Adoption of antitrust laws. Medical search. Frequent questions

Using the staggered introduction of competition laws in 20 countries, we find antitrust regulation decreases acquirers' five-day cumulative abnormal returns surrounding horizontal merger announcements. (iwh-halle.de)
Overall, our analysis of technical assistance efforts in one field of complex regulation (antitrust) may prove relevant to policies of how to make assistance more effective across regulatory fields. (typepad.com)
When the doctrine of ultra vires frustrated financial demands for mergers to stabilize prices, the formation of monopolies under general incorporation statutes was confronted by federal antitrust law and state regulation of business. (aeaweb.org)
Stabilization in a period of industrial abundance meant antitrust law would be restrained and state regulation would be limited. (aeaweb.org)
This paper will examine the court decisions deeming the corporation to be a person with regulation of it limited by the due process requirements of the Fourteenth Amendment and creating the Rule of Reason in antitrust law. (aeaweb.org)
Many economists and legal scholars argue that the presence of network effects creates a form of market failure known as network externalities and as recommend new forms of antitrust and regulation targeted at particular firms in the ICTE industries. (northwestern.edu)
With the adoption of Regulation 1/2003 at the end of 2002 and Regulation 773/2004 in April 2004, the procedures organizing the enforcement of Community EU Law, at both the national and Community level, have undergone a major transformation. (e-elgar.com)

But experts said the cases against Facebook, which are expected to be consolidated, are strong and straightforward antitrust complaints with good prospects in court, meaning they could actually result in the unwinding of the Instagram and WhatsApp mergers and disrupt Facebook's central business model. (protocol.com)
Antitrust has become more permissive, which raises the question of whether antitrust laws governing mergers and exclusionary conduct should be strengthened. (yalelawjournal.org)
Joseph Farrell & Carl Shapiro, Scale Economies and Synergies in Horizontal Merger Analysis , 68 Antitrust L.J. 685, 699-700 (2001) (tentatively hypothesizing that no-synergies mergers can increase output and lower price in certain circumstances). (michiganlawreview.org)
He noted that the 1982 edition has been a cornerstone of antitrust law in the US and abroad for decades, whereas the proposed revisions revert to an older conceptualization of competition dominant in the 1960s that focused on broader questions of fairness and was more inherently skeptical of mergers. (stateagreport.com)

In October 2022, 19 state attorneys general served civil investigative demands onto six large U.S. banks seeking documents related to the banks' participation in the UN's Net-Zero Banking Alliance, a global climate change initiative, based on alleged antitrust concerns. (ballardspahr.com)
In November 2022, five Republican U.S. senators advised large law firms to inform their clients of "the risks they incur by participating in climate cartels and other ill-advised ESG schemes. (ballardspahr.com)
In December 2022, Republican members of the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary sent a letter to leaders of Climate Action 100+, an investor-led ESG initiative, requesting documents and communications about the initiative's role coordinating companies to pursue ESG goals that, according to the authors, could violate antitrust laws. (ballardspahr.com)
In a partisan 3-to-1 vote, the FTC issued a policy statement in November 2022 dramatically expanding its powers to bring "standalone" antitrust enforcement actions with respect to "unfair methods of competition. (itif.org)
The proposal is still subject to consultations but is expected to be enacted into law in 2022. (state.gov)

Businesses face increasingly complex litigation and compliance challenges as competition law enforcement is rapidly evolving and competition authorities apply novel instruments. (baerkarrer.ch)
Our team has extensive experience in dealing with cartel investigations, dawn raids, merger control proceedings, civil litigation and the design and adoption of compliance programmes in all industries. (baerkarrer.ch)
During this Consultation, more than 20 Member States expressed an urgent need to understand the scope and magnitude of litigation and public inquires as tools for tobacco control in order to determine the best ways to combine science and law in curbing the tobacco epidemic. (who.int)

10 Not only do these platforms have substantial market power , but their conduct also has raised a variety of antitrust concerns. (yalelawjournal.org)

In 2017, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission sued Qualcomm for violating both sections of the Sherman Antitrust Act by engaging in a number of anticompetitive SEP licensing practices. (eff.org)
Many lawyers and economists,[citation needed] however, have pointed out that Bork was wrong in his analysis of the legislative intent of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 and have criticized him for incorrect economic assumptions and analytical errors. (wikipedia.org)
The Supreme Court, for example, has addressed a variety of antitrust issues over the past 15 years-arising under Sections 1 and 2 of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, the landmark federal law limiting monopolies and cartels, and the Robinson-Patman Act of 1936 (which targets price discrimination). (americanprogress.org)

