetonitrile mobile phase, the minor disturbance method using deuterated acetonitrile to obtain an integral average void volume (2.08 and 2.05 mL for C18 at 30 and 40 °C, respectively and 2.16 and 2.13 mL for C8 at 30 and 40 °C, respectively) was found to be the most appropriate method for determining the elusive column void volume. (lu.se)
  • Tetrahydrofuran has low viscosity at standard temperatures while acetonitrile provides a mobile phase in the chromatography. (wowessays.com)
  • At 35 °C, two separate liquid chromatographic critical ranges were discovered using non-end-capped silica gel C-18 column packing, poly (methyl methacrylate)s (PMMAs), and mixed eluents including acetonitrile (ACN) and toluene. (tsijournals.com)
Phases5
  • 4) published further information on various stationary phases used in gas-liquid chromatography, (GLC) to separate 40 drugs. (erowid.org)
  • No mention was made of problems such as adsorption, and it should not be assumed that these phases are necessarily suitable for quantitative measurements of all the drugs studied. (erowid.org)
  • Overloading effects are strongly related to the sample capacity of stationary phases in gas chromatography. (agilent.com)
  • In WCOT columns, we have liquid stationary phases and partitioning chromatography. (agilent.com)
  • For the liquid phases, imagine the solution of salt and sugar in a glass of water. (agilent.com)
Detection2
  • This work describes the use of Sequential Injection Liquid Chromatography (SIC) coupled to a long path length optical flow cell with 100 cm long Liquid Core Waveguide (LCW) to improve the limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) for determination of atrazine (ATR), propazine (PRO) and simazine (SIM). (usp.br)
  • Mass spectrometric detection for quantitative and qualitative analysis connected to both gas and liquid chromatography. (lu.se)
Separations2
  • The best region for separations on PLOT columns is in the linear range of the Langmuir isotherm. (agilent.com)
  • We demonstrate the feasibility using standard silica flash columns to open up new possibilities for amino acid, nucleoside and nucleotide separations. (chromatographytoday.com)
Mechanism2
  • Competitive adsorption experiments revealed that BACs with longer alkyl chains were adsorbed more effectively onto PAC than shorter alkyl chain BACs, implying that, while the electrostatic interaction is an important adsorption mechanism for BAC 12 , van der Waals interaction plays a more important role during the adsorption of BAC 14 and BAC 16 . (eeer.org)
  • In order to improve adsorption selectivity, and exploring the recognition mechanism of MIPs at the molecule level, the density functional theory (DFT) calculation has been chosen to study the ALA-MIP due to its accuracy in the computation of weak intermolecular interactions [ 21 , 22 ]. (hindawi.com)
Mechanisms2
  • In this study, we investigated the adsorption mechanisms of BAC 12 , BAC 14 , and BAC 16 in water using powdered activated carbon (PAC). (eeer.org)
  • In theory, HIC and RPC are two closely related liquid chromatography techniques, both of which are based on the flow-water interaction between the hydrophobic regions on the surface of biomolecules and the hydrophobic ligands (alkyl or aromatic) on the chromatographic medium , however, the chromatographic mechanisms at the molecular level as well as the practical level differ between the two techniques. (welch-us.com)
Coefficient2
  • In conclusion, the adsorption coefficient of the test substance could not be performed according to the OECD 121 method. (europa.eu)
  • The definitive test used 5 test concentrations, 0.26, 0.60, 0.99, 1.58 and 3.04 mg/L at solution:soil ratio of 5:1 for 50 h equilibration time to further define the adsorption coefficient. (europa.eu)
Constants2
  • The adsorption constants ranged from 3.89 to 20.80 (Kd: soil 1: 3.89, soil 2: 4.63, soil 3: 20.80, respectively). (europa.eu)
  • The adsorption constants based upon the organic carbon content ranged from 45 to 473 (Koc: soil 1: 473, soil 2: 45, soil 3: 242, respectively). (europa.eu)
Techniques10
Freundlich1
  • The adsorption reaction followed pseudo-second-order kinetics, and better fitted to the Langmuir isotherm than the Freundlich isotherm. (eeer.org)
Resin1
  • The ions in a sample are moved through the system in solution and then the various ions are separated in a column with an ion-exchange resin. (innovatechlabs.com)
Gases1
  • These compounds have high vapor pressures with low water solubility and are emitted as gases from solids or liquids. (cdc.gov)
Optimisation1
  • Sample preparation of biological samples and optimisation strategies for reversed-phase liquid chromatographic applications including selection of column and mobile phase compositions. (lu.se)
Colours1
  • scheme based on thinlayer chromatography (TLC) and the colours of the ninhydrin-drug complexes formed on heating. (erowid.org)
HILIC1
Phase10
Selectivity1
  • This impedes rational design of columns and the development of reliable, computationally more efficient approaches to predict the selectivity of a particular column design. (researcher-app.com)
Substance3
  • The test substance cannot be chromatographed through a liquid chromatography column in its intact form. (europa.eu)
  • This is achieved by converting a solid or liquid into a gas, and measuring the differing times each component of the substance will take to achieve this conversion. (chromatographytoday.com)
  • A preliminary adsorption test was performed using a test substance solution at a concentration of 0.626 mg/L prior to the definitive test. (europa.eu)
19031
Compounds1
  • The similarities and differences of two-dimensional liquid chromatography of low-molecular-mass and polymeric compounds are discussed. (tsijournals.com)