• In this study we evaluated whether epicardial adipose tissue is related to insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism in obese subjects. (qxmd.com)
  • Each subject underwent a transthoracic echocardiogram to evaluate epicardial adipose tissue thickness, a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp to estimate insulin sensitivity, and an oral glucose tolerance test to evaluate glucose tolerance. (qxmd.com)
  • Subcutaneous, but not visceral, adipocyte size was significantly associated with plasma insulin and glucose, insulin-induced glucose disposal and insulin sensitivity (p ranging from 0.002 to 0.005, partial r ranging from -0.34 to 0.35). (nih.gov)
  • In mice, blocking ceramide production improves insulin sensitivity, prevents β-cell failure, resolves hepatic steatosis, hypertriglyceridemia, and prevents atherosclerosis, and heart failure ( 6 - 22 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • As it is apparent in this series, numerous studies have shown that manipulation of ceramide synthesis or degradation pathways in rodents through pharmacologic and genetic interventions have profound effects on insulin sensitivity ( 6 , 12 , 26 , 27 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The objective of this study was to determine whether muscle mass is independently associated with insulin sensitivity (IS) in young adults with overweight/obesity. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 1: Association between tertiles of % ideal appendicular lean mass and insulin sensitivity. (nature.com)
  • The present work identifies apelin as a novel adipocyte endocrine secretion and focuses on its potential link with obesity-associated variations of insulin sensitivity status. (nih.gov)
  • This study aimed to determine whether I3C or DIM could increase glucose uptake via enhanced insulin sensitivity in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes, as well as the mechanism involved. (researchgate.net)
  • Conclusions Our findings suggest that DIM may improve insulin sensitivity through the activation of the insulin signaling pathway, leading to enhanced glucose uptake. (researchgate.net)
  • DIM, a major metabolite of indole-3-carbinol, which is naturally produced in broccoli and cabbage, enhances glucose uptake through the improvement of insulin sensitivity in 3T3-L1 cells [13] . (researchgate.net)
  • It may provide the link between inflammation and insulin sensitivity. (lww.com)
  • [ 28 ] In fact, the predictive power of TCF7L2 variants disappears with lifestyle modifications or metformin treatment, although improved insulin sensitivity resulting from these changes directly opposes the pathologic influence of TCF7L2 variants. (medscape.com)
  • The net results are improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The improved glucose and insulin sensitivity with CST treatment may be partly explained by the anti-inflammatory effects of catestatin on the liver," said Mahata. (sciencedaily.com)
  • A vegan diet improves diet quality, leading to decreased weight and improved insulin sensitivity, according to a new study by the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine published in the Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics . (news-medical.net)
  • The vegan group also experienced improvements in insulin sensitivity. (news-medical.net)
  • 2022) Changes in Food and Nutrient Intake and Diet Quality on a Low-Fat Vegan Diet Are Associated with Changes in Body Weight, Body Composition, and Insulin Sensitivity in Overweight Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial. (news-medical.net)
  • The interaction between GC metabolism and insulin sensitivity in the context of significant weight loss has not been explored. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • The present article discusses how accumulation of triacylglycerol in adipocytes can lead to deterioration of the responsiveness of glucose metabolism in other tissues. (cambridge.org)
  • Methods: Using a specific inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase α (PI3Kα), which effectively inhibits the insulin signaling pathway, we examined the effects of various β-adrenoceptor agonists, including the physiological endogenous agonist norepinephrine on glucose uptake and respiration in mouse brown adipocytes in vitro and on glucose clearance in mice in vivo. (monash.edu)
  • Tissue culture medium conditioned by CD11c + ATMs, but not CD11c − ATMs or other stromovascular cells, impaired insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by human adipocytes. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Large fat cells in the visceral region are linked to dyslipidaemia, whereas large subcutaneous adipocytes are important for glucose and insulin abnormalities. (nih.gov)
  • Hyperplasia (many small adipocytes) in both adipose regions may be protective against lipid as well as glucose/insulin abnormalities in obesity. (nih.gov)
  • OBJECTIVES: We have therefore compared the impact of short- (24 h) and long-term (7 days) GC administration on insulin signalling in differentiated human adipocytes in the presence of low or high concentrations of insulin. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Adipocytes, the key components of the adipose tissue, have unique ability to store excess energy in the form of triglycerides, sense systemic energy demands, and secrete factors (lipids, peptides, cytokines, and adipokines) to regulate other metabolic tissues. (frontiersin.org)