The Federal Trade Commission, the other federal antitrust enforcement agency, had signaled well before November's election its disagreement with various positions taken by the Antitrust Division during the Bush administration. (americanprogress.org)
The National Association of Attorneys General (NAAG)'s Eastern Region Meeting, held August 1-3, 2023 in Connecticut in conjunction with the Attorney General Alliance, included an "Antitrust Bootcamp" that surveyed the history and current state of and future challenges for state and federal antitrust enforcement. (stateagreport.com)

During the 1990s the U.S. Department of Justice Antitrust Division aggressively and successfully prosecuted a number of large, complex, and geographically diverse international cartels in a broad spectrum of commerce, including food and feed additives, chemicals, vitamins, graphite electrodes (used in manufacturing steel), and marine construction and transportation services. (justice.gov)
(4) Antitrust Division calculations of the volume of commerce affected by such cartels point to their costly consequences for the U.S. market. (justice.gov)
Further, U.S. cases against international cartels participants have sparked considerable interest among antitrust enforcement agencies in other countries, despite earlier experiences in which U.S. anticartel enforcement efforts against foreign conspirators was a sometime source of friction with many of these same jurisdictions. (justice.gov)
Antitrust investigations today are taking place in an environment of greater international enforcement cooperation, and the recent U.S. enforcement successes appear to be occurring amidst a heightened degree of international consensus among enforcers that cartels should be detected and prosecuted. (justice.gov)
Indeed, some competition authorities are enforcing their domestic laws against many of the same cartels that the United States has successfully prosecuted. (justice.gov)

Adoption of such a programme will be considered a mitigating circumstance and would decrease the fine for an antitrust violation. (lexology.com)
If the company has a competition compliance programme in place it may claim that it is not guilty of an antitrust violation and should not be subject to administrative liability. (lexology.com)
This possibility is provided by article 2.1 of the Administrative Offences Code, which states that a legal entity is guilty of a violation if it had an opportunity to comply with the law but did not take all possible measures to do it. (lexology.com)
As mentioned in question 1, if the Bill is adopted, implementation of antitrust compliance programme, provided that it was done before the antitrust violation was committed and the antitrust violation was terminated before an antitrust case was commenced, will serve as a mitigating circumstance and will reduce the turnover fine imposed for an antitrust violation. (lexology.com)
To spot an antitrust violation, courts inquire into whether an act has degraded consumer welfare. (michiganlawreview.org)
and bid-rigging) can be a criminal violation of antitrust laws that may result in high fines for conspiring corporations and key corporate executives, and incarceration for individual defendants. (justice.gov)

After years of hand-wringing over the limitations of the law, the case could mark a turning point when it comes to antitrust enforcement in the U.S., proving once and for all that the government has all the tools it needs to take on the Silicon Valley giants. (protocol.com)

The Antitrust Paradox is an influential 1978 book by Robert Bork that criticized the state of United States antitrust law in the 1970s. (wikipedia.org)
The paradox of antitrust enforcement was that legal intervention artificially raised prices by protecting inefficient enterprises from competition. (wikipedia.org)
The book's title is referenced in Amazon's Antitrust Paradox, a popular paper by Lina Khan who became Chair of the Federal Trade Commission. (wikipedia.org)
2008). The Abiding Influence of the Antitrust Paradox. (wikipedia.org)
Robert H. Bork, The Antitrust Paradox 63 (Bork Publ'g 2021) (1978) ("The Sherman Act was clearly presented and debated as a consumer welfare prescription. (michiganlawreview.org)

Indeed, more than half of the countries with an antitrust legal framework enacted antitrust laws in the past 15 years. (typepad.com)

The 2nd Circuit ruled that U.S. Soccer could be held liable if FIFA's rule is found to violate antitrust law because it had agreed to FIFA's rules as a member of the international body. (the18.com)

and (ii) merger under-enforcement.This Essay argues that it is necessary to strengthen antitrust enforcement. (yalelawjournal.org)
In my view, it is necessary to strengthen antitrust enforcement in these areas. (yalelawjournal.org)
Her paper seeks to reframe and strengthen antitrust law. (wikipedia.org)

