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Adenylate CyclaseAdenylate Cyclase ToxinAdenylate KinaseGuanylate CyclaseCyclic AMPGuanylyl ImidodiphosphateColforsinPituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating PolypeptideGuanosine TriphosphateFluoridesIsoproterenolCholera ToxinSodium FluorideVirulence Factors, BordetellaEnzyme ActivationReceptors, Adrenergic, betaGTP-Binding ProteinsBordetella pertussisAlprostadilPertussis ToxinKineticsCell MembraneProstaglandins EGuanine NucleotidesReceptors, AdrenergicAdenosine Diphosphate Ribose1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthineThionucleotidesDideoxyadenosineVasoactive Intestinal PeptideGlucagonEpinephrineReceptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type IPhenylisopropyladenosineDiterpenesIodocyanopindololTurkeys3',5'-Cyclic-AMP PhosphodiesterasesDihydroalprenololReceptors, Cell SurfaceBenzyl AlcoholReceptors, Pituitary HormonePindololGuanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)Benzyl Alcohols8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine MonophosphateTheophyllineCyclic GMPRats, Inbred StrainsNeuropeptidesCyclic AMP-Dependent Protein KinasesBucladesineCalciumAdenosineCalmodulinAlprenololReceptors, Vasoactive Intestinal PeptideReceptors, PurinergicMagnesiumAdenosine TriphosphateCell LineDose-Response Relationship, DrugCells, CulturedPhosphoric Diester HydrolasesPropranololCattleSecond Messenger SystemsMolecular Sequence Data4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinoneFluphenazineStimulation, ChemicalAdenosine MonophosphateNucleoside Diphosphate SugarsSignal TransductionGuanosine DiphosphateBlood PlateletsAmino Acid SequenceBinding, CompetitiveLiverAdrenergic beta-AgonistsManganeseGTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, GsErythrocyte MembraneIminesAdenine NucleotidesReceptors, Adrenergic, alphaPhosphodiesterase InhibitorsPhosphotransferasesTrifluoperazineMolecular WeightRabbitsAdenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide)ADP-ribosyl CyclaseErythrocytesIloprostHybrid CellsReceptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating PolypeptideEnkephalin, Leucine-2-AlanineVasopressinsAdenosine Diphosphate Sugars

EnzymePituitary Adenylate CForskolin-stimulatedInhibits Adenylate CyclaseBasal and stimulatedGuanylateDopamineInhibitSecretionIntracellularChlorideAdenylyl cyclaseProteinIsoproterenolFluoride-stimulatedInhibitionLipolysisReceptorsHormonesActivityPlasma membranesCannabinoidCyclic adenosine monHelps stimulatePhosphodiesteraseAdrenergicConcentrationsIncreasesConcentrationProducesCellsSystemInvestigatorsLevelsBindsFoundTissueEffectsImportant

Enzyme10

• Instead, the receptor stimulates a G protein, which then stimulates an enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
• The protein produced from the GNAS gene helps stimulate the activity of an enzyme called adenylate cyclase. (medlineplus.gov)
• GNAS gene mutations that cause McCune-Albright syndrome result in a G protein that causes the adenylate cyclase enzyme to be constantly turned on (constitutively activated). (medlineplus.gov)
• Constitutive activation of the adenylate cyclase enzyme leads to over-production of several hormones, resulting in abnormal bone growth and other signs and symptoms of McCune-Albright syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)
• the effect resulted from increases in the enzyme itself, as both basal adenylate cyclase and forskolin-stimulation of the enzyme were also increased by dexamethasone. (rti.org)
• Pancreatic beta cells were engineered with a gene that encodes a photoactivatable adenylate cyclase (PAC) enzyme. (newswise.com)
• Adenyl Cyclase - A membrane-bound enzyme that converts adenosine monophosphate to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), an intracellular second messenger. (poisonfluoride.com)
• Forskolin is another popular ingredient found in some natural weight loss pills, thanks largely to its ability to stimulate an enzyme known as adenylate cyclase, which promotes lipolysis - essentially breaking down stored fat into energy sources for use by cells throughout your body. (aclassiceducation.com)
• We have shown that tissue preparations from the rat have high levels of the enzyme adenylate cyclase. (warwick.ac.uk)
• The drug is believed to work by activating adenylate cyclase, the enzyme responsible for producing the cellular mediator cAMP. (pediatriconcall.com)

Pituitary Adenylate C1

• Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), a member of the vasoactive intestinal peptide/secretin/glucagon family , has an amino acid sequence identity of 68% with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). (eurogentec.com)

