AdipogenesisDifferentiationLipidUCP1ProgenitorsInflammationTriglyceridesBriteLeptinBeigeCellsInduces browningThermogenesisSecreteMetabolicSkeletal muscleObeseGhrelinMetabolismEndocrine functionsGlucoseAdipokineMitochondrialDifferentiateTriglycerideFatty acid uptakeInguinal white adiposDiabetesTherapeuticLineageMechanismsTissuePeptideIncreasesMaturePPARObesity-relatedEnergyBrown and white
Adipogenesis8
- Adipocytes are derived from mesenchymal stem cells which give rise to adipocytes through adipogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
- Notoginsenosides can treat obesity by reducing lipid synthesis, inhibiting adipogenesis, promoting white adipose tissue browning, increasing energy consumption, and improving insulin sensitivity. (frontiersin.org)
- Adipose tissue abundance relies partly on the factors that regulate adipogenesis, i.e. proliferation and differentiation of adipocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
- We found 65 miRNAs regulated during in vitro adipogenesis in primary adipocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
- When comparing primary adipocyte profiles, with those of cell lines reported in the literature, we found a high degree of difference in 'adipogenesis' regulated miRNAs suggesting that the model systems may not be accurately representing adipogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
- It has been suggested that adipogenesis is regulated by PPARβ/δ followed by PPARγ and C/EBPα promoting differentiation into mature adipocytes [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- It is expressed during adipocyte development and its over-expression promotes adipogenesis (1). (rndsystems.com)
- [ 17 , 18 ] TCF7L2 protein is increased during adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells and in primary adipocyte stem cells. (medscape.com)
Differentiation9
- In addition, various adipokines secreted by adipocytes regulate the proliferation and differentiation of T cells. (frontiersin.org)
- Simultaneously, adipocytes secrete various cytokines including leptin, resistin, TNF-α and IL-6 to regulate the differentiation and function of T and B lymphocytes. (frontiersin.org)
- Next, we summarize various cytokines produced by adipocytes that regulate the survival, activation and differentiation of B cells. (frontiersin.org)
- Semaphorin 4B is an ADAM17-cleaved adipokine that inhibits adipocyte differentiation and Q8 thermogenesis. (sablesys.com)
- Depletion of TAF7L reduced adipocyte-specific gene expression and compromised adipocyte differentiation as well as WAT development. (nih.gov)
- Thus, as an alternative, we produced EXIQON microarray of brown and white primary murine adipocytes (prior to and following differentiation) to yield global profiles of miRNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
- Understanding the regulation of the pathways that lead to proliferation and differentiation of white and brown pre-adipocytes could be crucial for revealing the underlying mechanisms of obesity. (biomedcentral.com)
- VSTM2A plays a role in the regulation of the early stage of white and brown preadipocyte cell differentiation. (rndsystems.com)
- An essential role for Dicer in adipocyte differentiation. (umassmed.edu)
Lipid12
- Cyclooxygenases are known as important regulators of metabolism and immune processes via conversion of C20 fatty acids into various regulatory lipid mediators, and cyclooxygenase activity has been implicated in browning of white adipose tissues. (dtu.dk)
- Our findings suggest a role for COX-2-derived lipid mediators from adipocytes in mediating type 2 immunity cues in subcutaneous WAT associated with decreased hepatic steatosis, but with no accompanying induction of browning and increased energy expenditure. (dtu.dk)
- White fat cells contain a single large lipid droplet surrounded by a layer of cytoplasm, and are known as unilocular. (wikipedia.org)
- Unlike white fat cells, these cells have considerable cytoplasm, with several lipid droplets scattered throughout, and are known as multilocular cells. (wikipedia.org)
- Exercise reduces both adipocyte size as well as marrow adipose tissue volume, as quantified by MRI or μCT imaging of bone stained with the lipid binder osmium. (wikipedia.org)
- Conversely, brown adipose tissue (BAT) and browning of WAT represent potential therapeutic approaches, since dysfunctional white adipocyte-induced lipid overspill can be halted by BAT/browning-mediated oxidative anti-lipotoxic effects. (springer.com)
- There is also evidence that the deleterious effects mediated by dysfunctional white adipocyte-induced lipid overspill can be halted by the pro-oxidative anti-lipotoxic effects mediated by brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation. (springer.com)
- Several studies have shown that adipocytes highly express CD1d, which presents lipid antigens to invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and stimulates the activation of iNKT cells ( 5 - 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
- Brown adipocytes are smaller than white adipocytes and contain multitudes of small (multilocular) lipid droplets. (news-medical.net)
- The circadian clock component NR1D1 (REVERBα) is considered a dominant regulator of lipid metabolism, with global Nr1d1 deletion driving dysregulation of white adipose tissue (WAT) lipogenesis and obesity. (elifesciences.org)
- Most of the lipid reserves in the human body are stored in white adipose tissue (WAT) that predominates in adult humans. (biomedcentral.com)
