• Of 23 influenza A (H1) viruses that were collected during May 21--September 9 (three from Asia, 18 from Latin America, and two from the United States) and analyzed at CDC, 17 (74%) were antigenically similar to A/New Caledonia/20/99, the H1N1 component of the 2006--07 influenza vaccine. (cdc.gov)
  • The person was infected with a swine influenza A (H1N1) virus, and reported contact with ill pigs. (cdc.gov)
  • Both agencies recommend that the vaccine contain A/Brisbane/59/2007-like (H1N1), A/Brisbane/10/2007-like (H3N2), and B/Brisbane/60/2008-like (B/Victoria lineage) viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Currently circulating in humans are subtype A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) influenza viruses. (who.int)
  • The A(H1N1) is also written as A(H1N1)pdm09 as it caused the pandemic in 2009 and subsequently replaced the seasonal influenza A(H1N1) virus which had circulated prior to 2009. (who.int)
  • Treatment with neuraminidase inhibitors has been shown to have clinical and public health benefit in reducing illness and severe outcomes of influenza, as evidenced from randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials, and observational studies of oral oseltamivir, inhaled zanamivir, or parenteral peramivir treatment during past influenza seasons and during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. (cdc.gov)
  • [ 51 ] Oseltamivir resistance has been rarely reported in pandemic H1N1 influenza virus and avian influenza A/H5N1 virus. (medscape.com)
  • In an analysis of medical record data from 784 children hospitalized in intensive care units with laboratory-confirmed influenza during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic and postpandemic periods, early treatment with neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) (≤48 h of illness) improved survival. (medscape.com)
  • The importance of surveillance for resistance to oseltamivir has been highlighted by two global events: the emergence of an oseltamivir-resistant seasonal influenza A(H1N1) virus in 2008, and emergence of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in 2009. (who.int)
  • All influenza B, influenza A(H3N2) and influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses tested between 2006 and 2010 were shown to be sensitive to oseltamivir. (who.int)
  • Seasonal influenza A(H1N1) viruses from 2008 and 2009 were resistant to oseltamivir. (who.int)
  • Sequencing of the neuraminidase gene showed that the resistant viruses contained an H275Y mutation, and S247N was also identified in the neuraminidase gene of one seasonal influenza A(H1N1) virus that exhibited enhanced resistance. (who.int)
  • A probable importation event was documented for the global 2008 oseltamivir-resistant seasonal A(H1N1) virus nine months after it was first reported in Europe in January 2008. (who.int)
  • 10 Increased occurrence of resistance in influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses has been detected in community samples in the United Kingdom, 11 and sustained community transmission has been reported in Australia. (who.int)
  • Enteric absorption and pharmacokinetics of oseltamivir in critically ill patients with pandemic (H1N1) influenza. (cdc.gov)
  • Clinical aspects of pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Rapid-test sensitivity for novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus in humans. (cdc.gov)
  • The study analyzed 28 seasonal H1N1 viruses with dual resistance from 2008 to 2010 from five countries, revealing that additional antiviral resistance could rapidly develop in a previously single-resistant strain as a result of mutation, drug response, or gene exchange with another virus. (medicaldesignandoutsourcing.com)
  • however, during the 2009-2010 season the number of circulating seasonal H1N1 viruses was low, and only 25 viruses were tested. (medicaldesignandoutsourcing.com)
  • The 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus was inherently resistant to adamantine, but was susceptible to and treated with oseltamivir. (medicaldesignandoutsourcing.com)
  • In the hematology unit that Moore and colleagues studied, eight of the 11 pandemic H1N1 virus infections were resistant to oseltamivir, with half of those cases resulting from direct transmission of the resistant virus. (medicaldesignandoutsourcing.com)
  • Immunocompromised patients were more susceptible to the emergence of OR H1N1 virus on treatment and also transmitted the virus to others, despite often having no influenza symptoms or having completed antiviral therapy. (medicaldesignandoutsourcing.com)
  • As a result, the screening of patients for OR H1N1 viruses became particularly important, and treatment guidelines were altered to include treatment with zanamivir, to which the viruses remained susceptible. (medicaldesignandoutsourcing.com)
  • If high risk groups are more actively monitored, early diagnosis will help prevent the spread of H1N1 viruses, and proper screening for infection and resistance will aid in making proper therapeutic decisions. (medicaldesignandoutsourcing.com)
  • [12] Nalika sasi April 2009 sawijining galur virus flu anyar ngalami évolusi kang ngandhut campuran gen saka flu manungsa , babi , lan unggas , kang ing awalé diarani " flu babi " lan uga ditepungi minangka influenza A/H1N1 , kang muncul ing Mèksiko , Amérikah Sarékat , lan sapérangan nagara liya. (wikipedia.org)
  • Burioni, Roberto title: A Non-VH1-69 Heterosubtypic Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody Protects Mice against H1N1 and H5N1 Viruses date: 2012-04-04 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034415 sha: 6b51562f63de5739f2b7ebf5f9c34365ac6ee545 doc_id: 807 cord_uid: fcffl6m4 Influenza viruses are among the most important human pathogens and are responsible for annual epidemics and sporadic, potentially devastating pandemics. (distantreader.org)
  • Furthermore, we describe its protective activity in mice after lethal challenge with H1N1 and H5N1 viruses suggesting a potential application in the treatment of influenza virus infections. (distantreader.org)
  • Hits included adamantanes as well as novel compounds, with some showing low micromolar potency versus pandemic "swine" H1N1 influenza (Eng195) in culture. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In addition, influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) in general has been lower against A(H3N2) viruses than against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 or influenza B viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • We report mutations in infl uenza A virus (H5N1) strains tained a unique mutation (S133A) near receptor binding associated with 2 outbreaks in Turkey. (cdc.gov)