Forskolin-stimulated3

• In striatal neurons in primary culture, both the CB1 receptor agonist [3-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)-11-hydroxy-Δ 8 tetrahydrocannabinol] (HU210) and the D2 receptor agonist quinpirole inhibited forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation when applied separately. (jneurosci.org)
• Similarly, prenatal terbutaline exposure evoked increases in basal, isoproterenol-stimulated and forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase in the kidney. (rti.org)
• This was accompanied by the loss of inhibitory effect of Gi on adenylate cyclase, as judged by the inability of low concentrations of p[NH]ppG to inhibit forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. (strath.ac.uk)

Inhibits Adenylate Cyclase1

• Gas activates adenylate cyclase, while Gai/o inhibits adenylate cyclase activity. (genengnews.com)

Basal and stimulated1

• Both basal and stimulated adenylate cyclase were inhibited by μM calcium ion. (warwick.ac.uk)

Guanylate9

• Distribution and different activation of adenylate cyclase by NaF and of guanylate cyclase by NaN3 in neuronal and glial cells separated from rat cerebral cortex. (fluoridealert.org)
• Distribution of adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase activities in neuronal perikarya and glial cells separated from rat brain, and cellular differences in activation between of adenylate cyclase by NaF and of guanylate cyclase by NaN3 have been studied. (fluoridealert.org)
• Adenylate cyclase activity was higher in the glial cells than in the neuronal fraction, while guanylate cyclase activity was equally detected in both cell fractions. (fluoridealert.org)
• Adenylate cyclase was mainly derived from the particulate fraction of both brain cell homogenates, whereas the major portion of guanylate cyclase activity was found in their soluble rather than in the particulate fractions. (fluoridealert.org)
• Sodium azide greatly increased guanylate cyclase in the particulate fraction, but did not affect it considerably in the soluble one. (fluoridealert.org)
• Addition of catalase to the reaction mixture together with NaN3 further stimulated guanylate cyclase both int he soluble and the particulate fractions. (fluoridealert.org)
• These results suggest that adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase without intimate coupling to the transmitter-receptor system, but with activation by NaF or NaN3, may be distributed ubiquitously in the cells separated from rat cerebral cortex. (fluoridealert.org)
• Under zinc deficiency condition, organisms are more susceptible to toxin-producing bacteria or enteroviral pathogens that activate guanylate and adenylate cyclases, stimulating chloride secretion, causing diarrhea and diminishing absorption of nutrients, thus exacerbating an already compromised mineral status. (spandidos-publications.com)
• Guanylate cyclase was present at a tenth the concentration of adenylate cyclase and showed no odorant simulation. (warwick.ac.uk)

Dopamine4

• Phentolamine competitively inhibited 5-HT octopamine dopamine and norepinephrine stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. (erowid.org)
• Both D1 and D2 dopamine receptors also couple to adenylate cyclase via G-proteins. (jneurosci.org)
• whereas dopamine D2 receptors inhibit adenylate cyclase via G i -proteins ( Sibley and Monsma, 1992 ). (jneurosci.org)
• 1 , 4 , 7 , 10 - 14 Marijuana stimulates the dopamine pathway from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens, which is believed to be a reward system of the brain. (aafp.org)

Inhibit3

• Both the CB1 and CB2 receptors inhibit adenylate cyclase and stimulate potassium channels. (medscape.com)
• Cannabinoids act at the CB1 receptor to inhibit adenylate cyclase activity via a pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein. (jneurosci.org)
• Concentrations of tolbutamide from 0.25 to 4.0 mg. per milliliter were found to inhibit epinephrine-stimulated lipolysis in isolated fat cells of the rat. (diabetesjournals.org)

Secretion2

• The stimulating effect of NE on the TRH secretion was abolished by icv antagonist of adrenergic alpha2-receptor, yohimbine (40 nmol/L). (nel.edu)
• PACAP stimulates insulin secretion from islets in a glucose-dependent manner at femtomolar concentrations, acting as an insulinotropic factor . (eurogentec.com)

Intracellular3

• Although bulk-separated neurons and glial cells almost failed to change intracellular cyclic nucleotide levels in response to some putative neurotransmitters, activation of adenylate cyclase by NaF was found to be greater in neuronal than in glial cell fractions, and was observed more clearly in the soluble than in the particulate fractions. (fluoridealert.org)
• GPCRs that couple with adenylate cyclase will increase or decrease intracellular cAMP levels. (genengnews.com)
• Such actions were mimicked by treatment of hepatocytes with either glucagon or TH-glucagon, an analogue of glucagon which is incapable of activating adenylate cyclase and elevating intracellular cyclic AMP concentrations. (strath.ac.uk)

Chloride2

• Many heterologously expressed mutants of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) exhibit residual chloride channel activity that can be stimulated by agonists of the adenylate cyclase/protein kinase A pathway. (nih.gov)
• Bisacodyl stimulates adenylate cyclase, increasing cyclic AMP, leading to active transport of chloride and bicarbonate out of cells. (drugbank.com)