- Adipose tissue is primarily composed of lipid-filled adipocytes, which arise from adipocyte precursor cells during embryonic and postnatal development. (yale.edu)
UCP112
- abstract = 'BACKGROUND: The uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) is a hallmark of brown adipocytes and pivotal for cold- and diet-induced thermogenesis. (ku.dk)
- METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here we report that cyclooxygenase (COX) activity and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) are crucially involved in induction of UCP1 expression in inguinal white adipocytes, but not in classic interscapular brown adipocytes. (ku.dk)
- Cold-induced expression of UCP1 in inguinal white adipocytes was repressed in COX2 knockout (KO) mice and by administration of the COX inhibitor indomethacin in wild-type mice. (ku.dk)
- Indomethacin repressed beta-adrenergic induction of UCP1 expression in primary inguinal adipocytes. (ku.dk)
- The use of PGE(2) receptor antagonists implicated EP(4) as a main PGE(2) receptor, and injection of the stable PGE(2) analog (EP(3/4) agonist) 16,16 dm PGE(2) induced UCP1 expression in inguinal white adipose tissue. (ku.dk)
- CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings provide evidence that induction of UCP1 expression in white adipose tissue, but not in classic interscapular brown adipose tissue is dependent on cyclooxygenase activity. (ku.dk)
- Our results indicate that cyclooxygenase-dependent induction of UCP1 expression in white adipose tissues is important for diet-induced thermogenesis providing support for a surprising role of COX activity in the control of energy balance and obesity development. (ku.dk)
- Brown adipocytes contain a large number of mitochondria in their cytoplasm, which express Uncoupling Protein 1 (UCP1), a protein that stimulates the process of non-shivering thermogenesis. (news-medical.net)
- The emergence in traditional white adipose tissue (WAT) depots of multilocular adipocytes that express uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and resemble brown adipocytes, the so called 'brite' adipocytes, could contribute to increased energy expenditure. (edu.sa)
- This increased browning capacity was translated into the appearance of UCP1- and CIDE-A (cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector A)-positive brite adipocytes in retroperitoneal WAT. (edu.sa)
- Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) is responsible for non-shivering thermogenesis in brown/beige adipocytes in humans and rodents. (bvsalud.org)
- Previous studies using murine brown/beige adipocytes revealed that Ucp1 expression levels are directly increased by forskolin and all-trans retinoic acid (RA). (bvsalud.org)
Progenitors2
- In cell culture, adipocyte progenitors can also form osteoblasts, myocytes and other cell types. (wikipedia.org)
- Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are the ideal source to study fat formation as they are the progenitors of adipocytes. (mdpi.com)
Inflammation3
- The S100 calcium binding protein B (S100B) implicated in brain inflammation acts via the receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and is also secreted from adipocytes. (nih.gov)
- It is presently unknown whether peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) β/δ activation prevents inflammation in adipocytes. (diabetesjournals.org)
- This phenotype is associated with increased subcutaneous adipose tissue mass, adipocyte hypertrophy, and inflammation. (medscape.com)
Triglycerides3
- In mammals, two types of adipose tissue have been observed: White Adipose Tissue, (WAT), which stores excess energy as triglycerides, and Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT), which dissipates stored energy as heat. (news-medical.net)
- The major microscopic constituent of white adipocytes is triglycerides, which are stored in a large, single (unilocular) droplet. (news-medical.net)
- So-called triglycerides (neutral fats) are stored in the adipocytes (fat cells). (modernman.com)
Brite2
- UCP-1-expressing multilocular adipocytes, termed 'beige' or 'brite' (brown-in-white) adipocytes, can also be found interspersed among white adipocytes within SAT under conditions requiring increased heat production (e.g. chronic cold exposure). (springer.com)
- These induced brown adipocytes in WAT are referred to as Brown in white (brite) or 'beige' adipocytes and differ from conventional BAT in infants. (news-medical.net)
Leptin2
- White fat cells secrete many proteins acting as adipokines such as resistin, adiponectin, leptin and apelin. (wikipedia.org)
- In addition to their main functions, adipocytes have endocrine functions and can secrete a variety of adipokines such as leptin, adiponectin, and resistin ( 2 - 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
Beige1
- Brown and Beige Adipocytes. (geresdengle.com)
Cells20
- Endocrine functions of white adipocytes, and other WAT-resident cells in the stromal vascular fraction, are performed by the release of a variety of adipokines (adipose-associated cytokines) which affect the functioning of the brain, liver, pancreas and immune system 9 . (nature.com)
- Adipocytes, also known as lipocytes and fat cells, are the cells that primarily compose adipose tissue, specialized in storing energy as fat. (wikipedia.org)
- There are two types of adipose tissue, white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT), which are also known as white and brown fat, respectively, and comprise two types of fat cells. (wikipedia.org)
