Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a naturally occurring peptide found in the central nervous system that plays a role in somatosensory processing and activation of protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC). (uky.edu)
Fasciola hepatica were collected from fresh beef livers and particulate fractions of whole flukes, 'tails' or 'heads' (anterior ends) assayed for adenylate cyclase (AC) activity and cyclic AMP concentration using a protein binding assay. (erowid.org)
Multiple modes of insulin regulation of lipolysis and regulation of insulin responses by adenylate cyclase regulators. (nature.com)
B. bronchiseptica" also produces many toxins such as bifunctional adenylate cyclase and dermonecrotic toxins. (kenyon.edu)
The adenylate cyclase/cyclic AMP/protein kinase A (PKA) module is a central component of such biochemical signaling. (harvard.edu)
Shikimate kinase3
Using a combination of ATP deuterated at the C8 position (C8D-ATP) as a molecular probe with site directed mutagenesis (SDM) of conserved amino acid residues in shikimate kinase and adenylate kinase active sites, we have elucidated a mechanism by which the ATP C8-H is induced to be labile in the broader kinase family. (biomedcentral.com)
We have demonstrated the mechanism by which the enzyme activities of Group 2 kinases, shikimate kinase (SK) and adenylate kinase 1 (AK1), are controlled by the C8-H of ATP. (biomedcentral.com)
Insights into the evolution of enzymatic specificity and catalysis: From Asgard archaea to human adenylate kinases. (scilifelab.se)
Here, molecular dynamics simulations, enzyme kinetics, X-ray crystallography, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy are combined to elucidate the catalytic mechanism of adenylate kinase and to delineate the roles of catalytic residues in catalysis and the conformational change in the enzyme. (scilifelab.se)
Comparison of TdcD complex structures with those of acetate and sugar kinase/Hsc70/actin obtained with different ligands has permitted the identification of catalytically essential residues involved in substrate binding and catalysis, and points to both structural and mechanistic similarities. (rcsb.org)
The intrinsic catalysis rate mediated by each kinase enzyme is complex, yielding apparent K M values ranging from less than 0.4 μM to more than 1 mM for ATP in the various kinases. (biomedcentral.com)
The lability of the C8-H mediated by active site residues co-ordinated to the purine ring of ATP therefore plays a significant role in explaining the broad K M range associated with kinase steady state enzyme activities. (biomedcentral.com)
These mechanisms were developed using structurally conserved amino acid residues within hydrogen-bonding distance of a nucleotide in the active sites of crystallised kinases of a particular mechanistic class. (biomedcentral.com)
Mitochondrial1
Reticular dysgenesis (aleukocytosis) is caused by mutations in the gene encoding mitochondrial adenylate kinase 2. (lu.se)
Mutation1
Whole-genome sequencing from semen and RNA sequencing of testis tissue revealed a critical mutation in adenylate kinase 9 (AK9) that impaired splicing, leading to a premature termination codon and a severely truncated protein. (ul.ie)
Enzyme Activity1
The role of the C8-H of ATP in the binding and/or phosphoryl transfer on the enzyme activity of a number of kinase and synthetase enzymes has been elucidated. (biomedcentral.com)
Substrate3
The overall features with specific recognition of the correct substrate and nonproductive binding by the incorrect substrate bear a strong similarity to previous findings for the ATP specific NMP kinase adenylate kinase. (scilifelab.se)
Here, we have discovered an intricate interplay between the enzyme adenylate kinase and its substrate ATP. (scilifelab.se)
Egan, J. J., Greenberg, A. S., Chang, M. K. & Londos, C. Control of endogenous phosphorylation of the major cAMP-dependent protein kinase substrate in adipocytes by insulin and beta-adrenergic stimulation. (nature.com)
Adenine nucleotide1
This gene encodes a member of the adenylate kinase family, which is involved in regulating the adenine nucleotide composition within a cell by catalyzing the reversible transfer of phosphate groups among adenine nucleotides. (antikoerper-online.de)
Nucleoside1
