Adenosine receptor specific antagonists. Medical search. Frequent questions

Inhibition of LPS-induced neutrophil ROS production by various adenosine receptor agonists. (avma.org)
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the A1 receptor function on cell programmed death or proliferation, as well as the relationship between this receptor stimulation/inhibition and caspase 3 (casp3) expression in T47D cell line that has a mutant and non-functional P53 gene. (uitm.edu.my)
Ki values of known AR antagonists in inhibition of MRS5449 binding in whole cell FCM were consistent with radioligand binding in membranes, but agonist binding was 5-20 fold weaker than obtained with agonist radioligand [125I]I-AB-MECA. (units.it)
Elevations of extracellular adenosine are present in the asthmatic lung due to both increased release of ATP from cells and inhibition of ADA by local hypoxia. (jci.org)
We see that A2A and A2B receptors create most effective immunosuppression and SCH 58261 (A2A antagonist) and PSB 603 (A2B antagonist) are the main antagonists taking a role in the inhibition of this suppression. (bilkent.edu.tr)
Finally, inhibition of A2A and A1 receptors have the potential to increase the release of dopamine from the black substance and thus reduce the drug requirement for levodopa in early stage patients. (clevexelpharma.com)
These inhibitory effects may be associated with its dual‑receptor inhibition on P2Y12 and TP receptors. (spandidos-publications.com)
It can inhibit the phosphorylation reaction through competing with adenosine triphosphate to bind to the catalytic region of the receptor tyrosine kinase, thereby blocking the down-proliferation signaling and inhibiting the activity of the tumor cell ligand-dependent HER-1/EGFR, thus achieving the inhibition of the proliferation of tumor cells. (lookchem.com)
Adenosine targeting is an attractive new approach to cancer treatment, but no clinical study has yet examined adenosine inhibition in oncology despite the safe clinical profile of adenosine A2A receptor inhibitors (A 2A Ri) in Parkinson disease. (aacrjournals.org)

Newer adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists are much more potent and subtype-selective, and have allowed extensive research into the effects of blocking or stimulating the individual adenosine receptor subtypes, which is now resulting in a new generation of more selective drugs with many potential medical uses. (wikipedia.org)
A2AR activation by endogenous adenosine mediates sleep, angiogenesis, and immune suppression, while specific agonists and antagonists have been clinically tested to treat inflammation, cancer, pain, and neurodegenerative diseases. (cuny.edu)

Most older compounds acting on adenosine receptors are nonselective, with the endogenous agonist adenosine being used in hospitals as treatment for severe tachycardia (rapid heart beat), and acting directly to slow the heart through action on all four adenosine receptors in heart tissue, as well as producing a sedative effect through action on A1 and A2A receptors in the brain. (wikipedia.org)
Tecadenoson is an effective A1 adenosine agonist, as is selodenoson. (wikipedia.org)
Materials and Methods: The expression of casps3 was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction and then flow cytometery and MTT assay were used to assess the apoptotic and proliferation cell rate after the treatment of T47D cells with specific agonist N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA) and antagonist 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine (DPCPX) of this receptor 24, 48, and 72 hours after treatment. (uitm.edu.my)
Investigation the Effect of Adenosine A1 Receptor Agonist and Antagonist on P53 Gene Expression, and Apoptosis Pathways and Rate in U87Mg Multiform Glioblastoma by: Fahimeh Zamani-Rarani, et al. (uitm.edu.my)
Physiological doses of caffeine and the specific adenosine 2A receptor antagonist 8-(3-chlorostyryl) caffeine both increased the activity of a D2R/luciferase reporter construct within 24 h, and simultaneous treatment with 2-[p-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino]-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (CGS 21680), a specific adenosine 2A receptor agonist, eliminated this effect. (propeciahelp.com)

Evidence for efficacy of adenosine receptor antagonism may date back to the Victorian era, when physicians noted the beneficial effects of strong black coffee in patients with bronchial asthma. (jci.org)
To compare and contrast the stimulant effects of adenosine antagonism to direct dopamine stimulation, we administered 150 mg and 300 mg caffeine, 20 mg amphetamine, and placebo to cocaine-dependent vs. healthy control subjects, matched on moderate caffeine use. (omicsonline.org)
theophylline decreases effects of adenosine by pharmacodynamic antagonism. (medscape.com)