  • nfl uenza A virus (H5N1) is the predominant candidate for These 2 mutations are important because D158N results in a future infl uenza pandemic if it develops effi cient abil- a potential glycosylation site and S227N enhances affi nity ity for human-to-human transmission. (cdc.gov)
  • Actualización sobre el virus la influenza aviar A (H5N1) en los seres humanos. (cdc.gov)
  • Effectiveness of antiviral treatment in human influenza A(H5N1) infections: analysis of a Global Patient Registry. (cdc.gov)
  • During these last months, we ve assisted to the spread of the H5N1 virus across much of the globe. (scitizen.com)
  • So, maybe I should backtrack a little bit just to put the H5N1 situation in prospective with other highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. (scitizen.com)
  • Moreover, the H5N1 virus itself, the Z lineage that we re talking about here, is unusual too because it s altering its genetics as time goes on, and in certain forms is killing ducks, in certain forms is not, in most of its forms it can kill chickens as well as all sorts of other avian species. (scitizen.com)
  • The H5N1 virus can infect humans and other mammals, but with some difficulty. (scitizen.com)
  • In humans this H5N1 Z virus binds better to the cells in a region deep in the lung instead of the normal site of human influenza virus infection that targets infection to the epithelial lining of the major and minor airways. (scitizen.com)
  • Galur unggas kang diarani H5N1 wis nimbulaké kakuwatiran munculé pandemi influenza anyar, sawisé kamunculané ing Asia nalika taun 1990-an, nanging virus mau durung évolusi dadi wangun kang nyebar kanthi gampang saka manungsa-menyang-manungsa. (wikipedia.org)
  • From 2003 through 2006, avian influenza virus (H5N1) spread from Southeast Asia to Africa, Europe, and the Middle East ( 1 ), and media coverage about the risk for human infection and the potential for an influenza pandemic increased. (cdc.gov)
  • NIs are recommended by the World Health Organization for treatment of avian influenza virus (H5N1) infection because isolates have demonstrated adamantane resistance ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Humans can be infected with avian influenza (AI) viruses including AI virus subtypes A(H5N1) and A(H7N9). (apaci.asia)
  • The majority of human cases of influenza A(H5N1) and A(H7N9) virus infection have been associated with direct or indirect contact with infected live or dead poultry. (apaci.asia)
  • Then, even more alarmingly, 34 human cases of H5N1 avian influenza-a highly pathogenic flu that has ravaged poultry stocks in several Asian countries-were confirmed in Thailand and Vietnam. (nationalacademies.org)
  • The chapter begins with a reconstruction of the descent of the virus that infected and killed humans in Thailand and Vietnam during the winter of 2003-2004 from the H5N1 virus first known to have infected humans (in Hong Kong in 1997). (nationalacademies.org)
  • These findings indicate that domestic ducks in southern China played a central role in the generation and maintenance of H5N1 and that wild birds spread the virus across Asia, to the point where it is now endemic in the region-an ecological niche from which it now presents a long-term pandemic threat to humans. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Avian influenza (H5N1) is rare in humans in developed countries. (medscape.com)
  • The FDA has approved a vaccine for H5N1 influenza. (medscape.com)
  • Neuraminidase Inhibitors are chemically related antiviral medications that block the viral neuraminidase enzyme and have activity against both influenza A and B viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Two classes of approved drugs against influenza A virus infections have been available for years: adamantane-based M2 ion channel blockers, which prevent acidification of the endosome and therefore release of the viral particles into the cytosol ( 10 ), and neuraminidase inhibitors, which prevent the release of newly formed viral particles from infected cells ( 11 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Antiviral agents available for influenza treatment and/or prevention include neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir, peramivir, zanamivir) and the cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor (baloxavir marboxil). (medscape.com)
  • It is active against influenza A and B including strains resistant to neuraminidase inhibitors. (medscape.com)
  • For the developed non-nucleoside drugs (neuraminidase inhibitors and adamantanes for influenza) clinical challenges include short therapeutic windows, limited effects on the severely ill, and drug resistance. (ccjm.org)
  • Influenza A viruses are further classified into subtypes according to the combinations of the hemagglutinin (HA) and the neuraminidase (NA), the proteins on the surface of the virus. (who.int)
  • Two classes of antiviral agents are available for influenza: adamantanes (amantadine, rimantadine) and neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir, zanamivir). (medscape.com)
  • Neuraminidase inhibitors inhibit the release of virus and its spread. (medscape.com)
  • However, as of March 2011, all US seasonal influenza viruses tested for resistance by the CDC were susceptible to neuraminidase inhibitors. (medscape.com)
  • Avian influenza virus (AIV) is an important zoonotic pathogen [ 1 ] and can be classified into 16 hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes and 9 neuraminidase (NA) subtypes based on the antigenicity of these two surface glycoproteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A total of 1795 influenza viruses were tested for oseltamivir-resistance using a fluorometric neuraminidase inhibition assay. (who.int)
  • Influenza viruses are treated with two classes of drugs: M2 blockers (adamantanes) and neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs), including oseltamivir and zanamivir. (medicaldesignandoutsourcing.com)
  • The current therapeutic regimen for influenza A viruses is limited to two classes of drugs: the adamantanes (amantadine and rimantadine) and the neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir and zanamivir). (distantreader.org)
  • Preparedness relies primarily upon a single class of neuraminidase (NA) targeted antivirals, against which resistance is steadily growing. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Nevertheless, combinations of adamantanes and novel compounds achieved synergistic antiviral effects, and the latter synergised with the neuraminidase inhibitor (NAi), Zanamivir. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Two classes of medications are available to treat influenza: neuraminidase inhibitors (NIs), which include oseltamivir and zanamivir, and adamantanes, which include amantadine and rimantadine ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • these drugs act by inhibiting neuraminidase, the enzyme that cleaves off the new virus particle. (lecturio.com)