Also displays broad nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity. (enquirebio.com)
Proteins1
Hormones mobilize intracellular second messengers and initiate signalling cascades involving protein kinases and phosphatases, which are often spatially compartmentalized by anchoring proteins to increase signalling specificity 1 . (nature.com)
Synthetase1
It has been demonstrated that the adenyl moiety of ATP plays a direct role in the regulation of ATP binding and/or phosphoryl transfer within a range of kinase and synthetase enzymes. (biomedcentral.com)
Nucleotides1
Adenylate kinases regulate the adenine and guanine nucleotide compositions within a cell by catalyzing the reversible transfer of phosphate group among these nucleotides. (origene.com)
Assays1
Cytotoxic effects of fipronil and fipronil sulfone were examined using the adenylate kinase and the trypan blue exclusion assays in HepG2 cells and human hepatocytes. (cdc.gov)
A DNA sequence encoding the Homo sapiens (Human) AK1 / Adenylate kinase 1, was expressed in the hosts and tags indicated. (enquirebio.com)
Human adenylate kinase 2 deficiency causes a profound hematopoietic defect associated with sensorineural deafness. (lu.se)
Mechanism1
All the kinase mechanistic classes were clustered into two proposed mechanisms depending on how the C8-H is induced to be labile, namely by either the co-ordination of a backbone carbonyl to C6-NH 2 of the adenyl moiety (a "push" mechanism), or based on the protonation of N7 of the adenyl moiety (a "pull" mechanism). (biomedcentral.com)
Structural1
Structural Basis for GTP versus ATP Selectivity in the NMP Kinase AK3. (scilifelab.se)
Enzymes3
Two further enzymes are known to be related to the ADK family, i.e. yeast uridine monophosphokinase and slime mold UMP-CMP kinase. (wikipedia.org)
Cellular enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), adenylate kinase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase are also used as cell death markers, and there are several such products available on the market. (dojindo.com)
Myokinase1
Adenylate kinase (EC 2.7.4.3) (also known as ADK or myokinase) is a phosphotransferase enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of the various adenosine phosphates (ATP, ADP, and AMP). (wikipedia.org)
Receptor1
Concomitant activation of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor, Akt, and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1 and 2 as well as increased phosphorylation of Bad also were unique to the hippocampus of APP Sw mice. (jneurosci.org)
Activation1
Protein kinase activity was 2-5 times greater in the 'head' than in the posterior end of the fluke and in both particulate and supernatant fractions half-maximal activation was obtained at 0.1-0.4 mcM cyclic AMP. (erowid.org)
Activity2
Incubation of fluke heads for 5 min with 1 mM 5HT increased protein kinase activity of both fractions in the absence of added cyclic AMP, but with 5 mcM cyclic AMP protein kinase activity was increased inthe particulate and decreased in the super-natant fraction. (erowid.org)
A significant time- and dose-dependent induction of adenylate kinase activity in HepG2 cells was noted from 0.1 to 12.5 µM fipronil followed by decreasing activities at 25 and 50 µM. (cdc.gov)
Family1
Taken together, we are now able to provide the fundamental principles for GTP and ATP selectivity in the large NMP kinase family. (scilifelab.se)
Expression1
Feliciello, A., Rubin, C. S., Avvedimento, E. V. & Gottesman, M. E. Expression of a kinase anchor protein 121 is regulated by hormones in thyroid and testicular germ cells. (nature.com)
Many path-sampling algorithms have been applied to the closed open transition of the enzyme adenylate kinase (AdK), which undergoes a large, clamshell-like conformational transition between an open and a closed state. (elsevierpure.com)
Active1
Comparisons of adenylate kinases have revealed a particular divergence in the active site lid. (embl.de)
Studies1
Crystallographic studies on adenylate kinase (AK) suggest that binding of ATP causes the LID domain of the enzyme to close over the ATP molecule (Schlauderer et al. (psu.edu)
Controls1
The maximum induction of adenylate kinase was ca. 3-fold greater than the respective controls in HepG2 and 6-10-fold in the case of primary hepatocytes. (cdc.gov)