Montelukast (10 mg/kg, i.p.), a leukotriene receptor antagonist, inhibited EAR, but not LAR, when administered either before or 1 hr after challenge. (cdc.gov)

It acts through four receptor subtypes (AxR), including the A1R and A2AR receptors, which are particularly important in movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease. (clevexelpharma.com)
Istradefylline (Nouriast®), a specific antagonist of the binding of adenosine to A2AR receptors, was recently approved by the FDA for this indication. (clevexelpharma.com)
Non-selective adenosine receptor antagonists, acting on A2AR but also on A1R, such as caffeine, are well known to increase arousal and also have favorable effects on memory impairment, two early and disabling symptoms of Parkinson's disease. (clevexelpharma.com)
While A2AR receptor blockade improves motor disturbances, it has little effect on non-motor symptoms and a drug that acts on both A1R and A2AR will allow it to act on both sides of the disease. (clevexelpharma.com)
The adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) is a prototypical class A GPCR found in the cardiovascular, immune, respiratory, renal and central nervous systems. (cuny.edu)
Information are represented as Ct typical typical deviation calculated from 4 independent cDNAs synthesis.enabling the application of several procedures which includes miRNA cloning48,49, miRNA labeling for microarray33, miRNA labeling for Adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) Antagonist manufacturer liquid phase detection assays50, cDNA synthesis28 and inside the generation of little RNA library for subsequent generation sequencing51. (flapinhibitor.com)

Some of these compounds are still derived from adenosine or from the xanthine family, but researchers in this area have also discovered many selective adenosine receptor ligands that are entirely structurally distinct, giving a wide range of possible directions for future research. (wikipedia.org)
Here we discuss the history of the study of adenosine receptor ligands for asthma and how enhanced understanding of adenosine receptor biology may aid in the rational exploitation of these receptors as therapeutic targets. (jci.org)
This observation allows for the investigation of binding-crevice accessibility at position 278 and suggests that H278 may not be required for binding of antagonist ligands. (aspetjournals.org)

Xanthine derivatives such as caffeine and theophylline act as non-selective antagonists at A1 and A2A receptors in both heart and brain and so have the opposite effect to adenosine, producing a stimulant effect and rapid heart rate. (wikipedia.org)
SLV 320 is a potent and selective adenosine A 1 receptor antagonist (K i values are 1, 200, 398 and 3981 nM at human A 1 , A 3 , A 2A and A 2B receptors respectively). (tocris.com)
Since suramin is not selective, the data indicated that various P 2X and P 2Y receptors may be involved. (edu.pk)

The adenosine receptors (or P1 receptors) are a class of purinergic G protein-coupled receptors with adenosine as the endogenous ligand. (wikipedia.org)
Diurnal enhancement of pain hypersensitivity is mediated by glucocorticoid-induced enhancement of the extracellular release of ATP in the spinal cord, which stimulates purinergic receptors on microglia in the dorsal horn. (nature.com)
Temporal elevations in glucocorticoid levels enhance the extracellular release of ATP in the spinal cord, which stimulates purinergic receptors on microglia in the dorsal horn. (nature.com)
The stimuli of purinergic receptors decrease the threshold of mechanical allodynia. (nature.com)
Adenosine receptors, as part of purinergic signaling, have a regulatory role in immune system. (bilkent.edu.tr)

The A1, together with A2A receptors of endogenous adenosine play a role in regulating myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary blood flow. (wikipedia.org)
The endogenous purine nucleoside adenosine is one proinflammatory mediator that has garnered interest as a contributor to asthma pathogenesis, particularly with regard to acute exacerbations of the disease. (jci.org)
That is why, we hypothesize that, the efficacy of vaccines can be decreased by endogenous adenosine and the usage of antagonists in adjuvant formulations can increase this efficacy by inhibiting the suppressive effects caused by endogenous adenosine. (bilkent.edu.tr)

Aminophylline is a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist and phosphodiesterase inhibitor capable of reversing ischemia-induced bradyasystole. (adooq.com)
Theophylline and caffeine are nonselective adenosine antagonists that are used to stimulate respiration in premature infants. (wikipedia.org)