  • Both neuraminidase inhibitors and baloxavir have activity against influenzas A and B. Adamantanes, or M2 inhibitors, include amantadine and rimantadine, which are active against influenza A but are not often used owing to resistance. (lecturio.com)
  • There are 3 primary influenza viruses (A, B, and C) and various subtypes, which are classified based on their virulent surface antigens, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (lecturio.com)
  • The neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) antiviral medications are most effective in treating influenza and reducing complications when treatment is started early. (cdc.gov)
  • Advise clinicians that all hospitalized patients and all high-risk patients (either hospitalized or outpatient) with suspected influenza should be treated as soon as possible with a neuraminidase inhibitor antiviral. (cdc.gov)
  • Rimantadine (generic or under the trade name Flumadine®) for oral administration is FDA-approved to prevent only influenza A virus infection among people older than 1 year. (cdc.gov)
  • One human infection with a novel influenza A virus was reported. (cdc.gov)
  • One case of human infection with a novel influenza A virus was reported by the Iowa Department of Public Health during week 8. (cdc.gov)
  • Although human infection with swine influenza A virus resulting in illness appears to be uncommon, a few sporadic cases have been reported each year, usually among people in direct contact with ill pigs or who have been in places where pigs may have been present (e.g. agricultural fairs or farms). (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza vaccination also must be encouraged to prevent the infection. (medscape.com)
  • These results suggest that early and aggressive treatment action should be taken in patients with a high clinical suspicion of severe influenza infection. (medscape.com)
  • 16 y who have symptoms of influenza infection or colds, aspirin is not recommended because of an association with Reye syndrome . (medscape.com)
  • Seasonal influenza is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses which circulate in all parts of the world. (who.int)
  • However, during periods of low influenza activity and outside of epidemics situations, the infection of other respiratory viruses e.g. rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza and adenovirus can also present as Influenza-like Illness (ILI) which makes the clinical differentiation of influenza from other pathogens difficult. (who.int)
  • Because of this, zanamivir (Relenza) was recommended as the initial choice for antiviral prophylaxis or treatment when influenza A infection or exposure was suspected. (medscape.com)
  • While H7N9 viruses had never before been detected in people, from March 31 through April 30, 2013, China reported more than 126 cases of human infection with this new H7N9 virus. (flutrackers.com)
  • There is some evidence that infection may also occur if the flu virus becomes airborne somehow, such as when an infected bird flaps it wings. (flutrackers.com)
  • Is infection with this virus serious? (flutrackers.com)
  • Most of the reported cases of human infection with this virus have had very serious illness. (flutrackers.com)
  • The resistance to zanamivir is rare [17] , but its use is limited to patients who can actively inhale it, which often excludes young children, impaired older adults or patients with underlying airway disease [14] , that is the groups of patients most vulnerable to serious influenza infection complications. (distantreader.org)
  • Antiviral agents against influenza are important in preventing and treating influenza infection. (lecturio.com)
  • Influenza typically presents with a fever, myalgia, headache, and symptoms of an upper respiratory infection. (lecturio.com)
  • Zoonotic influenza infection in humans will continue to occur. (apaci.asia)
  • Avian influenza virus infections in humans may cause disease ranging from mild upper respiratory tract infection (fever and cough), early sputum production and rapid progression to severe pneumonia, sepsis with shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome and even death. (apaci.asia)
  • Influenza C virus infection does not cause typical influenza illness and is not discussed here. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells, increasing antigen presentation to lymphocytes, and inducing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. (wikidoc.org)
  • Of the 19 influenza A (H3) viruses (one from Europe, 12 from Latin America, three from Asia, two from Oceania, and one from the United States) that were characterized, 18 (95%) were antigenically similar to A/Wisconsin/67/2005, the H3N2 component of the 2006--07 influenza vaccine, whereas one (5%) had reduced titers to A/Wisconsin/67/2005. (cdc.gov)
  • The origin and global emergence of adamantane resistant A/H3N2 influenza viruses. (jcvi.org)
  • Resistance to the adamantane class of antiviral drugs by human A/H3N2 influenza viruses currently exceeds 90% in the United States and multiple Asian countries. (jcvi.org)
  • However, the exact origin of influenza A/H3N2 viruses carrying the S31N mutation has not been characterized, particularly in South-East Asia. (jcvi.org)
  • Widespread influenza activity is being reported in most U.S. states, with influenza A (H3N2) viruses most common. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, approximately two-thirds of H3N2 viruses that have been tested at CDC are antigenically or genetically different from the H3N2 vaccine virus. (cdc.gov)
  • In the United States (U.S.), influenza activity has increased significantly over recent weeks with influenza A(H3N2) viruses predominating so far this season. (cdc.gov)
  • In the past, A(H3N2) virus-predominant influenza seasons have been associated with more hospitalizations and deaths in persons aged 65 years and older and young children compared to other age groups. (cdc.gov)
  • Last season, VE against circulating influenza A(H3N2) viruses was estimated to be 32% in the U.S. CDC expects that VE could be similar this season, should the same A(H3N2) viruses continue to predominate. (cdc.gov)
  • An early-onset, severe form of influenza A (H3N2) made headlines when it claimed the lives of several children in the United States in late 2003. (nationalacademies.org)
  • since 1968, most seasonal influenza epidemics have been caused by H3N2 (an influenza A virus). (msdmanuals.com)
  • The high genetic variability of influenza A viruses poses a continual challenge to seasonal and pandemic vaccine development, leaving antiviral drugs as the first line of defense against antigenically different strains or new subtypes. (frontiersin.org)
