• GGAs (Golgi-localising, Gamma-adaptin ear domain homology, ARF-binding proteins) are a group of related proteins (three in humans) that act as monomeric clathrin adaptor proteins in various important membrane vesicle traffickings, but are not similar to any of the AP complexes and will not be discussed in detail in this article. (wikipedia.org)
  • The formation of a COPII vesicle at the endoplasmic reticulum and its transport to the Golgi body. (wikipedia.org)
  • An adaptor protein complex involved in transport of molecules between the TRANS-GOLGI NETWORK and the endosomal-lysosomal system. (uams.edu)
  • A clathrin adaptor protein complex primarily involved in clathrin-related transport at the TRANS-GOLGI NETWORK. (lookformedical.com)
  • Huntingtin regulates post-Golgi trafficking of secreted proteins. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Cells expressing mutant huntingtin produced both an accumulation of clathrin adaptor complex 1 at the Golgi and an increase of clathrin-coated vesicles in the vicinity of Golgi cisternae as revealed by electron microscopy. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Furthermore, inverse fluorescence recovery after photobleaching analysis for lysosomal-associated membrane protein-1 and mannose-6-phosphate receptor showed that the optineurin/Rab8-dependent post-Golgi trafficking to lysosomes was impaired in cells expressing mutant huntingtin or reducing huntingtin levels by small interfering RNA. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Human Golgi localized γ-ear containing ARF binding (GGA) proteins. (expasy.org)
  • Cer is normally shipped by ceramide transportation proteins (CERT) or vesicular transportation towards the Golgi for synthesis of ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) (by ceramide kinase, CERK), sphingomyelin (SM), and glucosylceramide (GluCer). (moonphase2018.com)
  • Adaptor Protein CD2AP and L-type Lectin LMAN2 Regulate Exosome Cargo Protein Trafficking through the Golgi Complex. (musc.edu)
  • ATG5 seems to become an necessary protein for starvation-induced7 autophagy initiation, whereas Rab8a, a vesicular transport protein, and GRASP55, Golgi reassembly stacking protein, are expected for efficient autophagy-dependent secretion of IL-1 [66]. (angiotensinreceptor.com)
  • Animal STAM (signal-transducing adaptor molecule), which interacts with Hrs and may therefore be involved in endocytosis/vesicular transport. (expasy.org)
  • VHS domain marks a group of proteins involved in endocytosis and vesicular trafficking. (expasy.org)
  • Identification of an adaptor-associated kinase, AAK1, as a regulator of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. (sdbonline.org)
  • Depletion of GAK/auxilin 2 inhibits receptor-mediated endocytosis and recruitment of both clathrin and clathrin adaptors. (sdbonline.org)
  • SD proteins are known to undergo endocytosis and recycling to maintain the integrity of the filtration structure. (sdbonline.org)
  • Using the Drosophila nephrocyte as a genetic screen platform, most genes involved in endocytosis and cell trafficking were screened, and the key components were identified of the cell trafficking pathway required for SD protein endocytosis and recycling. (sdbonline.org)
  • The SD protein endocytosis and recycling pathway was found to contain clathrin , dynamin , AP-2 complex, like-AP180 (Lap) , auxilin and Hsc70-4 (the endocytosis part) followed by Rab11 and the exocyst complex (the recycling part). (sdbonline.org)
  • All genes in this SD protein endocytosis and recycling pathway, as well as SD proteins themselves, are highly conserved from flies to humans. (sdbonline.org)
  • Thus, these results suggest that the SD proteins in human kidney undergo the same endocytosis and recycling pathway to maintain the filtration structure, and mutations in any genes in this pathway could lead to abnormal SD and renal diseases. (sdbonline.org)
  • Endocytosis is the vesicle-mediated process used by all cells to internalize extracellular macromolecules, plasma membrane lipids, and plasma membrane proteins ( Figure 1 ). (wormbook.org)
  • One important model for mechanistic studies of endocytosis in C. elegans focuses on oocytes, which internalize huge quantities of yolk proteins and their associated lipids by clathrin-mediated endocytosis ( Grant and Hirsh, 1999 ). (wormbook.org)
  • Trafficking of yolk and yolk receptors also depends critically upon the activities of the endocytic Rab proteins RAB-5 , RAB-7 , and RAB-11 , known modulators of endocytosis in all eukaryotes ( Grant and Hirsh, 1999 ). (wormbook.org)