  • The presence of various types of adipocytes (white, brown, and beige) characterized by the number/size of lipid droplets, mitochondrial density, and thermogenic capacity, further highlights how intricate is the communication of these cell-types with other metabolic tissues to sense nutrients. (frontiersin.org)
  • Apelin mRNA levels in isolated adipocytes are close to other cell types present in white adipose tissue or other organs known to express apelin such as kidney, heart, and to a lesser extent brown adipose tissue. (nih.gov)
  • The lack of insulin in streptozotocin-treated mice is associated with a decreased expression of apelin in adipocytes. (nih.gov)
  • A direct regulation of apelin expression by insulin is observed in both human and mouse adipocytes and clearly associated with the stimulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, protein kinase C, and MAPK. (nih.gov)
  • These data provide evidence that insulin exerts a direct control on apelin gene expression in adipocytes. (nih.gov)
  • 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM)-a natural compound produced from indole-3-carbinol, found in cruciferous vegetables-enhances glucose uptake by increasing the activation of the insulin signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. (researchgate.net)
  • Inactivation of TCF7L2 protein attained by removing the high-mobility group (HMG)-box DNA binding domain in mature adipocytes in vivo leads to whole-body glucose intolerance and hepatic insulin resistance. (medscape.com)
  • Photobiomodulation therapy decreases free fatty acid generation and release in adipocytes to ameliorate insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. (google.com)
  • The current results indicated that PBMT inhibited FFA generation and release in insulin-resistant adipocytes and reduced plasma FFA levels in diabetic db/db mice and HFD-fed mice. (google.com)
  • 5 , - , 9 This loose connective tissue is composed of extracellular matrix and various types of cells: fat cells-named adipocytes, and the non-fat cells of the stromal vascular fraction that contains preadipocytes, capillary endothelial cells, infiltrating leucocytes and multipotent stem cells. (bmj.com)
  • A large body of scientific evidence supports the critical role of inflammation markers (including adipokines, bioactive mediators secreted directly from adipocytes, and vascular cells within adipose tissue) in the development of systemic inflammation that contributes to vasculopathy and cardiovascular risk within obese individuals [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Adipose tissue was obtained from lean and obese women undergoing bariatric surgery. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are specifically reduced in adipose tissue of obese animals. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Epicardial adipose tissue and insulin resistance in obese subjects. (qxmd.com)
  • In morbidly obese women region-specific variations in mean adipocyte size are associated with metabolic complications but not systemic or adipose inflammation. (nih.gov)
  • Notably, recent studies suggest that the accumulation of sphingolipids, namely ceramides and it's metabolites, play essential roles in the development of insulin resistance in tissues such as skeletal muscle, liver and, adipose tissue in obese rodents, and humans ( 6 - 20 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Individuals who are obese are frequently insulin resistant, putting them at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes and its associated adverse health conditions. (edu.au)
  • In obese patients, both plasma apelin and insulin levels were significantly higher, suggesting that the regulation of apelin by insulin could influence blood concentrations of apelin. (nih.gov)
  • Previous studies have found that DIM can improve type 2 diabetes by enhancing glucose uptake through the activation of insulin signaling in 3T3-L1 cells, and by lowering the plasma glucose levels in high-fat-diet-fed obese mice [13, 14]. (researchgate.net)
  • Moreover, I3C exerts anti-obesity effects by reducing body weight and fat accumulation in epididymal adipose tissue in HFD-induced obese mice and thereby improves hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia [126]. (researchgate.net)
  • Photobiomodulation reduces abdominal adipose tissue inflammatory infiltrate of diet-induced obese and hyperglycemic mice. (google.com)
  • Treating obese mice with catestatin (CST), a peptide naturally occurring in the body, showed significant improvement in glucose and insulin tolerance and reduced body weight, report researchers. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Administering CST had no effect on insulin or glucose tolerance in control lean mice, showing that the effect of CST is restricted to obese animals. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Glucocorticoid (GC) production rates are elevated in obese, insulin resistant individuals. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • The high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in obese subjects [ 3 ] suggests that adipose tissue (AT) has a major role in the body distribution of vitamin D, but the causal relationship between obesity and low levels of circulating 25(OH)D has not been completely elucidated yet. (medscape.com)
  • [ 5 , 6 ] An alternative hypothesis considers low serum 25(OH)D in obese as a result of volumetric dilution of vitamin D in the large adipose stores. (medscape.com)