  • WHO has recommended vaccine strains for the 2009-10 Northern Hemisphere trivalent influenza vaccine, and FDA has made the same recommendations for the U.S. influenza vaccine. (cdc.gov)
  • Since last flu season, the CDC enhanced its surveillance in an effort to detect flu viruses resistant to Tamiflu and that increased monitoring has provided the agency with the ability to detect resistant strains quickly, Bresee said. (yourlawyer.com)
  • Sensitivity test results, expressed as the concentration of amantadine required to inhibit by 50% the growth of virus (ED 50 ) in tissue culture vary greatly (from 0.1 mcg/mL to 25 mcg/mL) depending upon the assay protocol used, size of virus inoculum, isolates of influenza A virus strains tested, and the cell type used. (nih.gov)
  • Influenza A variants with reduced in vitro sensitivity to amantadine have been isolated from epidemic strains in areas where adamantane derivatives are being used. (nih.gov)
  • CNIC established viral drug resistance surveillance and platforms for gene sequencing, reverse genetics, serologic detection, and vaccine strains development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Like all influenza A viruses, there also are different strains of H7N9. (flutrackers.com)
  • We isolated 13 strains of H6 virus from faecal samples of migratory waterfowl in Anhui Province of China in 2014. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While the spread of influenza strains with resistance to one class of drugs has been well documented in recent years, a new report from Larisa Gubareva, MD, PhD and colleagues at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and at health agencies in West Virginia, Texas, and Canada, confirms that dual resistance can emerge in several ways and has been on the rise during the past three years. (medicaldesignandoutsourcing.com)
  • For this reason, seasonal vaccines need to be annually reformulated based upon the forecasting of viral strains that will circulate in the coming influenza season. (distantreader.org)
  • By making vaccinations that cover all possible strains of the influenza viruses. (lecturio.com)
  • Unfortunately, flu strains resistant to adamantane derivatives have become increasingly common. (chemistryworld.com)
  • Most recent A(H5) and A(H7N9) viruses are resistant to adamantane antiviral drugs (e.g. amantadine and rimantadine) and are therefore not recommended for monotherapy. (apaci.asia)
  • The B component of the 2006--07 influenza vaccine belongs to the B/Victoria lineage. (cdc.gov)
  • Ten (43%) of the B/Victoria-lineage viruses were similar to B/Ohio/01/2005, the B component of the 2006--07 influenza vaccine, whereas 13 (57%) had reduced titers to B/Ohio. (cdc.gov)
  • Even though the production of influenza vaccines is well established, and the regulatory process allows for rapid strain update or exchange, it takes 4-6 months until a vaccine against a newly emerging subtype is available in sufficient quantities ( 2 , 9 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • It does not appear to interfere with the immunogenicity of inactivated influenza A virus vaccine. (nih.gov)
  • The surveillance system collects 200,000-400,000 specimens and tests more than 20,000 influenza viruses annually, which provides valuable information for World Health Organization (WHO) influenza vaccine strain recommendations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In 2000, China enhanced earlier influenza surveillance efforts by establishing an influenza-like illness (ILI) and virological surveillance system to report ILI cases and isolate viruses for seasonal influenza vaccine strain recommendations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recognizing the importance of high-quality influenza surveillance in China, from 2004, China CDC and USCDC established influenza and global disease detection (GDD) Cooperative Agreements to improve the ILI and virological surveillance system in mainland China, and to expand CNIC's role from contributing to seasonal influenza vaccine strain recommendations to conducting early detection and response to novel influenza viruses with pandemic potential. (biomedcentral.com)
  • [15] Vaksin kanggo manungsa kang paling asring dipigunakaké ya iku vaksin influenza trivalen ( trivalent influenza vaccine [TIV]) kang ngandhut antigen kang wis dimurnèkaké lan diinaktivasi marang telung galur virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • There is currently no vaccine for the prevention of avian influenza available and it is difficult to develop a vaccine for AI because the virus is always changing. (apaci.asia)
  • Influenza A and B vaccine is administered each year before flu season. (medscape.com)
  • Traditionally, the vaccine was trivalent (ie, designed to provide protection against three viral subtypes, generally an A-H1, an A-H3, and a B). The first quadrivalent vaccines, which provide coverage against an additional influenza B subtype, were approved in 2012 and were made available for the 2013-2014 flu season. (medscape.com)
  • In the Northern Hemisphere, all persons aged 6 months or older should receive influenza vaccine annually by the end of October, if possible. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza vaccination should not be delayed to procure a specific vaccine preparation if an appropriate one is already available. (medscape.com)
  • Those with a history of egg allergy who have experienced only hives after exposure to egg should receive influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)
  • The influenza vaccine should be given annually to everyone aged ≥ 6 months who does not have a contraindication. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It is approved to treat only influenza A virus infections in people 17 years and older. (cdc.gov)
  • Since March 2013, human infections with a previously undescribed H7N9 virus were observed, which also circulates in domestic birds without causing severe disease ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The sporadic cases of human infections with swine influenza viruses identified in recent years have not resulted in sustained human-to-human transmission or community outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza C virus is detected less frequently and usually causes mild infections, thus does not present public health importance. (who.int)
  • The effects of seasonal influenza epidemics in developing countries are not fully known, but research estimates that 99% of deaths in children under 5 years of age with influenza-related lower respiratory tract infections are found in developing countries (2). (who.int)