  • Vesicular transport adaptor proteins are proteins involved in forming complexes that function in the trafficking of molecules from one subcellular location to another. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the AP complexes, there are two large proteins (~100 kD) and two smaller proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • The other large protein has different designations in the different complexes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The two smaller proteins are a medium subunit named μ (mu ~50 kD) and a small subunit σ (sigma ~20 kD), and named 1 through 5 corresponding to the 5 AP complexes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Parts of the AP complexes have evolved into parts of the GGA and stonin proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • An almost universal feature of coat assembly is the recruitment of the various adaptor complexes to the "donor" membrane by the protein Arf1. (wikipedia.org)
  • The majority of adaptor proteins exist as multi-subunit complexes, however monomeric varieties have also been found. (jefferson.edu)
  • Compartmental specificity is encoded to a remarkable degree in the functional partnering of SNARE proteins, a fact which is in no way inconsistent with the emerging contribution of upstream regulatory components (like rabGTPases and tethering complexes) to domain/compartment specificity. (yale.edu)
  • Following membrane fusion SNARE complexes are dissociated by the NSFs (N-ETHYLMALEIMIDE-SENSITIVE FACTORS), in conjunction with SOLUBLE NSF ATTACHMENT PROTEIN, i.e. (uchicago.edu)
  • Analysis of mutant strains revealed that clathrin-associated adaptor complexes AP-1, -2 and -3 were not necessary for this selective exclusion and, accordingly, ultrastructural analysis revealed no evidence for vesicular transport around phagocytic cups. (unige.ch)
  • The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. (lookformedical.com)
  • They preferentially bind and release hydrophobic peptides by an ATP-dependent process and are involved in post-translational PROTEIN TRANSLOCATION. (lookformedical.com)
  • Extracellular neuritic plaques are deposits of differently sized small peptides called β-amyloid (Aβ) that are derived via sequential proteolytic cleavages of the β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Initial, a lot of the regulatory enzymes and proteins involved with sphingolipid metabolism as well as the receptors for S1P have already been cloned. (moonphase2018.com)
  • In addition, the UIM is found, often in tandem or triplet arrays, in a variety of proteins either involved in ubiquitination and ubiquitin metabolism, or known to interact with ubiquitin-like modifiers. (embl.de)
  • Our lab is working to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of vesicular transport within cells and the secretion of proteins and neurotransmitters. (yale.edu)
  • A molecular understanding of membrane traffic has broad implications for our understanding of growth control in cancer, receptor trafficking errors in heart disease, regulation of insulin secretion in diabetes and synaptic vesicle biogenesis and transport in neurological disorders. (stanford.edu)
  • These vesicles mediate the secretion of a wide variety of proteins, lipids, mRNAs, and microRNAs (miRNAs), interact with neighboring cells, and thereby traffic molecules from the cytoplasm and membranes of one cell to other cells or extracellular spaces [1], [2]. (technuc.com)
  • Several Rab family proteins, including Rab11 and Rab27b, are key regulators of the exosome secretion pathway and are involved in MVB docking at the plasma membrane [17]. (technuc.com)
  • As well as the degradation function of autophagy, many research have underscored its role within the unconventional secretion of leaderless proteins that can't enter the ER and lack signal sequences expected for common secretion [10, 64]. (angiotensinreceptor.com)
  • One of the large proteins is termed β (beta), with β1 in the AP-1 complex, β2 in the AP-2 complex, and so on. (wikipedia.org)
  • An important transport complex, COPII, was not shown in the lead figure. (wikipedia.org)
  • The individual proteins of the COPII complex are called SEC proteins, because they are encoded by genes identified in secretory mutants of yeast. (wikipedia.org)
  • The most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of the eukaryotes must have had a mechanism for trafficking molecules between its endomembranes and organelles, and the likely identity of the adaptor complex involved has been reported. (wikipedia.org)