In September 2019, the Department of Justice's Antitrust Division (the DOJ) launched an investigation into whether automakers that agreed with the state of California to stricter emission standards than the Trump Administration's standards violated federal antitrust laws. (ballardspahr.com)
The Thai government in 2019 passed new laws and regulations on cybersecurity and personal data protection that have raised concerns about Thai authorities' broad power to potentially demand confidential and sensitive information, introducing new uncertainties in the technology sector. (state.gov)
The lawsuit, filed in 2019 in Manhattan federal court against U.S. Soccer and FIFA, claimed the ban violated American antitrust law and sought to stop the two organizations from implementing it. (the18.com)

The Family 500+ program and additional pension payments continued in 2021 as key elements of the Law and Justice (PiS) party's social welfare and inequality reduction agenda. (state.gov)

FAS also mentioned at public conferences that effective antitrust compliance programmes would shift liability for antritrust violations from a company to an individual engaged in illegal conduct. (lexology.com)
This is an important work in trying to figure how to assistant young agencies in creating effective antitrust regimes in their respective countries. (typepad.com)

Because antitrust's purpose, at least since the 1970s, has been to promote a concept known as "consumer welfare," antitrust law is unconcerned with whether exclusionary conduct has injured historically marginalized groups. (michiganlawreview.org)

Antitrust law empowers the government to break up monopolies when their power is so great and their conduct is so corrosive of competition that they can dictate market outcomes without worrying about their rivals. (eff.org)
Leading Russian companies, especially those that are market dominant, conduct antitrust audits of their business practices and implement antitrust compliance programmes. (lexology.com)
Technical assistance is critical to younger antitrust agencies because more effective agencies can protect consumers against anti-competitive conduct. (typepad.com)
Many of the newer antitrust agencies are not as effective as they need to be to improve the well being of consumers and protect against anti-competitive conduct. (typepad.com)
just as enforcement scrutinizes whether conduct has made a market more or less likely to promote consumer welfare, antitrust should scrutinize whether anticompetitive conduct has made a market more or less likely to benefit all consumers. (michiganlawreview.org)
What is indisputable is that the Court has taken a more restrictive approach in defining the categories of conduct that are illegal under the federal antitrust laws. (americanprogress.org)
[2] The courts-which have favored legal interpretations of antitrust law that are grounded in traditional economic analyses-will likely be unwilling to go along with the FTC's precautionary approach to antitrust law in which preemptive prohibitions of innovative conduct take place before any consumer harm materializes. (itif.org)

2 See Albert A. Foer, The Political-Economic Nature of Antitrust , 27 St. Louis U. L.J. 331, 337-38 (1983) (explaining that antitrust defendants "virtually always win[]" due to the lack of scrutiny in antitrust's predominant form of analysis, the rule of reason). (michiganlawreview.org)

That 'consumer welfare' standard has made it harder than ever to bring significant antitrust action against some of the country's most powerful companies, especially in the tech industry, where many of the most important products are free and harms can be less tangible than price increases. (protocol.com)
Bork argues that the original intent of antitrust laws as well as economic efficiency makes consumer welfare and the protection of competition, rather than competitors, the only goals of antitrust law. (wikipedia.org)
One of the key criticisms focuses on Bork's use of the term "consumer welfare", which became the stated goal of American antitrust law. (wikipedia.org)
Since anticompetitive practices are often assumed to enhance consumer welfare, antitrust offenses are rarely found. (michiganlawreview.org)
In fact, antitrust presumes that most types of anticompetitive behaviors benefit consumer welfare even though monopolies and trade restraints have-with little attention-disproportionally harmed minority communities. (michiganlawreview.org)

In theory, patent and antitrust law serve the same goals-promoting economic and technological development-but in practice, they often butt heads. (eff.org)
Under the current practice, the company demonstrates its commitment to competition compliance by adopting an antitrust compliance policy, appointing an antitrust compliance officer and conducting antitrust compliance trainings for its employees. (lexology.com)
This firm's antitrust practice is first-rate. (baerkarrer.ch)
Well-respected competition and antitrust practice. (baerkarrer.ch)