  • Finally, insulin secretion following glucose stimulation was significantly reduced in IPCs from all groups after cryopreservation (P (bvsalud.org)
  • these peptides play a role in postprandial insulin secretion. (medscape.com)
  • Finally, TCF7L2 polymorphisms have been associated with impaired insulin secretion, glucose production, and glucose tolerance via direct effects on pancreatic islet beta cells. (medscape.com)
  • This chemical reaction also occurs in the pancreas, where it helps regulate the secretion of a hormone called insulin. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Objectives (1) To compare spontaneous and stimuli-induced adipocytokine secretion by articular adipose tissue (AAT) and synovial membrane (SM) explants obtained from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). (bmj.com)
  • Diabetes mellitus is impaired insulin secretion and variable degrees of peripheral insulin resistance leading to hyperglycemia. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The Spalding research group has developed a strong competency of working with human adipose tissue, developing novel technologies and methodologies such as single cell sequencing, flow cytometry, confocal microscopy and cell culture, to address pressing questions in human adipose tissue biology. (varbi.com)
  • Accumulation of triacylglycerol in skeletal muscles and in liver is associated with insulin resistance. (cambridge.org)
  • Although GCs cause global insulin resistance in vivo, we have previously shown that GCs are able to augment insulin action in human adipose tissue, contrasting with their action in skeletal muscle. (ox.ac.uk)
  • These mice have reduced glycogen stores in adipose tissue, liver, heart, and skeletal muscle, corresponding with decreased glycogen synthase activity and glycogen synthesis rate. (jci.org)
  • 2010). Senp2 also regulates fatty acid metabolism in skeletal Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jmcb/article-abstract/10/3/258/4763638 by Ed 'DeepDyve' Gillespie user on 26 June 2018 Senp2 regulates adipose lipid storage by de-SUMOylation of Setdb1 j 259 muscle (Koo et al. (deepdyve.com)
  • We investigate epigenomic and transcriptomic changes in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue and their association with obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic risk. (lu.se)
  • We have generated DNA methylation and mRNA expression array data from adipose tissue and skeletal muscle before and after a 6-months exercise intervention. (lu.se)
  • Adipocyte Senp2 de﫿ciency resulted in less adipose lipid storage accompanied by an ectopic fat accumulation and insulin resistance under high-fat diet feed- ing. (deepdyve.com)
  • Although less fat stor- adqcKO pose lipid storage in adipocyte-speci﫿c Senp2 knockout mice fed age was shown in Senp2 adipose tissues, the increased with high-fat diets (HFD). (deepdyve.com)
  • This mouse also showed an ectopic lipid in﫿ammation indicates that HFD induced adipocyte death would distribution and insulin resistance. (deepdyve.com)
  • Therefore, adipocyte-speci﫿c remain in adipose tissues. (deepdyve.com)
  • adqcKO Mechanistically, adipocyte Senp2 de﫿ciency caused the downregula- Senp2 mice exhibit an ectopic lipid accumulation and tion of Pparg and Cebpa as well as their downstream target genes insulin resistance related to lipid storage. (deepdyve.com)
  • Insulin resistance underlies a constellation of adverse metabolic and physiological changes (the insulin resistance syndrome) which is a strong risk factor for development of type 2 diabetes and CHD. (cambridge.org)
  • Objective: β-adrenoceptor mediated activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been associated with improvements in metabolic health in models of type 2 diabetes and obesity due to its unique ability to increase whole body energy expenditure, and rate of glucose and free fatty acid disposal. (monash.edu)
  • Notably, recent experimental studies have strongly implicated ceramides in the development of numerous metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance, diabetes, cardiomyopathy, hepatic-steatosis, and atherosclerosis. (frontiersin.org)
  • Less muscle mass has been associated with greater insulin resistance, but whether the association is independent of deleterious adipose depots in young adults with overweight/obesity who are at high risk for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) but are otherwise metabolically healthy is not known. (nature.com)
  • Impaired glucose transport as a cause of decreased insulin-stimulated muscle glycogen synthesis in type 2 diabetes. (nature.com)
  • How Is Insulin Given In Case of Diabetes? (rxlist.com)
  • It is considered the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome, strongly linked to obesity and insulin resistance (IR), which further predisposes for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases [ 2 ]. (springer.com)
  • A type 2 diabetes treatment has been found to also have 'off-label' benefits for glucose control in the liver and in fatty cells known as adipose. (sciencedaily.com)
  • A type 2 diabetes treatment has been found to also have 'off-label' benefits for glucose control in the liver and in fatty cells known as adipose.1 Presented at The International Liver CongressTM 2016 in Barcelona, Spain, today, the study shows that exenatide, a treatment that targets the pancreas to improve glucose absorption, enhances glucose uptake and reduces insulin resistance in the liver and in adipose tissue. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Type 1 diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent diabetes) is characterized by hyperglycemia caused by an insulin deficiency. (researchgate.net)