  • AP-5 is associated with 2 proteins, SPG11 and SPG15, which have some structural similarity to clathrin, and may form the coat around the AP-5 complex, but the ultrastructure of that coat is not known. (wikipedia.org)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Adaptor Protein Complex 4" by people in UAMS Profiles by year, and whether "Adaptor Protein Complex 4" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (uams.edu)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "Adaptor Protein Complex 4" by people in Profiles over the past ten years. (uams.edu)
  • They have been primarily found as components of ADAPTOR PROTEIN COMPLEX 2. (lookformedical.com)
  • The outer surface of these vesicles are covered with a lattice-like network of coat proteins, such as CLATHRIN, coat protein complex proteins, or CAVEOLINS. (lookformedical.com)
  • A family of large adaptin protein complex subunits of approximately 90-130 kDa in size. (lookformedical.com)
  • An adaptor protein complex found primarily on perinuclear compartments. (lookformedical.com)
  • We now know that organisms have a large family of SNARE proteins that indeed form cognate partnerships in just this way, and that NSF is an ATPase that (using SNAP as an adaptor protein) disrupts the SNARE complex after fusion is complete so its subunits can be recycled for repeated use. (yale.edu)
  • Many receptors and their associated ligands cluster into clathrin-coated pits by association with clathrin adaptor proteins such as the four-subunit complex AP2. (wormbook.org)
  • Clathrin and cargo molecules are assembled into clathrin-coated pits on the plasma membrane together with an adaptor complex called AP-2 that links clathrin with transmembrane receptors, concluding in the formation of mature clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs). (wormbook.org)
  • Formation of intraluminal vesicles of MVBs and targeting of transmembrane proteins to these vesicles involve a complex intracellular sorting network, including the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery [2], [15]. (technuc.com)
  • The LYPxL motif interacts with the cellular protein Alix (ALG2-interacting protein-1, or AIP1), which is associated with the Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport (ESCRT). (eu.org)
  • Aβ is generated from β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) through sequential cleavages first by β-secretase and then by γ-secretase complex. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Any of the enzymatically catalyzed modifications of the individual AMINO ACIDS of PROTEINS, and enzymatic cleavage or crosslinking of peptide chains that occur pre-translationally (on the amino acid component of AMINO ACYL TRNA), co-translationally (during the process of GENETIC TRANSLATION), or after translation is completed (POST-TRANSLATIONAL PROTEIN PROCESSING). (lookformedical.com)
  • These painstaking methods are now being applied to investigating how molecules are moved around in neurons and how the proteins that characterize neurodegenerative diseases may disrupt one or more of these mechanisms. (alzforum.org)
  • Animal Hrs (hepatocyte growth factor regulated tyrosine kinase substrate) is found on the surface of early endosome and may play a role in vesicular transport. (expasy.org)
  • Caspase-1 cleavage of the TLR adaptor TRIF inhibits autophagy and β-interferon production during Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. (ox.ac.uk)
  • P. aeruginosa induced autophagy via TLR4 and its adaptor TRIF. (ox.ac.uk)
  • These proteins is often secreted by an autophagy-dependent pathway [10, 65]. (angiotensinreceptor.com)
  • Bacterial Infection and Autophagy (Xenophagy)The discovery in the CYP1 Inhibitor custom synthesis linkage between microbial infection and autophagic activation has led towards the identification of more autophagic adaptors and of regulatory mechanisms that specifically target, attack, and degrade several bacteria. (angiotensinreceptor.com)
  • One especially interesting aspect of COPII is that it can form typical spherical vesicles and tubules to transport large molecules like collagen precursors, which cannot fit inside typical spherical vesicles. (wikipedia.org)
  • A class of proteins involved in the transport of molecules via TRANSPORT VESICLES. (jefferson.edu)
  • The main structural coat protein of COATED VESICLES which play a key role in the intracellular transport between membranous organelles. (lookformedical.com)