Patent and antitrust laws were revised and updated to afford inventors and industrial researchers greater protection of their intellectual property rights. (inderscience.com)
On July 30, 2013, Suzanne Munck, Chief Counsel for Intellectual Property at the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), testified before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Antitrust, Competition Policy and Consumer Rights, on the impact of patent hold-up on competition, and standard-essential patents (SEPs). (antitrustalert.com)
Ms. Munck concluded with the following remarks: "[T]he Commission believes that competition and intellectual property laws work together to promote innovation. (antitrustalert.com)

The relationship between antitrust and patent law is especially thorny when it comes to "standards-essential patents" or "SEPs. (eff.org)

In this first in a series of three articles about the Antitrust Bootcamp, we summarize the discussion that took place on the history and development of antitrust law, and how it applies to new developments in the modern economy, such as market consolidation, big data, and artificial intelligence. (stateagreport.com)

For certain companies (eg, state corporations, natural monopolies, legal entities with state participation exceeding 50 per cent) adoption of antitrust compliance policies will be mandatory. (lexology.com)
They do not believe that the Federal Government would at this time change its interpretation of laws designed to apply to trusts and monopolies to stop these joint efforts of small independent retailers. (google.com.my)

The Obama administration could enhance enforcement in monopolization by seeking enactment of a new statute providing the Antitrust Division and the Federal Trade Commission with enforcement authority not tied to damages liability in private actions. (americanprogress.org)
And that approach has resulted in consistent defeats for those arguing in favor of broader rules of antitrust liability-typically plaintiffs seeking to recover treble damages from defendants alleged to have engaged in anticompetitive practices. (americanprogress.org)
mere hypothetical change to market structures becomes a ground for precautionary antitrust liability. (itif.org)

In particular, Koh found that Qualcomm paid Samsung $100 Million as part of a settlement agreement to silence the company's antitrust complaints. (anandtech.com)
a) In view of the widespread adoption of such contracts by the company's competitors and the availability of alternative ways of obtaining an assured market, evidence that competitive activity has not actually declined is inconclusive. (chanrobles.com)

An array of law schools historically prevented non-white students from enrolling so that white people could monopolize the legal profession, 3 Daria Roithmayr, Barriers to Entry: A Market Lock-in Model of Discrimination , 86 Va. L. Rev. 727, 754 (2000) ("First, they enacted both formal Jim Crow segregation laws and informal exclusionary policies to preclude nonwhites from attending law school. (michiganlawreview.org)

The FTC and state attorneys general could force the courts to drag antitrust law into the 21st century. (protocol.com)
The cases, alongside the DOJ's case against Google , could enable the courts to finally drag antitrust law into the 21st century, recognizing that data has monetary value and consumers are harmed when their online privacy is eroded. (protocol.com)
U.S. courts have long grappled with how antitrust law applies to a member of an organization or association based on their membership and adoption of shared rules. (the18.com)

A second edition, updated to reflect substantial changes in the law, was published in 1993. (wikipedia.org)

Beginning in the 1990s, the rapid adoption of antitrust laws and development of agencies to interpret and enforce these laws has transformed the competitive landscape in many countries. (typepad.com)

Intended to broaden the FTC's interventionist approach to the market and underpin its aggressive antitrust enforcement efforts, the policy statement failed to present any meaningful guidelines or legal clarity for entrepreneurs and companies. (itif.org)
The chapter then discusses issues arising over the use and management of confidential business information in anticartel and other antitrust enforcement efforts. (justice.gov)

We argue that antitrust law must disaggregate the term "consumer" to include those who disproportionately suffer from anticompetitive practices via a community welfare standard. (michiganlawreview.org)

55 5.7 State Securities Law Compliance. (findlaw.com)

Qualcomm's business practices "excluded and restricted market competition, hampered and restrained technical innovation and development, harmed consumers' interests, and violated the country's anti-monopoly law," it said in a statement. (industryweek.com)

This study examines how antitrust law adoptions affect horizontal merger and acquisition (M&A) outcomes. (iwh-halle.de)

One of the biggest concerns of a member-based nonprofit technology standards organization is that it will be involved in an antitrust lawsuit. (schwabe.com)

