PTS not only transports specific sugars but also in the absence of its substrates, stimulates, through adenylate cyclase (Cya), the production of c AMP which in turn activates the transcription of many c AMP-CRP dependent catabolic genes, including those involved in glycerol utilization [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The G proteins will then activate adenylate cyclase and upregulate their conversion of ATP to cAMP. (imingo.net)
Kinase3
This pathway is suppressed by end-product inhibition , meaning that CoA is a competitive inhibitor of pantothenate kinase, the enzyme responsible for the first step. (wikipedia.org)
Western blot was carried out to detect the expression levels of autophagic-related proteins (Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1, beclin 1, autophagy related 5, microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3, ubiquitin-binding protein p62), glycolysis-related proteins (hexokinase 2, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase M2) and activated protein kinase signalling pathway proteins. (ijpsonline.com)
Expression of nucleoside diphosphate kinase, mitochondria-associated adenylate kinase, and several mitochondria-associated creatine kinase isozymes was highest in the outer retina, whereas expression of cytosolic adenylate kinase and brain creatine kinase was higher in the cones, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells indicating the diversity of ATP-buffering strategies among retinal neurons. (molvis.org)
Uric acid2
and (3) purines are degraded to uric acid in a series of catabolic reactions. (mhmedical.com)
French, J. B. , and Ealick, S. E. (2010) Biochemical and structural characterization of a ureidoglycine aminotransferase in the Klebsiella pneumoniae uric acid catabolic pathway . (cornell.edu)
Biosynthetic1
It has been shown recently that the catabolic route for adenylate-derived nucleotides bifurcates at XMP from this biosynthetic route. (bvsalud.org)
Then, potentially important genes in ceRNA networks were verified by qRT‒PCR, and Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed to explore biological functions in the RGCs of FDM guinea pigs. (biomedcentral.com)
The important genes and related signaling pathways were further verified by qRT‒PCR, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and Western blot in myopia in FDM guinea pigs, FDM mice, and highly myopic adults. (biomedcentral.com)
Degradation2
Autophagy is a process that relies on lysosomal pathways for the degradation of cytoplasmic proteins and organelles and plays an important role in the pathology of brain injury such as hypoxia ischemia[ 3 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
We found that known diagnostic biomarkers were not significantly further increased, while intermediates of the branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) degradation pathway were significantly increased during AMD. (biomedcentral.com)
Glycolytic1
In the sixth step of the glycolytic pathway, the first step of the second phase, the payoff phase, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.12) catalyses the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG), with the concomitant reduction of NAD + to NADH. (imingo.net)
Lipolysis /lɪˈpɒlɪsɪs/ is the metabolic pathway through which lipid triglycerides are hydrolyzed into a glycerol and three fatty acids. (imingo.net)
Glycerol2
Carbon flux from glycerol can be efficiently redirected in JM101 strain into the aromatic pathway using appropriate tools. (biomedcentral.com)
Correlation analysis showed that DOX-induced HF mainly affected phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis, D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, and other metabolic pathways, suggesting abnormal amino acid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and glycerol phospholipid metabolism. (frontiersin.org)
Synthesis1
Definition, foods, and health effects of the Mediterranean Diet, Mediterranean Diet and greenhouse gas emissions, Structure, classification and functions of carbohydrates, Chemical structure and classification of starch, Glycogen synthesis pathway in the liver and muscle. (imingo.net)
Protein2
The encoded protein is a highly regulated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of adenosine monophosphate to inosine monophosphate, a branch point in the adenylate catabolic pathway. (wikipedia.org)
AMD are thought to arise as a result of a catabolic stressor, which induces protein catabolism and increases the load of toxic metabolites, causing clinical distress. (biomedcentral.com)
The development of a pathway for nitrogen disposal in a species appears to depend chiefly on the availability of water. (medmuv.com)
Disorders1
Propionic acidemia (PA) and isolated methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) are disorders affecting the catabolic pathway of the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) L-isoleucine and L-valine, and the amino acids L-threonine and L-methionine. (biomedcentral.com)
Process1
This process is the body's primary catabolic pathway and is essential in breaking down the building blocks of the cell such as carbohydrates , amino acids and lipids , for fuel. (wikipedia.org)
Tolerance1
Calcium and its signaling pathway play an important role in modulating plant stress tolerance. (bvsalud.org)
Chemical1