  • The outer surface of these vesicles is covered with a lattice-like network of the protein CLATHRIN. (lookformedical.com)
  • A broad category of proteins involved in the formation, transport and dissolution of TRANSPORT VESICLES. (lookformedical.com)
  • They play a role in the intracellular transport of molecules contained within membrane vesicles. (lookformedical.com)
  • Early to late endosome transport may be mediated by small vesicular intermediates, or may be a maturation process whereby early endosomes lose components through recycling pathways and gain components through fusion with vesicles derived from the secretory pathway. (wormbook.org)
  • Exosomes represent a specific subtype of secreted membrane vesicles that are around 30C100 nm in size, formed inside the secreting cells in endosomal compartments called multi-vesicular bodies (MVBs) [2]. (technuc.com)
  • The inflammasome end solutions IL-1 and IL-18 are transported to extracellular space through Caspase 3 Chemical supplier autophagic vesicles formed upon starvation. (angiotensinreceptor.com)
  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder represented by the accumulation of intracellular tau protein and extracellular deposits of amyloid-β (Aβ) in the brain. (biofinder.se)
  • The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport. (lookformedical.com)
  • The Aβ domain is unique to the APP protein, though the family shares several other conserved domains such as the E1 and E2 domains in the extracellular sequence. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Xenophagy generally proceeds by the selective uptake of invading microorganisms through signals, autophagic adaptors, and receptors, which delivers the bacteria to the autophagosomes [9, 67]. (angiotensinreceptor.com)
  • These adaptor proteins are termed sequestosome 1/p62-like receptors (SLRs). (angiotensinreceptor.com)
  • This study provides the first in vivo evidence of trapped SD proteins in clathrin-coated pits at the plasma membrane when this pathway is disrupted. (sdbonline.org)
  • The membrane delimiting the closing phagocytic cup was essentially derived from the plasma membrane, but a subgroup of proteins was specifically excluded. (unige.ch)
  • The long term goal of our research is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which proteins are targeted to specific and distinct compartments. (stanford.edu)
  • Oncogenic PKA signaling increases c-MYC protein expression through multiple targetable mechanisms. (ucsf.edu)
  • The yeast YPxL motif binds to a hydrophobic groove in the central V-domain of yeast proteins Bro1 and Rim20 (Alix_V domain-containing proteins), which are implicated in vacuolar transport and the pH response respectively. (eu.org)
  • Structure of the VHS domain of human Tom1 (target of myb 1): insights into interactions with proteins and membranes. (expasy.org)
  • Vesicular transport proteins are distinguished from MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS, which move molecules across membranes, by the mode in which the molecules are transported. (lookformedical.com)
  • Evidence has suggested the role of motor proteins like myosin Va in transposition of nNOS within the nerve terminals to the membranes to facilitate nitrergic neurotransmission ( 11 , 12 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Both the EGFR and the DAT proteins have sites to which the molecule ubiquitin-best known as labeling a protein for degradation-can attach. (alzforum.org)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "SNARE Proteins" by people in Profiles. (uchicago.edu)
  • Intracellular bacteria encode inhibitory SNARE-like proteins. (uchicago.edu)
  • Each cell produces thousands of different protein and lipid molecules. (alzforum.org)
  • The details of how proteins are moved around within a cell are being deciphered with high-powered microscopy combined with sophisticated techniques for labeling individual molecules, including fluorescent or "quantum dot" tags and antibodies tailored to adhere to a protein in a particular state of activation. (alzforum.org)
  • Complexin (cx) I and II are homologous synaptic protein genes which are differentially expressed in mouse and human brain and differentially affected in schizophrenia. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The cytoHubba plug-in were used to identify hub genes from the protein-protein interaction network. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We found that p75 internalisation depended on the clathrin adaptor protein AP2 and on dynamin. (unab.cl)