  • In this study, we investigated whether DIM could improve insulin-dependent diabetes and nephropathy in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. (researchgate.net)
  • Insulin resistance and disordering of lipid metabolism occur in obesity, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis. (lww.com)
  • Recent studies on diseases which involve insulin insensitivity (e.g. obesity, type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis) also show increased cytokine production and markers of inflammation. (lww.com)
  • In addition, functional studies have shown that TonEBP is involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, acute kidney injury, hyperlipidaemia and insulin resistance, autoimmune diseases (including type 1 diabetes mellitus and multiple sclerosis), salt-sensitive hypertension and hepatocellular carcinoma. (nature.com)
  • PCOS entails diseases such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and endometrial cancer ( 3 , 4 ), and insulin resistance (IR) and hyperandrogenemia might be closely associated with the pathogenesis of PCOS ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In a study published in Diabetes on February 6, researchers identified CST's role in the recruitment and function of macrophages in the liver as well as regulation of obesity-induced liver inflammation and insulin resistance. (sciencedaily.com)
  • If the body cannot maintain this heightened insulin production, the excess glucose leads to diabetes and other health disorders. (sciencedaily.com)
  • This year we mark the 100-year anniversary since the discovery of insulin and look forward to the next discovery that transforms the lives of people with diabetes," Professor Johnson said. (diabetesaustralia.com.au)
  • Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with obesity, non-insulin dependent diabetes, and hypertriglyceridemia and represents the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome[ 4 ]. (wjgnet.com)
  • Insuf﫿cient adipose lipid storage is asso- ciated with many pathological conditions including hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. (deepdyve.com)
  • The epidemic of obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes has heightened the need to understand the mechanisms that contribute to their pathogenesis. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • The role of endogenous glucocorticoid (GC) production and metabolism in the pathogenesis of obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes remains unclear. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • Patients with Cushing s syndrome develop central obesity, insulin resistance and in some cases type 2 diabetes (T2DM), yet circulating cortisol levels are not elevated in simple obesity. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • As β-adrenoceptor agonist administration results in increased hepatic gluconeogenesis that can consequently result in secondary pancreatic insulin release, there is uncertainty regarding the importance of insulin and the subsequent activation of its downstream effectors in mediating β-adrenoceptor stimulated glucose uptake in BAT. (monash.edu)
  • These nuclear hormone receptors impact on hepatic triglyceride accumulation and insulin resistance. (wjgnet.com)
  • Conclusion Rheumatoid AAT is highly reactive tissue which upon stimulation secretes considerable amounts of proinflammatory (IL-6, IL-8, TNF) and anti-inflammatory (IL-1Ra) cytokines and classical adipokines. (bmj.com)
  • Recently, adipose tissue has been shown to synthesise and release highly bioactive substances: classical adipokines (eg, leptin, adiponectin) and various proinflammatory factors such as cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and complement components. (bmj.com)
  • This secretory profile, termed the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), is becoming well established as a negative regulator of tissue and whole-body health. (varbi.com)
  • This scenario is further complicated by the altered molecular phenotype featuring AT in obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance. (medscape.com)
  • Adipose tissue is a key nutrient-sensing depot that regulates excess energy storage and consumption. (frontiersin.org)
  • Insulin is a protein normally produced in the pancreas which regulates metabolic processes throughout the body. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus, in the postprandial period especially, there is an excess flux of circulating lipid metabolites that would normally have been 'absorbed' by adipose tissue. (cambridge.org)
  • In obesity the inherent capacity of adipose tissue to store and sense nutrients is compromised, causing spillover of the intermediate lipid metabolites into circulation and resulting in their ectopic deposition in tissues not suitable for lipid storage, a phenomenon known as lipotoxicity. (frontiersin.org)
  • These results revealed the crucial role of Senp2-Setdb1 axis in controlling adipose lipid storage. (deepdyve.com)
  • Excess or insuf﫿cient lipid storage in generation of the intermediate species of diacylglycerol (DAG) adipose tissues would impair nutrient homeostasis, which is and monoacylglycerol (MAG) (Young and Zechner, 2013). (deepdyve.com)