Adenylyl cyclase2

• Our study demonstrates a circadian rhythm of contrast sensitivity that peaks during the daytime, and that its regulation involves interactions of D4Rs, the clock gene Npas2 , and the clock-controlled gene adenylyl cyclase 1 ( Adcy1 ) in a subset of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). (jneurosci.org)
• Alternative splicing of downstream exons is also observed, which results in different forms of the stimulatory G-protein alpha subunit, a key element of the classical signal transduction pathway linking receptor-ligand interactions with the activation of adenylyl cyclase and a variety of cellular reponses. (nih.gov)

Protein3

• The assay is based on the principle that cAMP stimulates protein kinase A (PKA) holoenzyme activity, decreasing available ATP and leading to decreased light production in a coupled luciferase reaction (Figure 1). (genengnews.com)
• These data indicate that endogenous levels of deltaF508 protein can be stimulated to increase 36Cl- permeability in airway epithelial cells. (nih.gov)
• Basal and epinephrine-stimulated adenylate cyclase and glycogen phosphorylase as well as binding of cyclic AMP to protein kinase were unaltered. (diabetesjournals.org)

Isoproterenol3

• Fluoride, like isoproterenol, stimulates adenylate cyclase, and could increase Cai via the effects of cAMP on Ca2+ channels. (fluoridealert.org)
• In the lung, dexamethasone produced an initial postnatal deficit in basal adenylate cyclase and deficient responsiveness to isoproterenol, but the deficit resolved shortly after birth. (rti.org)
• this was followed by a period of prolonged subsensitivity of both basal and isoproterenol-stimulated activity. (rti.org)

Fluoride-stimulated2

• Further, the Ca2+ channel antagonist verapamil had no effect on fluoride-stimulated K+ efflux from erythrocytes. (fluoridealert.org)
• These studies brought firm evidence that fluoride not only acted like TSH, but fluoride-stimulated cyclase activity could be many times higher than the optimal TSH stimulation, especially in carcinomas. (poisonfluoride.com)

Inhibition1

• We conclude that the effects of fluoride on adenylate cyclase are not important in intact tissue, and that inhibition of Na+-K+ ATPase and subsequent Na2+-Ca2+ exchange may be the mechanism of increased Cai in acute fluoride toxicity. (fluoridealert.org)

Lipolysis2

• At a concentration of 1 mg. per milliliter, tolbutamide also inhibited lipolysis stimulated by ACTH or dibutyryl cyclic AMP. (diabetesjournals.org)
• At the same concentration it failed to alter basal lipolysis, basal or epinephrine-stimulated cyclic AMP levels. (diabetesjournals.org)

Receptors6

• In this study we have examined the interactions of CB1 and D2 receptors on adenylate cyclase. (jneurosci.org)
• Studies in developing rodents indicate that nicotine is a neuroteratogen that disrupts brain development by stimulating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) that control neural cell replication and differentiation. (nature.com)
• PACAP-27 and PACAP-38 stimulate cAMP accumulation and increase [Ca 2+ ] through the type I PACAP receptors. (eurogentec.com)
• 1 The recent discovery of endogenous cannabinoids and cannabinoid receptors, the development of cannabinoid agonists and antagonists, and the continued debate over legalization for medicinal purposes has stimulated recent public interest in marijuana. (aafp.org)
• Metaproterenol is a moderately selective beta(2)-adrenergic agonist that stimulates receptors of the smooth muscle in the lungs, uterus, and vasculature supplying skeletal muscle, with minimal or no effect on alpha-adrenergic receptors. (pediatriconcall.com)
• To stimulate the olfactory receptors, airborne molecules must pass through the nasal cavity with relatively turbulent air currents and contact the receptors. (medscape.com)

Hormones2

• Glycogenolysis is stimulated by numerous hormones and neurotransmitters including adrenaline. (wikipedia.org)
• activates adenyl cyclase (cAMP production) in thyroid cells leading to production and release of the thyroid hormones (T4 and T3). (poisonfluoride.com)

Activity7

• This stimulation was reduced by 50% with LSD 2 x 10-8 M and almost abolished with LSD I x 10-7 M. LSD at >1 x l 0 6M stimulated AC activity in the absence or presence of 5-HT. (erowid.org)
• BOL Alone in higher concentrations (i x 10 6M or more) stimulated AC activity, but cyproheptadine depressed basal levels even in the presence of 5-HT Both LSD and BOL produced a shift to the right in the dose-response curve, increasing Ma but not Vmax. (erowid.org)
• In the current study, rats were exposed to dexamethasone or terbutaline during late gestation and the development of beta-receptor binding capabilities and adenylate cyclase activity evaluated in membrane preparations from kidney and lung. (rti.org)
• The activity of the receptor is mediated by G proteins that stimulate adenylate cyclase. (globaldata.com)
• Adler GM - "The effect of sialic acid on adenylate cyclase activity and thyrotropin-receptor binding in human thyroid membranes" Acta Biochim Pol. (poisonfluoride.com)
• This activity was stimulated in the presence of odorants by up to two times the basal value. (warwick.ac.uk)
• The observation that the Type 1 (calcium/calmodulin stimulated) phosphodiesterase is present in high concentrations in olfactory tissue suggests that calcium ion concentration in vivo may be an important regulator of phosphodiesterase activity. (warwick.ac.uk)