- Marrow adipocytes are unilocular like white fat cells. (wikipedia.org)
- Mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into adipocytes, connective tissue, muscle or bone. (wikipedia.org)
- WAT is characterised by its capacity to adapt and expand in response to surplus energy through processes of adipocyte hypertrophy and/or recruitment and proliferation of precursor cells in combination with vascular and extracellular matrix remodelling. (springer.com)
- Obese adipocytes overexpress MHC class II molecules and costimulators to act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and promote the activation of CD4 + T cells. (frontiersin.org)
- This review describes how adipocytes participate in adaptive immunity from the perspective of T cells and B cells, and discusses their role in the pathogenesis of various diseases. (frontiersin.org)
- Adipocytes are the main constituent cells of adipose tissue. (frontiersin.org)
- Recently, an increasing number of studies have shown that adipocytes have immunological functions capable of recruiting and activating immune cells. (frontiersin.org)
- Moreover, like other nucleated cells, adipocytes express MHC class I molecules. (frontiersin.org)
- However, there is no clear evidence that adipocytes interact directly with CD8 + T cells through antigen:MHCI complex. (frontiersin.org)
- Adipocytes can directly activate CD4 + T cells through antigen:MHCII complex in a contact-dependent manner. (frontiersin.org)
- This method has successfully identified the cell type-specific transcriptome in three different tissues: endothelial cells in brain, epithelial cells in intestine and adipocytes in white adipose tissue. (nih.gov)
- In a previous study , Kim developed a method to deliver genetically modifying agents to white fat cells, or adipocytes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- In this paper, he explains that adipocytes are difficult cells to target with such gene editing tools. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Making use of a short peptide that specifically docks with white adipocytes, the team was able to deliver the CRISPRi components to 99% of cells in a cell culture model. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- CD95 counts in the 3 types of white blood cells were significantly higher in PEM infants and showed improvement after nutritional rehabilitation yet not reaching the control values. (who.int)
- In addition to the classic brown adipocytes, a different type of brown fat cells seems to exist in tissues where WAT predominates. (biomedcentral.com)
- In obesity, adipocyte precursor cells give rise to new adipocytes, contributing the the growth of white adipose tissue. (yale.edu)
Induces browning1
- Curcumin - Curucmin induces browning of white adipocytes as well as inhibition of new fat cell generation. (geresdengle.com)
Thermogenesis2
- In brown adipocytes, central ghrelin infusion resulted in lowered expression of the thermogenesis-related mitochondrial uncoupling proteins 1 and 3. (jci.org)
- ADRA1A-Gαq signalling potentiates adipocyte thermogenesis through CKB and TNAP. (sablesys.com)
Secrete1
- In addition, white adipocytes provide insulation and contribute to endocrine function as they secrete hormones. (news-medical.net)
Metabolic5
- White adipose tissue (WAT) - a key contributor in many metabolic diseases - contributes about one fourth of a healthy human's body mass. (nature.com)
- White adipose tissue (WAT) has key metabolic and endocrine functions and plays a role in regulating energy homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. (springer.com)
- Adipocytes can regulate adaptive immunity, which is involved with various metabolic diseases. (frontiersin.org)
- Since there have been many reports on the regulation of metabolic diseases through adaptive immunity ( 9 - 11 ), we focus on how adipocytes regulate adaptive immunity in this review. (frontiersin.org)
- Adipocyte NR1D1 does not drive an anticipatory daily rhythm in WAT lipogenesis, but rather modulates WAT activity in response to alterations in metabolic state. (elifesciences.org)
Skeletal muscle1
- Chronic central ghrelin infusion resulted in increases in the glucose utilization rate of white and brown adipose tissue without affecting skeletal muscle. (jci.org)
Obese1
- Individuals who become obese as adults, rather than as adolescents, have no more adipocytes than they had before. (wikipedia.org)
Ghrelin1
- The CNS also directly regulates adipocyte metabolism, as we have shown here by examining central action of the orexigenic hormone ghrelin. (jci.org)
Metabolism3
- Moreover, white adipocytes have a low oxidative rate, which is the rate of macronutrients (protein, fat, and carbohydrate) metabolism. (news-medical.net)
- Significant amounts of this protein are present in white fat and plasma, and scientists believe that it plays a role in sugar and insulin metabolism. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Glucose and white adipose tissue metabolism. (tesisenred.net)
Endocrine functions1
- Not only do Adipocytes have energy storage and endocrine functions, but they also play an immunological role. (frontiersin.org)
Glucose2
- BMP4-mediated brown fat-like changes in white adipose tissue alter glucose and energy homeostasis. (geresdengle.com)
- Inactivation of TCF7L2 protein attained by removing the high-mobility group (HMG)-box DNA binding domain in mature adipocytes in vivo leads to whole-body glucose intolerance and hepatic insulin resistance. (medscape.com)