The adenosine receptors are commonly known for their antagonists caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline, whose action on the receptors produces the stimulating effects of coffee, tea and chocolate. (wikipedia.org)
Caffeine acts as an adenosine receptor antagonist and plays a critical role in activating all the other compounds in the coffee bean. (natural.news)
Caffeine regulates neuronal expression of the dopamine 2 receptor gene. (propeciahelp.com)
Here, we report that caffeine stimulates transcription of the dopamine 2 receptor (D2R) gene in PC-12 cells and primary striatal cultures and increases D2R protein expression in the striatum. (propeciahelp.com)
Tests of additional constructs revealed that specific regions of the D2R promoter (-117/-75) and 5'-untranslated region (+22/+317) were required for activation of D2R gene expression by caffeine. (propeciahelp.com)
When caffeine is consumed, it antagonizes the adenosine receptors. (cupofnurses.com)
Caffeine prevents adenosine from activating the receptor by blocking the receptor site. (cupofnurses.com)
Studies show that caffeine has weak antagonistic properties at the benzodiazepine receptor sites. (cupofnurses.com)

Novel fluorescent antagonist as a molecular probe in A3 adenosine receptor binding assays using flow cytometry. (units.it)

Fertel and Weiss, 1976) therefore preventing the inactivation of the intracellular second messengers cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) by the respective PDE subtype(s). (biomedjournal.com)
Non-genomic actions on the other hand do not imply estrogen's intracellular receptor occupation, nor do they initiate transcription and are mostly immediate to the stimulus. (bvsalud.org)
MTX increases intracellular accumulation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide which activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). (bmj.com)

Specific A1 antagonists include 8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX), and Cyclopentyltheophylline (CPT) or 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (CPX), while specific agonists include 2-chloro-N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA). (wikipedia.org)
The effects of adenosine, adenosine A 1 receptor antagonist (DPCPX), or NMDA receptor antagonist (APV) on the spontaneous release of [ 3 H]-5- hydroxytryptamine ([ 3 H]-5-HT) during normoxic/normoglycemic or hypoxic/hypoglycemic period were studied in the rat hippocampal slices. (ewha.ac.kr)
Adenosine A 1 receptor specific antagonist, 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX) exacerbate GOD-induced increase of spontaneous release of [ 3 H]-5-HT. (ewha.ac.kr)
DPCPX (100 mM), an adenosine (A 1 ) receptor antagonist, inhibited the inhibitory effects of both adenosine and of high concentrations of ATP. (edu.pk)

This receptor has an inhibitory function on most of the tissues in which it is expressed. (wikipedia.org)
In our previous study, several compounds extracted from this herb, including luteolin‑4'‑O‑β‑D‑glucopyranoside (LGP), were revealed to exert inhibitory effects on adenosine diphosphate (ADP)‑induced platelet aggregation. (spandidos-publications.com)
This is compatible with the view that either two different receptors are involved, or the cells desensitize and (or) the effect of an inhibitory degradation product such as adenosine (ectonucleotidase effect) emerges. (edu.pk)
Adenosine deaminase (1 U/mL) abolished the inhibitory effect of high ATP concentrations, indicating the involvement of the degradation product adenosine. (edu.pk)
Depending on the receptor, the response may be excitatory or inhibitory. (msdmanuals.com)

Table 1 summarizes the functions of each PDE and the cardiovascular effects of specific inhibitors. (biomedjournal.com)
Some patients can be treated with a combination of antireflux (eg, proton pump inhibitors) and histamine 2 (H2)-receptor antagonist agents. (medscape.com)

a component of adenosine triphosphate and adenosine diphosphate. (adxs.org)
Bempedoic acid is a first-in-class adenosine triphosphate-citrate lyase (ACL) inhibitor that lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis in the liver. (medscape.com)
Thus, citric acid cycle intermedi- ates are not used for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and are shuttled out of the mitochondria, providing precursors for nucleotide, amino acid, and lipid synthesis path- ways for the dividing cell [13]. (who.int)