  • Proper collection, storage and transport of respiratory specimens is the essential first step for laboratory detection of influenza virus infections. (who.int)
  • Beginning at the end of March 2013, China reported human and bird (poultry) infections with a new strain of H7N9 that is very different from previously seen H7N9 viruses. (flutrackers.com)
  • This virus has been found in birds (poultry) in China in some of the same areas where human infections have happened. (flutrackers.com)
  • Human infections with bird flu viruses are rare, but have happened in the past, usually after close contact with infected birds (both live and dead) or environments contaminated with bird flu virus. (flutrackers.com)
  • The lecture Influenza: Management and Prevention by John Fisher, MD is from the course Upper Respiratory Infections. (lecturio.com)
  • The case fatality rate for A(H5) and A(H7N9) subtype virus infections among humans is much higher than that of seasonal influenza infections. (apaci.asia)
  • Although respiratory infections can be classified by the causative virus (eg, influenza), they are generally classified. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It is imperative that all healthcare providers are cognizant of and learn the stewardship of the dwindling inventory of effective antimicrobial drugs given the rising global spread of antibiotic drugs resistance and incidence of hospital- and community-acquired infections. (cedevelopment.org)
  • Amantadine has no effect preventing or treating influenza B infections. (factsnippet.com)
  • Most of the antiviral drugs currently available are used to treat infections caused by HIV , herpes viruses , hepatitis B and C viruses , and influenza A and B viruses . (amboss.com)
  • All classes of interferon are very important in fighting RNA virus infections. (wikidoc.org)
  • Zanamivir (trade name Relenza®) for oral inhalation is FDA-approved for early treatment of uncomplicated influenza in people 7 years and older and to prevent influenza in people 5 years and older. (cdc.gov)
  • Zanamivir and oseltamivir are approved for both prophylaxis and treatment of influenza A and B. When used for treatment, these agents can reduce the duration and severity of illness. (medscape.com)
  • Intravenous Zanamivir in Hospitalized Patients With Influenza. (cdc.gov)
  • With only two drug classes approved in the U.S. and most countries for treating influenza virus, future research should focus on the effectiveness of zanamivir and combination antiviral therapy and the need to develop new antivirals with unique mechanisms of action. (medicaldesignandoutsourcing.com)
  • Site-directed M2 proton channel inhibitors enable synergistic combination therapy for rimantadine-resistant pandemic influenza. (ox.ac.uk)
  • H7N9" is the designation for one subtype of influenza viruses that is sometimes found in birds, but that does not normally infect humans. (flutrackers.com)
  • H6 subtype avian influenza viruses are globally distributed and, in recent years, have been isolated with increasing frequency from both domestic and wild bird species as well as infected humans. (biomedcentral.com)
  • They started to have highly pathogenic avian influenza in the early-mid nineties. (scitizen.com)
  • In the past when highly pathogenic avian influenza showed up in a farm they killed all the poultry, cleaned up the facilities and started again. (scitizen.com)
  • This is unprecedented as it hasn t been seen in history before, where highly pathogenic avian influenza has spread so extensively and is gotten back into the wild bird and is sort of cycling back and forth between farm poultry and wild birds. (scitizen.com)
  • This general ability to infect and kill a broad spectrum of avian and mammalian species is very unusual even in highly pathogenic avian influenza virus which can kill one or two species but not this broad range of poultries or wild birds. (scitizen.com)
  • The past decade has seen increasingly frequent and severe outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza, as described in the Summary and Assessment. (nationalacademies.org)
  • The proportion of outpatient visits for influenza-like illness (ILI) was above the national baseline. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza D viruses primarily affect cattle and are not known to infect or cause illness in people. (who.int)
  • But influenza can cause severe illness or death, especially in people at high risk. (who.int)
  • Influenza viruses with reduced in vitro sensitivity have been shown to be transmissible and to cause typical influenza illness. (nih.gov)
  • There also are reports of some milder illness and one possible report of a person who tested positive for the virus who did not have any symptoms. (flutrackers.com)
  • What are the symptoms of illness with this virus? (flutrackers.com)
  • Oseltamivir is a prescription medicine in New Zealand, but more timely access has been provided since 2007 by allowing pharmacies to directly dispense oseltamivir to patients with influenza-like illness. (who.int)
  • Influenza is often self-limited, but high-risk populations suffer significant morbidity and mortality from the illness. (lecturio.com)
  • Influenza, one of the most common infectious diseases, is a highly contagious airborne disease that occurs in seasonal epidemics and manifests as an acute febrile illness with variable degrees of systemic symptoms, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza refers to illness caused by the influenza viruses, but the term is commonly and incorrectly used to refer to similar illnesses caused by other viral respiratory pathogens. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Influenza causes widespread sporadic illness yearly during fall and winter in temperate climates (seasonal epidemics). (msdmanuals.com)
  • HA cleav- acid changes (Q447L, N556K, and R46K in RNA poly- age sites of all isolates from Turkey contained the sequence merase and S133A in hemagglutinin) were detected in virus PQGERRRKKRGLF, similar to that of infl uenza A vi- isolates from 2 siblings who died. (cdc.gov)
  • Monitoring the genetic structure of this virus is needed for man infl uenza virus isolates from the second outbreak was predicting changes that may confer ability to cause pandem- shown by mutation E627K in the PB2 region. (cdc.gov)
  • The Q447L and E627K mutations in FK and MAK vi- of January 2006, a total of 12 human cases, 4 fatal, have rus isolates indicate a common origin of viruses in the 2 been confi rmed ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The majority (92%) of these isolates were tested from mid-May through late June, when 3.6% of specimens tested were positive for influenza. (cdc.gov)
  • The WHO Collaborating Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Control of Influenza located at CDC analyzes influenza virus isolates received from laboratories worldwide. (cdc.gov)