Adipokine1
- Thus, S100B as an adipokine may play a role in the interaction between adipocytes and macrophages to establish a vicious paracrine loop. (nih.gov)
Mitochondrial1
- The sympathetic nervous system regulates this function through β-adrenergic stimulation of brown mature adipocytes' dissipation of energy in the form of heat mediated by mitochondrial uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) activation. (springer.com)
Differentiate1
- Alternatively, if immature precursors of BAT are already present in WAT, these can differentiate into mature brown adipocytes. (news-medical.net)
Triglyceride1
- Surrounding this white triglyceride droplet is a thin ring comprising the cytoplasm and nucleus. (news-medical.net)
Fatty acid uptake1
- The platform's capability to maintain long-term viability and functionality of white adipocytes was confirmed by real-time monitoring of fatty acid uptake, by quantification of metabolite release into the effluent media as well as by an intact responsiveness to a therapeutic compound. (nature.com)
Inguinal white adipos1
- Compared to littermate wildtype mice, TG mice selectively reduced inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) mass and fat cell size, whereas the epididymal (eWAT) fat depot remained unchanged. (dtu.dk)
Diabetes2
- White adipose tissue is associated with excessive fat storage, obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes. (geresdengle.com)
- Such changes to white adipocytes may be an effective strategy for reducing obesity and obesity related disorders (such as insulin resistance and diabetes). (geresdengle.com)
Therapeutic1
- This has fuelled the therapeutic interest in the transformation of energy-storing into energy-dissipating adipocytes. (news-medical.net)
Lineage1
- Studies have shed light into potential molecular mechanisms in the fate determination of pre-adipocytes although the exact lineage of adipocyte is still unclear. (wikipedia.org)
Mechanisms1
- Better understanding of the cellular and molecular pathophysiological mechanisms regulating adipocyte size, number and depot-dependent expansion has become a focus of interest over recent decades. (springer.com)
Tissue13
- The WAT-on-a-chip is a multilayer device that features tissue chambers tailored specifically for the maintenance of 3D tissues based on human primary adipocytes, with supporting nourishment provided through perfused media channels. (nature.com)
- White adipose tissue (WAT) is the principal organ in obesity. (nature.com)
- Marrow adipose tissue response to exercise approximates that of white adipose tissue. (wikipedia.org)
- Analysis of their adipose tissue morphology revealed increases in both adipocyte size and number in most depots. (wikipedia.org)
- White adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue. (geresdengle.com)
- Further, increasing expression of brown adipose tissue (adipocytes) may also be correlated with increases in longevity. (geresdengle.com)
- Adults have a predominance of white adipose tissue which correlate with America's obesity epidemic. (geresdengle.com)
- Studies altering white adipocytes, into adipocytes with brown adipose tissue characteristics show dramatic changes. (geresdengle.com)
- White adipose tissue (WAT) plays a key homeostatic role, not only by ensuring efficient energy storage but also by its quick mobilisation (lipids) to ensure peripheral demands. (springer.com)
- OBJECTIVE- Chronic activation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in white adipose tissue leads to increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are involved in the development of insulin resistance. (diabetesjournals.org)
- Background/Objective:White-to-brown adipose tissue remodeling (browning) in response to different stimuli constitutes an active research area for obesity treatment. (edu.sa)
- Here we report that TAF7L, a paralogue of TFIID subunit TAF7, is enriched in adipocytes and mouse white fat tissue (WAT). (nih.gov)
- Dicer is required for the formation of white but not brown adipose tissue. (umassmed.edu)
Peptide1
- A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. (bvsalud.org)
Increases1
- In our recent research, we observed that adipocytes express MHC class II molecules and co-stimulatory molecules CD80/CD86, and that their expression significantly increases in response to high fat diet (HFD) challenges ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
Mature2
- Here, we report the development of a novel OoC that integrates functional mature human white adipocytes. (nature.com)
- We generated transgenic (TG) C57BL/6 mice expressing the Ptgs2 gene encoding cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in mature adipocytes. (dtu.dk)
PPAR1
- RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS AND RESULTS- First, we examined whether the PPARβ/δ agonist GW501516 prevents lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine production in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. (diabetesjournals.org)
Obesity-related1
- Importantly, NR1D1 action in adipocytes is critical to the development of obesity-related WAT pathology and insulin resistance. (elifesciences.org)
Energy1
- Research indicates that fat storing white adipocytes may be altered to take on the characteristics of energy producing brown adipocytes. (geresdengle.com)
Brown and white1
- Application of FTIR imaging to detect dietary induced biochemical changes in brown and white adipocytes. (ttu.edu)