  • Under physiological conditions, the main- PPARγ mutation has been shown to link to familial partial lipody- tenance of normal adipose tissue mass is mainly the result of a strophy, a clinical disorder characterized by the loss of adipose balance of lipid storage and lipolysis (Bouchard et al. (deepdyve.com)
  • Production of the latter relates positively to adipose tissue mass and through its actions on immune function exerts a pro-inflammatory influence. (lww.com)
  • It is currently unknown whether maternal LP diet-induced offspring obesity is associated with changes in M1, M1b, or M2 cell numbers and expression of inflammatory factors in fat tissue. (usda.gov)
  • Enhancing ceramide degradation also endows these metabolic benefits, and adiponectin exerts their antidiabetic, cardioprotective, and insulin-sensitizing actions through activating its receptors, which are ligand-activated ceramidases ( 23 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Therefore, in this study, we tested the hypothesis that nondiabetic, insulin-resistant Asian Indians differ from less insulin-resistant Caucasians of similar age and body composition in adipose tissue production of leptin and adiponectin, and in suppression of plasma NEFA concentrations during hyperinsulinemia. (utmb.edu)
  • We conclude that plasma concentrations of the adipose tissue metabolites leptin and NEFAs are higher and that of adiponectin is lower in insulin-resistant Asian Indians compared with more insulin-sensitive Caucasians. (utmb.edu)
  • Compared to NPH insulin, another intermediate acting insulin, up to 40% of the dose of lente insulin may remain unabsorbed for over 24 hours after administration. (wikipedia.org)
  • We further connected these findings to altered mRNA expression levels in adipose tissue (e.g. (lu.se)
  • High levels of these substances can damage the body's organs and tissues, particularly in the nervous system. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Additionally, a loss of pyruvate carboxylase allows lactic acid and ammonia, among other compounds, to build up and damage organs and tissues. (medlineplus.gov)
  • [ 16 ] Potential mechanisms through which TCF7L2 variants influence T2DM include its role in adipogenesis, myogenesis, and pancreatic islet development, as well as in beta-cell survival and insulin secretory granule function. (medscape.com)
  • RESULTS: Both short- (24 h) and long-term (7 days) treatment of chub-s7 cells with dexamethasone (Dex) (0.5 μM) increased insulin-stimulated pTyr612IRS1 and pSer473akt/PKB, consistent with insulin sensitization. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The Fragility of Cryopreserved Insulin-producing Cells Differentiated from Adipose-tissue-derived Stem Cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • The aim of our study is to determine whether insulin -producing cells (IPCs) differentiated from adipose- tissue -derived stem cells (ADSCs) can be cryopreserved. (bvsalud.org)
  • Glucose from the blood can enter the muscle cells only in the presence of insulin. (rxlist.com)
  • Furthermore, apelin expression in fat cells is strongly inhibited by fasting and recovered after refeeding, in a similar way to insulin. (nih.gov)
  • Insulin controls the amount of glucose in the blood that is passed into cells for conversion to energy. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Insulin produces the dephosphorylation of only a small subset of proteins at discrete locations, whereas PP1 is ubiquitously expressed and is found in virtually all cellular compartments, suggesting that mechanisms exist for the targeted regulation of PP1 in insulin-responsive cells that selectively permit activation of the enzyme only at these sites. (jci.org)
  • A 12-kDa cysteine-rich polypeptide hormone secreted by FAT CELLS in the ADIPOSE TISSUE. (bvsalud.org)
  • Expertise in the fields of cell signalling, including protein-protein interations and adipose tissue biology is required. (varbi.com)
  • In the 1990s, recombinant DNA technology allowed for the mass production of the human insulin protein in yeast or bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lente insulin was formulated by the addition of zinc to the crude porcine and bovine insulin extracts, which causes the insulin protein to form larger crystals which dissolve into the body slower upon injection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Insulin increases the protein content in the muscles to prevent muscle wasting. (rxlist.com)
  • Fat tissue growth rate was highest in maternal low protein and post-weaning high fat diet group. (usda.gov)
  • In summary, these results indicate that a maternal low-protein diet combined with a post-weaning high fat diet contributes to changes in M1, M1b and M2 cell numbers to increase fat tissue inflammation. (usda.gov)
  • Conclusions: We conclude that the β-adrenergic pathway is still functionally intact upon the inhibition of PI3Kα, showing that the activation of downstream insulin effectors is not required for the acute effects of β-adrenoceptor agonists on glucose homeostasis or thermogenesis. (monash.edu)
  • Therefore, in this study, we made an effort to discriminate between the two pathways and address whether the insulin signaling pathway is dispensable for the effects of β-adrenoceptor activation on glucose uptake in BAT. (monash.edu)
  • Preliminary studies identify insulin as a key driver of senescence and this project aims to elucidate the insulin signalling pathways involved in this phenomenon (by investigating the molecular pathway/s promoting insulin-stimulated senescence in human adipose tissue). (varbi.com)