  • Of the 26 influenza B isolates collected during May 21--September 9 and characterized at CDC, 23 belonged to the B/Victoria lineage (one from Europe, five from Latin America, six from Asia, and 11 from the United States). (cdc.gov)
  • Amantadine inhibits the replication of influenza A virus isolates from each of the subtypes, i.e. (nih.gov)
  • It has very little or no activity against influenza B virus isolates. (nih.gov)
  • and T.M. Ellis, K. Dyrting, W. Wong, P. Li, and C. Li of the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation of Hong Kong for their support of field work, and W. Lim, for virus isolates. (nationalacademies.org)
  • [ 52 ] The use of adamantanes, such as amantadine, has not been recommended since the 2005-2006 influenza season owing to resistance among influenza A viruses. (medscape.com)
  • Because of resistance among influenza A viruses, use of adamantanes has not been recommended since the 2005-2006 influenza season. (medscape.com)
  • Drugs targeting RNA respiratory viruses have resulted in few effective therapies, highlighting challenges for antivirals to treat COVID-19. (ccjm.org)
  • Antivirals to treat influenza (oseltamivir) have limited activity against SARS-CoV-2, but favipiravir and umifenovir, two influenza antivirals available internationally, may have distinct viral targets and require further investigation. (ccjm.org)
  • Antivirals are available and recommended, but evidence from the current and previous influenza seasons suggests that they are severely underutilized. (cdc.gov)
  • Evidence from previous influenza seasons suggests that NAI antivirals are underutilized in outpatients and hospitalized patients with influenza who are recommended for treatment. (cdc.gov)
  • Other derivatives have also proved effective antivirals, as they can block an ion channel - a chemical communication route in the cell that is used in replicating the virus and which ceases to function when blocked by the drug. (chemistryworld.com)
  • Serbin A.V., Karaseva E.N., Alikhanova O.L., and Tsvetkov V.B. Drug resistance preventive antivirals based on nano-responsible poly-ligands. (ac.ru)
  • The adamantanes are not currently recommended for use in the United States because of widespread antiviral resistance in circulating influenza A viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • If circulation of viruses with dual resistance becomes more widespread among any of the predominant circulating influenza A viruses, treatment options will be extremely limited. (medicaldesignandoutsourcing.com)
  • Amantadine, sold under the brand name Gocovri among others, is a medication used to treat dyskinesia associated with parkinsonism and influenza caused by type A influenzavirus, though its use for the latter is no longer recommended due to widespread drug resistance. (factsnippet.com)
  • 318 (2%) were positive for influenza ( Figure ). (cdc.gov)
  • Since July 1, of specimens tested, 0.6% were positive for influenza. (cdc.gov)
  • One thousand four hundred eighteen (21.2%) specimens tested by U.S. World Health Organization (WHO) and National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System (NREVSS) collaborating laboratories and reported to CDC/Influenza Division were positive for influenza. (cdc.gov)
  • Weekly rates of filled prescriptions for oseltamivir and percentage of samples positive for influenza from October 1, 2002, through June 1, 2006, were temporally associated before the 2005-06 influenza season ( Figure 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • In this context, the use of influenza antiviral drugs as an adjunct to vaccination becomes even more important than usual in protecting people from influenza. (cdc.gov)
  • CDC recommends antiviral medications for treatment of influenza as an important adjunct to annual influenza vaccination. (cdc.gov)
  • Preventive vaccination has historically been the most efficient measure of influenza control, but this approach presents important limitations due to the accumulation of antigenic mutations in the virus, known as antigenic drift. (distantreader.org)
  • What is the average efficacy rate of the inactivated virus vaccination injection in the general population? (lecturio.com)
  • For this reason, in addition to influenza vaccination for prevention of influenza, the use of antiviral medications for treatment of influenza becomes even more important than usual. (cdc.gov)
  • In contrast, the stem region of HA, formed mostly by the HA2 subunit, is relatively conserved among different influenza A subtypes [19] and indeed could represent an universal target for the development of cross-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. (distantreader.org)
  • Most influenza epidemics are caused by a predominant serotype, but different influenza viruses may appear sequentially in one location or may appear simultaneously, with one virus predominating in one location and another virus predominating elsewhere. (msdmanuals.com)
  • and 4) a national surveillance system that records pediatric deaths associated with laboratory-confirmed influenza. (cdc.gov)
  • The influenza virus is highly active throughout New York State and has grown to high levels in several other states, and-according to surveillance data from the state Health Department-remains high in both Nassau and Suffolk counties. (yourlawyer.com)
  • From 2004, the Chinese National Influenza Center (CNIC) and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (USCDC) initiated Cooperative Agreements to build capacity in influenza surveillance in China. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since 2004, CNIC expanded its national influenza surveillance and response system which, as of 2014, included 408 laboratories and 554 sentinel hospitals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • CNIC also built a bioinformatics platform to strengthen data analysis and utilization, publishing weekly on-line influenza surveillance reports in English and Chinese. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Chinese National Influenza Center of the Chinese Center for Disease Prevention and Control (China CDC) and the Influenza Division of the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention first discussed influenza virological surveillance in China in 1978. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In 1989, CNIC and USCDC signed agreements that enabled USCDC to provide technical and financial support for influenza surveillance in China and laid the foundation for future collaborations between the two agencies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The surveillance system, including 8 network laboratories and 31 sentinel hospitals, did not capture the diversity of influenza activity and viruses circulating throughout the country. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our findings suggest that regular surveillance of wild birds, especially migratory birds, is important for providing early warning and control of avian influenza outbreaks. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Surveillance of avian influenza virus (AIVs) in wild birds for early warning, prevention, and control of viral outbreaks should be enhanced to reduce the risk of pathogen emergence from wildlife host reservoirs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Viruses were collected as part of a sentinel influenza surveillance programme between the years 2006 and 2010. (who.int)