Background: Adenosine receptor family, especially A1 type is-overexpressed in breast-derived tumor cells and the P53 gene is mutant in some of these cells while the casps gene is of wild type as well. (uitm.edu.my)
The main mechanism involved in early tolerance is adaptation of membrane receptors, whereas gene activation with subsequent de novo protein synthesis dominates delayed tolerance. (biomedcentral.com)
Ed through miRNA-specific stem-loop reverse transcription primers32, we would have necessary the synthesis of 2304 individual cDNAs.In tiny extra than a decade miRNAs have deeply affected each and every field of biology and medicine and their discovery has successfully modified the way we view and strategy the regulation of gene expression as well as open up new possibility inside the search of clinically relevant biomarkers15. (flapinhibitor.com)
As the condition worsens, neutrophil-specific gene expression is enriched in the neutrophil populations of SLE patients relative to healthy controls. (news-medical.net)
Adenosine deaminase deficiency (DADA2) is characterized by monogenic vasculitis driven by a biallelic mutation in the ADA2 gene. (news-medical.net)

report findings in adenosine deaminase-deficient mice that suggest the occurrence of anti-inflammatory actions of adenosine in the lung, mediated through A 1 adenosine receptors on macrophages. (jci.org)
Adenosine deaminase 2 (ADA2) is a protein responsible for the breakdown of extracellular adenosine and is primarily expressed by myeloid cells. (news-medical.net)

An adenosine diphosphate (ADP) scavenger, apyrase, inhibited the platelet aggregation induced by thrombin, but not the release of endostatin. (nih.gov)
Upon vascular injury, platelets are exposed to the subendothelium, and several agonists, including adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and thrombin, are generated at the injury site, which can stimulate platelet adhesion, activation and aggregation. (spandidos-publications.com)

Stimulation of the A1 receptor has a myocardial depressant effect by decreasing the conduction of electrical impulses and suppressing pacemaker cell function, resulting in a decrease in heart rate. (wikipedia.org)
OBJECTIVE: Broad antiinflammatory effects following adenosine A(₂A) receptor stimulation have been demonstrated in acute inflammatory diseases, including arthritis. (unime.it)
On the other hand, after antigen re-stimulation, mice taking these antagonists shows more antigen specific response and they also create higher antibody titers. (bilkent.edu.tr)

Extracellular adenosine is produced predominantly by the metabolism of ATP released from cells. (jci.org)
ADA is the primary catabolic enzyme for adenosine, and its absence in ADA-deficient mice results in marked elevations of extracellular adenosine. (jci.org)

Polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) activates the adenosine A(₂A) receptor. (unime.it)
Once adenosine increases, it binds and activates the receptors found on specific CNS neurons. (cupofnurses.com)

Over 360 of these receptors are endo-GPCRs (other than olfactory, taste, and visual) and are thus potential drug targets. (cuny.edu)
Domain Therapeutics , a biopharmaceutical company dedicated to the discovery and early development of small molecules targeting G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), announced in September that it had entered into an innovative commercial and scientific partnership with 5SATTS, to accelerate drug development in France. (biospace.com)

Part of this adenosine is discharged from the cell and binds to adenosine receptors of neighboring cells, which is supposed to compensate for the disturbed balance between energy consumption and energy supply. (adxs.org)

it inhibits insulin release at high concentrations by being metabolized to adenosine. (edu.pk)

These two receptors also have important roles in the brain, regulating the release of other neurotransmitters such as dopamine and glutamate, while the A2B and A3 receptors are located mainly peripherally and are involved in processes such as inflammation and immune responses. (wikipedia.org)
Indirect bronchial stimuli, in particular exercise, hyperventilation, hypertonic aerosols, as well as adenosine, may reflect more directly the ongoing airway inflammation and are therefore more specific to identify active asthma. (rug.nl)
The molecular underpinnings common to and connecting these disorders are not known, but may include shared genetic risk factors ( 1 , 8 ), regulation of brain cations ( 9 , 10 ), or common receptor signaling events that activate pain ( 11 ), inflammation ( 12 ), or oxidative ( 13 ) pathways. (frontiersin.org)

The adenosine antagonist, aminophylline (30 mg/kg, i.p.) also inhibited LAR in some, but not all treated/challenged rats. (cdc.gov)

Presynaptically, it reduces synaptic vesicle release while post synaptically it has been found to stabilize the magnesium on the NMDA receptor. (wikipedia.org)

Data from a radiolabeled ligand‑binding assay indicated that LGP exhibited apparent competing effects on thromboxane receptor (TP) and P2Y12 receptors. (spandidos-publications.com)