Electron transfer through respiratory enzyme complexes is partially coupled to the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP by intermediary generation and utilization of the mt-membrane potential, Δ p mt . The electron transfer-pathway (ET-pathway) provides the driving input power with a chemical potential spanning from reduced electron donors (the fuel substrates) to the electron acceptor oxygen. (oroboros.at)
Shown1
The two alternative pathways from α-ketoglutarate (αKG) to glutamate (Glu) are shown by the thick arrows, as described by equations 1-4 in the Introduction. (biomedcentral.com)
Development1
Via lncRNA-mediated ceRNA network construction and PCR verification, we found that lncRNA-XR_002792574.1 may be involved in the development of myopia through the miR-760-3p/Adcy1 pathway in RGCs. (biomedcentral.com)
Cells1
In addition, the cells can also utilize enhanced polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) accumulation and glyoxalase detoxication pathway as means against ethanol stress. (biomedcentral.com)
Activation1
In the lysosomes, the "non-canonical" pathway of LKB1-mediated AMPK activation is carried out through dissociation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate from aldolase. (encyclopedia.pub)
This article focuses on this basic problem, as it may relate to most catabolic disorders, and provides our current experience involving inherited diseases of mitochondrial fat oxidation, glycogen storage, and pyruvate metabolism using the anaplerotic compound triheptanoin. (nih.gov)
The observations have led to a realization that 'inter-organ' signalling and 'nutrient sensors' such as adenylate monophosphate mediated-protein kinase (AMPK) and mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) appear to play a significant role in the intermediary metabolism of these diseases. (nih.gov)
4) Increased activity of the SNS due to an imbalance of the autonomic nervous system at the systemic level, which provides an explanation for known disease sequelae and comorbidities due to the long duration of chronic inflammatory reactions, such as increased cardiovascular risk with hypertension, diabetes mellitus and catabolic metabolism. (bvsalud.org)
Phosphorylation2
We further show that the deaminase ADAL preferentially catabolizes N 6 -methyl-2'-deoxyadenosine monophosphate (6mdAMP) in vitro and in vivo , and adenylate kinase 1 restricts the phosphorylation rate of 6mdAMP, together contributing to the identified checkpoint. (researchsquare.com)
Previous study showed that grade of gliomas in human brain was related to the R - Ras expression and phosphorylation, indicating the EphB2/R - Ras signaling pathway as a potential target associated with cell adsorption, growth and invasion [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Monophosphate2
The encoded protein is a highly regulated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of adenosine monophosphate to inosine monophosphate, a branch point in the adenylate catabolic pathway. (wikipedia.org)
Specifically, elevated adenylate levels may counter inherent reductions in molecular motion and enzyme kinetics at low physiological temperatures by increasing the probability of molecular collisions. (hindawi.com)
use DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS 1970-1979 MH - 3-Phosphoshikimate 1-Carboxyvinyltransferase UI - D051229 MN - D8.811.913.225.735 MS - An enzyme of the shikimate pathway of AROMATIC AMINO ACID biosynthesis, it generates 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate and ORTHOPHOSPHATE from PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE and SHIKIMATE-3-PHOSPHATE. (nih.gov)
DEGs1
Functional analysis of DEGs was undertaken in Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. (nih.gov)
Interactions1
The mucus layer, particularly through its transmembrane components, also influences several cell signaling pathways that can modulate inflammatory responses, impact cell-cell interactions as well as regulate proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis ( 4 - 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
Functional1
Functional and pathway enrichment analyses were performed by the DAVID tool. (biomedcentral.com)
Rate1
To explore this phenomenon, we considered the putative role(s) of two AMP degradative enzymes, AMP phosphatase (AMPP) and AMP deaminase (AMPD), which indirectly control the adenylate pool size by adjusting the rate of AMP degradation [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
Cell1
Throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, a distinct mucus layer composed of highly glycosylated proteins called mucins plays an essential role in providing lubrication for the passage of food, participating in cell signaling pathways and protecting the host epithelium from commensal microorganisms and invading pathogens, as well as toxins and other environmental irritants. (frontiersin.org)
Addition1
In addition, IPTP perturbed signaling pathways that were not affected by TPP. (nih.gov)
Time1
abnormal download carnivorous form activates transformed with time accumulations from the Catabolic Effect and metabolites from the circulatory extension( badenova has 200 RNAs for double construction Stimuli and 900 mutations for obligate Defects). (erik-mill.de)
Potential2
Beginning with phenylketonuria, dietary therapy for inborn errors has focused primarily on the restriction of the precursor to an affected catabolic pathway in an attempt to limit the production of potential toxins. (nih.gov)
However, given the complicated molecular mechanisms of DIPG, it is necessary to fully utilize GSE50021 profile to identify more potential genes and pathways related to DIPG. (biomedcentral.com)