  • In this work, we carried out on-site training activities in genomic surveillance in partnership with the National Network of Public Health Laboratories that have led to the generation of 422 chikungunya virus genomes from 12 Brazilian states over the past two years (2021-2022), a period that has seen more than 312 thousand chikungunya fever cases reported in the country. (bvsalud.org)
  • Weekly virologic data from the World Health Organization and National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System collaborating laboratories were used to assess US influenza activity during 2004 and 2005 ( 6 , 7 ). (cdc.gov)
  • A weekly surveillance report of seasonal influenza in the US is available at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's FluView . (msdmanuals.com)
  • The emergence and persistence of adamantane resistant viruses in Hong Kong further supports a source-sink model of global influenza virus ecology, in which South-East Asia experiences continuous viral activity and repeatedly seeds epidemics in temperate areas. (jcvi.org)
  • Thus, antiviral drugs are an essential component of pandemic response scenarios and play an important role in reducing disease severity during seasonal influenza epidemics. (frontiersin.org)
  • There are 4 types of seasonal influenza viruses, types A, B, C and D. Influenza A and B viruses are the most common and cause seasonal epidemics of disease globally (1). (who.int)
  • In temperate regions, both influenza A and B cause winter epidemics, with sporadic cases and outbreaks occurring out of season. (who.int)
  • Influenza pandemics are epidemics that affect a large proportion of the world due to a novel virus. (apaci.asia)
  • Influenza B viruses may cause milder disease but often cause epidemics with moderate or severe disease, either as the predominant circulating virus or along with influenza A. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Influenza A viruses are one of the most important respiratory pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
  • WHO and NREVSS collaborating laboratories located in all 50 states and Washington D.C. report to CDC the number of respiratory specimens tested for influenza each week. (cdc.gov)
  • In this discussion of proposed antiviral therapies that may hold some promise against SARS-CoV-2, it should be recognized that antiviral drug development against other RNA respiratory viruses has resulted in very few effective therapies. (ccjm.org)
  • This is primarily due to poorly characterized RNA polymerases and weak clinical activity of nucleoside analogs (ribavirin for respiratory syncytial virus [RSV] and parainfluenza). (ccjm.org)
  • Remdesivir (GS-5734) is an adenosine analog antiviral drug that inhibits viral RNA polymerase and has demonstrated in vitro activity against various viruses including Ebola, SARS-CoV, and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV). (ccjm.org)
  • The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) underscored the importance of influenza detection and response in China. (biomedcentral.com)
  • How do I know if I have seasonal influenza, H7N9 influenza, or MERS-CoV (Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus)? (flutrackers.com)
  • By blocking the enzymatic effect, further release of progeny virus to nearby respiratory cells is reduced. (lecturio.com)
  • Influenza viruses are members of the Orthomyxoviridae family and the causative organisms of influenza, a highly contagious febrile respiratory disease. (lecturio.com)
  • Viruses are obligate pathogens , which depend on host-cell machinery for replication. (amboss.com)
  • Assessment and Treatment of Pregnant Women With Suspected or Confirmed Influenza. (cdc.gov)
  • Over the last decade there has been an extensive amount of research into the development and occurrence of antiviral drug resistance in human influenza viruses. (who.int)
  • Preceding the 2007/2008 northern hemisphere season, instances of oseltamivir-resistance occurred at low levels in seasonal human influenza viruses. (who.int)
  • From a virus stand point, a life cycle always begins with receptor binding to susceptible the cell, the specificity of the virus receptor interactions are a component of host range, and so it s known that human influenza viruses bind to receptors that are slightly different from those sialic acid containing receptors that are in birds. (scitizen.com)
  • The information on this page should be considered current for the current influenza season for clinical practice regarding the use of influenza antiviral medications. (cdc.gov)
  • In clinical trials, single-dose baloxavir is safe and effective in treating patients with uncomplicated influenza. (medscape.com)
  • Rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs) are used in clinical settings, but they have lower sensitivity compared to RT-PCR methods and their reliability depends largely on the conditions under which they are used. (who.int)
  • A quantitative relationship between the in vitro susceptibility of influenza A virus to amantadine and the clinical response to therapy has not been established in man. (nih.gov)
  • Influenza traditionally has been diagnosed on the basis of clinical criteria, but rapid diagnostic tests, which have a high degree of specificity but only moderate sensitivity, are becoming more widely used. (medscape.com)
  • We find that although the S31N mutation was independently introduced at least 11 times, the vast majority of resistant viruses now circulating globally descend from a single introduction that was first detected in the summer of 2003 in Hong Kong. (jcvi.org)
  • Of greatest concern is that resistant viruses have been detected in specimens from people who where never treated with Tamiflu because drug resistance is usually seen in people who have been exposed to a drug. (yourlawyer.com)
  • When we noticed it," Bresee said of the resistance problem, "well over 90 percent of all [influenza A] viruses were resistant. (yourlawyer.com)