Adenosine regulates dopamine release so dyskinesias may be related to changes in striatal A2A availability. (bmj.com)
Striatal and thalamic binding potentials (BP) reflecting the ratio of specific:nonspecific uptake were compared between groups. (bmj.com)
Conclusion PD patients with LID show increased striatal A2A receptor availability. (bmj.com)
At the same time, adenosine modulates striatal DA release by stimulating glutamate release at adenosine receptors in the striatum , which increases dopamine levels. (adxs.org)

For instance, both A1 receptors and A2A play roles in the heart, regulating myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary blood flow, while the A2A receptor also has broader anti-inflammatory effects throughout the body. (wikipedia.org)
Concentration of cAMP in equine neutrophils induced by 5 adenosine A 2A receptor agonists (A) and effects of ZM241385 and MRS1706 on ATL313-induced accumulation of cAMP (B). Each point represents the mean ± SEM of 3 replicates. (avma.org)
Adenosine is a ubiquitous biological mediator with the capacity to produce both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects in tissues. (jci.org)
ATP, released by cells, is rapidly metabolized by extracellular nucleotidases to adenosine, a potent signaling molecule that can activate several cell surface receptors to produce myriad effects on both parenchymal and immune cells throughout the body (Figure 1 ). (jci.org)
Besides their well-recognized anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacities, phytoestrogens activate estrogen receptors and promote mild hormone-like responses that benefit postmenopausal women, particularly asthmatics, constituting therefore a very attractive potential therapy largely due to their low toxicity and scarce side effects. (bvsalud.org)
Caffeine's direct effects on the body are due to the inactivation of adenosine receptors. (cupofnurses.com)
1994. Ah receptor in embryonic mouse palate and effects of TCDD on receptor expression. (cdc.gov)
1997. Congener-specific effects of maternal PCB exposure on functional plasticity in cortical and hippocampal slices of rats. (cdc.gov)
1991. Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls with Ah receptor affinity on lymphoid development in the thymus and the bursa of Fabricius on chick embryos in ovo and in mouse thymus anlagen in vitro . (cdc.gov)
green tea decreases effects of adenosine by unspecified interaction mechanism. (medscape.com)
hawthorn increases effects of adenosine by pharmacodynamic synergism. (medscape.com)
nicotine inhaled increases effects of adenosine by unknown mechanism. (medscape.com)

The physiological role of the A3 adenosine receptor (AR) was explored in cardiac ischaemia, inflammatory diseases and cancer. (units.it)
While both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory signals can be sent depending on the specific adenosine receptor activated, adenosine produces a net proinflammatory effect in the asthmatic airway. (jci.org)

However, in altered cardiac function, such as hypoperfusion caused by hypotension, heart attack or cardiac arrest caused by nonperfusing bradycardias, adenosine has a negative effect on physiological functioning by preventing necessary compensatory increases in heart rate and blood pressure that attempt to maintain cerebral perfusion. (wikipedia.org)

Through this mechanism, the increased level of adenosine after sleep deprivation could affect the light sensitivity of the circadian clock. (adxs.org)

These compounds are specific to coffee but are only present in unfiltered varieties of coffee (e.g., espresso and French press coffee). (natural.news)
PPADS (100 mM), a P 2X and P 2Y1,4,6 receptor antagonist, was ineffective using either low or high concentrations of ATP and ADPbS, which combined with the suramin data hints at a P 2Y receptor effect of the compounds. (edu.pk)

Objective To investigate adenosine 2A (A2A) receptor availability in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with and without levodopa induced dyskinesias (LID). (bmj.com)

When activated, the adenosine receptors produce a cellular response that increases drowsiness. (cupofnurses.com)
Classic drugs of abuse lead to specific increases in cerebral functional activity and dopamine release in the shell of the nucleus accumbens (the key neural structure for reward, motivation, and addiction). (medscape.com)
dipyridamole increases levels of adenosine by decreasing metabolism. (medscape.com)

overexpressed A3 receptors exacerbate cardiomyopathies. (adxs.org)

Adenosine and 4 different adenosine receptors have an immunosuppressive role in major immune cells to create acquired immunity such as DCs, macrophages and lymphocytes. (bilkent.edu.tr)