Andrew J. Pincus provides recommendations for a different approach to antitrust enforcement for the Obama administration. (americanprogress.org)
As the Obama administration begins implementing these views, however, it will find itself with little room to maneuver in some areas as a result of judicial decisions that have codified to a very significant degree the "Chicago School" approach of using traditional economic analysis to resolve antitrust questions. (americanprogress.org)
Looking back to President Obama's criticisms, however, the Antitrust Division and FTC appear to have the tools needed to take a more aggressive approach in the merger context. (americanprogress.org)
In contrast to the FTC's interpretation of the law, this report proposes an alternative approach to "fairness" regarding Section 5's "unfair methods of competition" (UMC) clause, based on the principle that the concept of "fairness" in antitrust law should be the same for both consumer protection and competition policy. (itif.org)
[5] A unified approach to antitrust law-in contrast to the FTC's current, amorphous take on UMC fairness-provides statutory consistency and an objective, nonpolitical standard through which market participants can self-regulate their behavior as to avoid FTC actions against them. (itif.org)
This focus on terms is consistent with the antitrust approach of the Department of Justice, which has asked whether standardization involves "competitively significant" terms, but as the Article describes this standard is not well defined. (consortiuminfo.org)

7 Journal of Competition Law & Economics. (wikipedia.org)

If adopted, the Bill will officially acknowledge antitrust compliance programmes. (lexology.com)

Some investors have nonetheless expressed views that the framework is overly restrictive, with a lack of consistency and transparency in rule-making and interpretation of law and regulations. (state.gov)
The legal assessment of the term shows that strategic alliances do not give rise to any jurisdictional concerns, the existing framework of Article 81 of the EC Treaty offers an adequate foundation for a competition law assessment. (lu.se)

Enforcers have explained that there is no ESG exception to antitrust laws, and some have raised concerns that such activities could implicate restrictions against coordinated behavior. (ballardspahr.com)
Over the past several years, enforcers have raised concerns that ESG activities could implicate antitrust laws. (ballardspahr.com)
In addition to actions by enforcers, Republican lawmakers have been at the forefront of using antitrust law to push back on ESG initiatives. (ballardspahr.com)

From the first coordinated consumer protection multistate case against GM in 1978, to the creation of the NAAG Multistate Antitrust Task Force, states have sought divestiture even after federal approval for a deal-a factor that drives AG independence and continues to shape antitrust law to this day. (stateagreport.com)

[4] A single line of statutory text covers consumer protection and competition policy, and the term "unfair" is used twice-separated by only eight words-to refer to both areas of antitrust law, suggesting legislative intent to regulate both areas under the same standard of fairness. (itif.org)

But that promise strikes at a key tension between antitrust and patent law: patent owners have no obligation to let anyone use technology their patent covers, but to get those technologies incorporated into standards, patent owners usually have to promise that they will give permission to anyone who wants to implement the standard as long as they pay a reasonable license fee. (eff.org)
From the earliest characterization of the corporation as an entity created by a contract between the State and its incorporators and bound by its charter to the adoption of general incorporation statutes, the tension between public power and private power persisted. (aeaweb.org)
But such collaboration between competitors may be at tension with antitrust laws' goals of protecting competition. (ballardspahr.com)

Some technology standards become standards by achieving widespread adoption through market forces (the QWERTY keyboard layout is on example). (eff.org)

He expressed his view of the new proposed Merger Guidelines, born out of a perception by US DOJ that the current merger guidelines had deviated from the statutes and case law interpretation. (stateagreport.com)

Congress recently took two steps towards incentivizing private participation in federal cartel enforcement: the permanent adoption of ACPERA, and enactment of the Criminal Antitrust Anti-Retaliation Act. (antitrustlawblog.com)

David Dinielli, a former special counsel with the DOJ's antitrust division who has pushed for the government to bring a case against Facebook, said he thinks it will be necessary to 'educate' the judge on how Facebook monetizes user data, but he remains optimistic that the claims can pass the stress test. (protocol.com)
Mr. Cowen is a Master of the United States District Court of the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division, and has had wide experience in corporate law. (justia.com)
Once in office, the president nominated Christine Varney to be assistant attorney general for the Justice Department's Antitrust Division. (americanprogress.org)
The Strike Force brings together the DOJ Antitrust Division criminal offices, state Attorneys General, and federal agencies such as the Department of Defense and Federal Trade Commission. (antitrustlawblog.com)