  • We report that the γ/σ1 or α/σ2 hemicomplexes bound the dileucine-based motifs of several proteins quite strongly, whereas binding by the β1/μ1 and β2/μ2 hemicomplexes, and the individual β or subunits, was extremely weak or undetectable. (wustl.edu)
  • Yeast VPS27 vacuolar sorting protein, which is required for membrane traffic to the vacuole. (embl.de)
  • Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (jefferson.edu)
  • Phosphorylation of the AP2 mu subunit by AAK1 mediates high affinity binding to membrane protein sorting signals. (sdbonline.org)
  • Present in proteasome subunit S5a and other ubiquitin-associated proteins. (embl.de)
  • A family of large adaptin protein subunits of approximately 100 kDa in size. (lookformedical.com)
  • A family of medium adaptin protein subunits of approximately 45 KDa in size. (lookformedical.com)
  • Although it is well established that Yxxφ motifs bind to the μ subunits of AP-1 or AP-2, dileucine motifs have been reported to bind to either the μ or β subunits of these adaptors as well as the γ/σ1 hemicomplex of AP-1. (wustl.edu)
  • While some of the details of how these adaptor proteins achieve their trafficking specificity has been worked out, there is still much to be learned. (wikipedia.org)
  • Another almost universal feature of coat assembly is that the adaptors are recruited first, and they then recruit the coats. (wikipedia.org)
  • The AP2 adaptor enhances clathrin coat stiffness. (academictree.org)
  • Disrupting any component in this pathway led to disrupted SD on the cell surface and intracellular accumulation of mislocalized SD proteins. (sdbonline.org)
  • Avian EAST (epidermal growth factor receptor-associated protein with SH3 and TAM domains), which colocalizes with clathrin in vesicular structure. (expasy.org)
  • The M-type phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R), thrombospondin type 1 domain-containing 7A (TSHD7A), and neural epidermal growth factor-like 1 protein (NELL-1) are major autoantigens against podocyte antigens in idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A thesis is proposed here, based on rational argument that depletion of the cytoskeletal organizer protein shank3 may result in defective nNOS membrane localization, resulting in defective nitric oxide synthesis. (frontiersin.org)
  • Many studies have described the delivery of lysosomal proteins to the phagosome, but little is known about membrane sorting during the early stages of phagosome formation. (unige.ch)
  • The clathrin adaptors AP-1 and AP-2 bind cargo proteins via two types of motifs: tyrosine-based Yxxφ and dileucine-based [DE]XXXL[LI]. (wustl.edu)
  • Clathrin adaptors in turn bind to the clathrin lattice which is thought to provide the force required to deform the membrane into a curved bud. (wormbook.org)
  • Ceramide sets off many pathways that creates endothelial cell loss of life, including activation of caspases, or PP2A2 or PP1,55, and raising mitochondrial permeability by developing ceramide-enriched platforms with the capacity of translocating protein. (moonphase2018.com)
  • The overall goal is to understand transport pathways from structural mechanism to cellular physiology. (yale.edu)
  • A family of proteins that play a role as cofactors in the process of CLATHRIN recycling in cells. (lookformedical.com)
  • Over 30 years ago, we observed what we interpreted to be vesicular transport in crude extracts of tissue culture cells. (yale.edu)
  • These are examples of the much larger set of cargo adaptors. (wikipedia.org)
  • LIR domain of SLRs offers a implies to hyperlink to autophagosomes, whereas the ubiquitin binding domain functions in cargo recruitment such that the SLR protein builds a bridge among the autophagosomes and modified microorganism or other targets [68]. (angiotensinreceptor.com)
  • The final step in the biogenesis of MVBs is the ESCRT-mediated abscission of the cargo-containing vesicular membrane from the perimeter membrane (reviewed in Raiborg,2009 ). (eu.org)
  • The LYPxL motif binds to the V-domain of eukaryotic Alix protein. (eu.org)
  • Mammalian host protein Syntenin has the LYPxL motif. (eu.org)
  • The link between the LYPxL motif and ESCRT was then established by identifying the ESCRT-associated protein Alix as a binding partner of LYPxL ( Strack,2003 ). (eu.org)
  • L-domains, located in viral Gag proteins, are required for the release of virions from the host cell. (eu.org)
  • LYPxL and PTAP are among the many short linear motifs that were first identified in viral proteins and only later in the regular cellular context. (eu.org)