We report a new fluorophore-conjugated human (h) A3AR antagonist for application to cell-based assays in ligand discovery and for receptor imaging. (units.it)
Radioligand binding assays were used to compare cell membranes that were treated with hydrophilic, sulfhydryl-specific methanethiosulfonate derivatives with control cell membranes. (aspetjournals.org)

In the present study, we have tested the hypothesis that thrombin-induced endostatin release from rat platelets is mediated via proteinase-activated receptor-4 (PAR4). (nih.gov)

Over time, adenosine accumulates in the neuronal synapse by being constantly awake. (cupofnurses.com)

ATP is sequentially dephosphorylated by a series of membrane-bound and soluble ectonucleotidases to produce adenosine. (jci.org)

In such cases, the dendrites (a neuron's receiving branches) on the postsynaptic neurons release neurotransmitters that affect receptors on the presynaptic neurons. (msdmanuals.com)

Adenosine can act at 4 different 7-transmembrane, G-protein-coupled receptors present on the surfaces of both infiltrating leukocytes and resident parenchymal cells. (jci.org)

As a result, these antagonists do not significantly change the general initial immune responses significantly however they create more antigen specific response. (bilkent.edu.tr)

This effect on the A1 receptor also explains why there is a brief moment of cardiac standstill when adenosine is administered as a rapid IV push during cardiac resuscitation. (wikipedia.org)

Adenosine associated tachycardia and chest pain. (medscape.com)

The small molecule compound, Erlotinib is a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR antagonist) and belongs to molecular targeted therapy Drugs. (lookchem.com)
The effective-ness of this compound indicates the possible involvement of a P 2Y1 receptor. (edu.pk)

The signal may stimulate or inhibit the receiving cell, depending on the neurotransmitter and receptor involved. (msdmanuals.com)

DR=EC 50 with the addition of various concentrations of receptor antagonist)/EC 50 without the addition of a receptor antagonist. (avma.org)

They are highly sensitive, but not specific to asthma and can be used to exclude current asthma in a clinic population. (rug.nl)
They are increasingly used to evaluate the prevalence of bronchial hyperresponsiveness and to assess specific problems in patients with known asthma, e.g. exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, evaluation before scuba diving. (rug.nl)
They are increasingly used to evaluate the prevalence of bronchial hyperresponsiveness and to assess specific problems in patients with known asthma, e.g. exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, evaluation before scuba diving.Direct bronchial responsiveness is only slowly and to a modest extent, influenced by repeated administration of inhaled steroids. (rug.nl)
Trimellitic anhydride (TMA) is a low molecular weight chemical that may induce specific-IgE and occupational asthma. (cdc.gov)

With this study, adenosine receptor antagonists used in adjuvant formulations for the first time and it was shown that, with more study, they can be important in increasing vaccine efficacy created by immunostimulatory adjuvants. (bilkent.edu.tr)

The adenosine A1 receptor has been found to be ubiquitous throughout the entire body. (wikipedia.org)

Despite advances in disease-modifying and biological therapy for these diseases, we lack specific strategies aimed at retarding development of premature CVD and have limited knowledge of whether individual drugs offer vascular protection. (bmj.com)

Anatomy22

Organisms13

Diseases7

Chemicals and Drugs162

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment16

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes34

Disciplines and Occupations3

Information Science2

Health Care1

Inhibition9

Agonists and antagonists2

Agonist5

Antagonism3

LEUKOTRIENE-RECEPTOR A1

A2aR6

Ligands3

Selective3

Purinergic5

Endogenous3

Nonselective adenosine2

Caffeine8

Fluorescent antagonist1

Intracellular3

DPCPX4

Inhibitory5

Inhibitors2

Triphosphate3

Gene5

Deaminase2

Diphosphate2

Stimulation3

Extracellular adenosine2

Activates2

GPCRs2

Binds1

Inhibits1

Inflammation3

Aminophylline1

NMDA1

P2Y121

Striatal4

Effects12

Inflammatory2

Physiological1

Mechanism1

Compounds2

Parkinson's1

Increases3

Exacerbate1

Macrophages1

Assays2

Thrombin1

Neuronal1

Soluble1

Neurons1

Protein1

Immune1

Cardiac1

Tachycardia1

Compound2

Neurotransmitter1

Concentrations1

Asthma4

Efficacy1

Ubiquitous1

Premature1