Forum: Dominant Digital Platforms: Is Antitrust Up to the Task? (yalelawjournal.org)

Kenneth Starr, right, and Robert Bork speak to reporters in Washington during the antitrust case against Microsoft in 2003. (americanprogress.org)

Its knowledge of Swiss law and procedure is fantastic, and the members have excellent contacts within the legal community. (baerkarrer.ch)
This second edition of Procedure gives a complete working guide to these new procedures as well as a detailed examination of Court jurisprudence in this complex and important area of law. (e-elgar.com)

Most LTA and STI services arrived directly from developed world antitrust agencies and lawyers were superior to economists for STI work while economists tend to perform best as LTAs. (typepad.com)

As of March 2020, the government is still in the process of considering and implementing regulations to enforce laws on Cyber Security and Personal Data Protection. (state.gov)

The federal government and states are alleging that Facebook abused its dominance in the digital marketplace and violated the law with acquisitions of two nascent competitors, Instagram and WhatsApp. (protocol.com)

Overall, antitrust policies seem to deter post-merger monopolistic gains, potentially improving customer welfare. (iwh-halle.de)
She explained that patent hold-up is harmful because it can deter innovation, discourage the adoption of standards, reduce the value of standard setting and pass on excess costs to consumers. (antitrustalert.com)

China's adoption of the Anti-Monopoly Law ("AML") is a landmark in the evolution of China's economic transformation. (antitrustlawblog.com)
The debate over network effects is likely to have major consequences for these industries, with effects comparable to landmark antitrust cases involving IBM, AT&T, and Microsoft. (northwestern.edu)

The First-Year Program at the University of Wisconsin Law School is designed to teach the fundamentals of legal analysis and reasoning and to introduce foundational substantive material. (wisc.edu)
Sheppard Mullin's Antitrust Law Blog offers breaking industry news, legal analysis, and updates on emerging issues involving a variety of antitrust-related topics. (antitrustlawblog.com)
At her confirmation hearing, Varney spoke of the need to "rebalance legal and economic theories in antitrust analysis and enforcement. (americanprogress.org)
But there are strategies companies can use to minimize their legal risks and protect their ESG initiatives from antitrust challenges. (ballardspahr.com)
In addition, defendant company must institute a policy that two people employed by Upstate must review bids to supply milk or related products (a policy that the estimator does not attend bid letting, adoption of an antitrust compliance policy which consists of both written materials and of periodic meetings with counsel to review antitrust laws, require all new employees with bidding or purchasing responsibility be briefed on their legal obligations). (naag.org)
In particular, these reform have made Articles 81 and 82 directly applicable in full, changed the manner in which undertakings might get legal security regarding their agreements and provide for a much greater role in Community competition law enforcement for national competition authorities. (e-elgar.com)

Competition law enforcement is rapidly changing. (baerkarrer.ch)
At Bär & Karrer, we help our clients successfully navigate the rapidly evolving, ever changing world of competition law. (baerkarrer.ch)

There has been tons of public discussion over the last several years about ways we should think about updating the antitrust laws and ways we should grant new powers to regulators,' said Dinielli. (protocol.com)

Antitrust policy based on correcting market failure due to network externalities is likely to impact both competition and innovation adversely. (northwestern.edu)

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Health Care11

Regulation7

Mergers4

20225

Litigation3

Raised a variety of antitrust1

Sherman Ant3

Federal antitrust enforcement2

Cartels5

Violation6

Comes to antitrust1

Paradox5

Past 151

Violate antitrust1

Strengthen antitrust3

20193

20211

Effective antitrust2

Exclusionary conduct1

Conduct7

Scrutiny1

Consumer welfare5

Practice4

Intellectual Property3

Patents1

Artificial Intelligence1

Monopolies2

Liability3

Company's2

Discrimination1

Courts3

19931

1990s1

Enforcement efforts2

Anticompetitive1

Securities1

Business practices1

Examines1

Lawsuit1

Approach6

Journal of Competition Law1

Compliance programmes1

Framework2

Enforcers3

19781

Legislative intent1

Tension3

Widespread adoption1

Statutes1

Enactment1

Division4

Dominant1

Robert Bork1

Procedure2

Lawyers1

Enforce1

Competitors1

Deter2

Landmark2

Legal6

Competition law2

Powers1

Innovation1