  • To determine the frequency of oseltamivir-resistance in the context of a medicine reclassification in 2007, the importation of an oseltamivir-resistant seasonal influenza virus in 2008, and the emergence of a pandemic in 2009. (who.int)
  • In an accompanying editorial, Frederick G. Hayden, MD, of the University of Virginia School of Medicine, and Menno D. de Jong, MD, of the University of Amsterdam in the Netherlands, agreed that increasingly detailed monitoring and creative preventive and therapeutic choices will be required as unpredictable and antiviral-resistant influenza viruses continue to appear. (medicaldesignandoutsourcing.com)
  • Interestingly, a published adamantane-based M2-N31 inhibitor rapidly selected a resistant V27A polymorphism (M2-A27/N31), whereas this was not the case for non-adamantane compounds. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Polymer structures with the cages along their edges have proved potential candidates for heat resistant substances, coping with temperatures up to around 370 °C, while epoxy resins containing adamantane cages could be valuable as the matrix used to hold LEDs. (chemistryworld.com)
  • Influenza symptoms may last longer than 1 week. (medscape.com)
  • Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms of influenza such as fever. (who.int)
  • The pharmacist had to be satisfied that the oseltamivir was for a resident of New Zealand, aged 12 years or more and presenting with the symptoms of influenza. (who.int)
  • Endonuclease inhibitors interfere with viral RNA transcription and block virus replication in both influenza A and B viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • [ 2 ] Early antiviral therapy must be considered among hospitalized children diagnosed with or suspected to have influenza, especially if they have risk factors such as asthma, cardiac problems, or other conditions, to prevent severe complications and prolonged hospitalization. (medscape.com)
  • Seasonal influenza is characterized by a sudden onset of fever, cough (usually dry), headache, muscle and joint pain, severe malaise (feeling unwell), sore throat, and a runny nose. (who.int)
  • Ongoing circulation of some avian influenza viruses in poultry, such as A(H5) and A(H7) viruses, are of public health concern as these viruses cause severe disease in humans and the viruses have the potential to mutate to increase transmissibility among humans. (apaci.asia)
  • La información en esta página debería ser considerada como ejemplos de información de antecedentes para la temporada de influenza 2021-2022 para la práctica médica respecto del uso de medicamentos antivirales contra la influenza. (cdc.gov)
  • The CDC documented that seasonal influenza was responsible for 5,000 to 14,000 deaths during the 2021-2022 season. (medscape.com)
  • 5, 6] For the 2021-2022 influenza season, all flu vaccines are expected to be quadrivalent. (medscape.com)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that a small sampling of flu viruses nationwide carry the mutation. (yourlawyer.com)
  • In a recent sampling, Norway had the highest percentage of viruses carrying the mutation. (yourlawyer.com)
  • The percentage of deaths attributable to pneumonia and influenza as reported by the 122 Cities Mortality Reporting System remained below the epidemic threshold. (cdc.gov)
  • The proportion of deaths attributed to pneumonia and influenza (P&I) was below the epidemic threshold. (cdc.gov)
  • The emergence of resistance to antiviral drugs in recent years further limits the options available for the control of influenza. (distantreader.org)
  • As with other diseases, prevention of influenza is the most effective strategy. (medscape.com)
  • Prevention of influenza is the most effective management strategy. (medscape.com)
  • Therefore, these medications are active against influenza A viruses, but not influenza B viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • and 4) improving early response to influenza viruses with pandemic potential. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Baloxavir marboxil (trade name Xofluza®) for oral administration is FDA-approved for early treatment of uncomplicated influenza in otherwise healthy non-high risk people 5 years to less than 12 years and for all persons 12 years and older, and for post-exposure prophylaxis of influenza in people 5 years and older. (cdc.gov)
  • Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment and prophylaxis of influenza types A and B and is effective in treating avian influenza. (medscape.com)
  • The development of alternative strategies for influenza prophylaxis and therapy is therefore urgently needed. (distantreader.org)
  • Amantadine was first used for the treatment of influenza A After antiviral properties were initially reported in 1963, amantadine received approval for prophylaxis against the influenza virus A in 1976. (factsnippet.com)
  • Amantadine is not recommended for treatment or prophylaxis of influenza A in the United States . (factsnippet.com)
  • Emergence of oseltamivir resistance has been reported. (apaci.asia)
  • Dr. Joseph Bresee, chief of the epidemiology and prevention branch in the CDC's influenza division, feels there is no need to embargo Tamiflu, "This certainly bears close watching," he said yesterday. (yourlawyer.com)
  • Baloxavir, a selective inhibitor of influenza cap-dependent endonuclease, inhibits viral mRNA synthesis. (lecturio.com)
  • On occasion, these mutations can cause drug resistance, which means the medications either do not work or do not work as well. (yourlawyer.com)
  • 7 Such work not only determines the present efficacy of the drug but also reveals important information on the genesis of anti-viral drug resistance in influenza viruses. (who.int)
  • Thus, site-directed drug combinations show potential to rejuvenate M2 as an antiviral target whilst reducing the risk of drug resistance. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Antimicrobial drug resistance (AMR or AMDR) is a multidimensional and systemic failure of the health, education, societal behavior, and medical policies and practices. (cedevelopment.org)
  • We characterized the A/Shanghai/1/2013 virus isolated from the first confirmed human case of A/H7N9 disease in China. (flutrackers.com)
  • There is particular pressure to recognize and heed the lessons of past influenza pandemics in the shadow of the worrisome 2003-2004 flu season. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Chartrand C, Leeflang MM, Minion J, Brewer T, Pai M. Accuracy of rapid influenza diagnostic tests: a meta-analysis . (cdc.gov)
  • In addition to identifying dextromethorphan as a potential influenza treatment option, our study illustrates the feasibility of a bioinformatics-driven rational approach for repurposing approved drugs against infectious diseases. (frontiersin.org)