Plasma membranes1

• The Glucagon-Sensitive Adenyl Cyclase System in Plasma Membranes of Rat Liver: II. (nih.gov)

Cannabinoid1

• The cannabinoid receptor-stimulated accumulation of cAMP was blocked in a concentration-dependent manner by SR141716A, suggesting that the response was regulated through the CB1 receptor. (jneurosci.org)

Cyclic adenosine mon1

• The PAC produces the molecule cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) when exposed to blue light, which in turn cranks up the glucose-stimulated production of insulin in the beta cell. (newswise.com)

Helps stimulate1

• Estrogen helps stimulate the buildup of the lining of the. (globaldata.com)

Phosphodiesterase1

• We have found that, 36Cl- efflux can be stimulated 19-61% above baseline by beta-adrenoreceptor agonists and cGI-phosphodiesterase inhibitors in transformed nasal polyp (CF-T43) cells homozygous for the deltaF508 mutation. (nih.gov)

Adrenergic1

• Central adrenergic system may play a stimulating role through alpha2-receptor in the acute hypoxia-modulating TRH release from rat hypothalamus. (nel.edu)

Concentrations1

• In the system, when other nucleotides are present, fluoride will - just like TSH - activate adenyl cyclase at low concentrations, while inhibiting same at higher concentrations. (poisonfluoride.com)

Increases1

• However, studies show that supplementing with CLA can further aid someone's diet, and exercise routine in conjunction with these other items mentioned above due to the fact that it stimulates and increases basal metabolic rate, contributing to faster calorie burning, and greater long-term sustained results. (aclassiceducation.com)

Concentration1

• It was observed that the greatest sensitivity for vasopressin was in the papilla (concentration of 8-arginine vasopressin required for 50% activation of adenylate cyclase [Kact] was 2.0 X 10(-9)M, 1.1 X 10(-9)M and 5.1 X 10(-10) M in the cortex, medulla and papilla, respectively). (aspetjournals.org)

Produces2

• An example is adenylate cyclase, which produces the second messenger cyclic AMP. (wikipedia.org)
• The 1971 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Earl Sutherland for discovering the key role of adenylate cyclase, which produces the second messenger cyclic AMP. (wikipedia.org)

Cells1

• Birnbaumer L, Rodbell A - 'Adenyl Cyclase in Fat Cells. (poisonfluoride.com)

System1

• Conclusions: Astaxanthin, fish oil and combination of them stimulated the antioxidant system and functional parameter of salivary glands, which could be beneficial to oral health. (bvsalud.org)

Investigators2

• Fluoride had been found to be an activator of adenyl cyclase in many tissues, and investigators now used fluoride to learn more about TSH. (poisonfluoride.com)
• 1. Other investigators in olfaction have recently demonstrated an odorant modulated adenylate cyclase in the frog. (warwick.ac.uk)

Levels1

• While many pro-fluoridation organizations and dental groups claim that the amounts of fluoride used in the TSH in-vitro experiments were 100 to 1000 times higher, and 'such levels could never be obtained in humans', they fail to realize that these experiments were made in isolated environments - specifically to investigate adenyl cyclase. (poisonfluoride.com)

Binds1

• They found that when adrenaline binds to a receptor, the receptor does not stimulate enzymes (inside the cell) directly. (wikipedia.org)

Found1

• The pharmacological properties of a serotonin-sensitive adenylate cyclase (AC) found in the nervous tissue of insects were investigated. (erowid.org)

Tissue2

• Erowid.org: Erowid Reference 2857 : Serotonin-sensitive Adenylate Cyclase in Neural Tissue and Its Similarity to the Serotonin Receptor: A Possible Site of Action of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide. (erowid.org)
• Although dexamethasone and terbutaline also caused significant changes in development of beta-receptor binding capabilities, in neither tissue could these effects account for the direction or magnitude of the changes in adenylate cyclase reactivity. (rti.org)

Effects1

• During the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s many studies were conducted to investigate the effects of TSH on adenyl cyclase. (poisonfluoride.com)

Important1

• [ 7 ] Important determinants of an odor's stimulating effectiveness include duration, volume, and velocity of a sniff. (medscape.com)