• Acute-phase proteins (APPs) are a class of proteins whose concentrations in blood plasma either increase (positive acute-phase proteins) or decrease (negative acute-phase proteins) in response to inflammation. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] "Negative" acute-phase proteins decrease in inflammation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The decrease of such proteins may be used as markers of inflammation. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Measurement of acute-phase proteins, especially C-reactive protein, is a useful marker of inflammation in both medical and veterinary clinical pathology. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is one of a group of proteins, called acute phase reactants that go up in response to inflammation. (medlineplus.gov)
  • These proteins are produced by white blood cells during inflammation. (medlineplus.gov)
  • 1 2 In recent years these "acute phase reactants" have been studied as potential markers of more subtle and persistent systemic alterations that may be loosely called low grade inflammation. (bmj.com)
  • 2 3 Moreover, highly sensitive assays for C reactive protein and serum amyloid A protein are now available that can detect low grade inflammation that would previously have been unnoticed. (bmj.com)
  • Several reports have suggested that plasma C reactive protein and other possible markers of low grade inflammation can predict increased risks of coronary heart disease, but it is not known whether the associations are causal. (bmj.com)
  • C-reactive protein, an indicator of acute inflammation, is the subject of considerable controversy as an important biomarker of cardiovascular health. (ift.org)
  • C-reactive protein is considered one of the best measures of the acute-phase response to an infectious disease or other cause of tissue damage and inflammation. (cdc.gov)
  • It can also be used to measure the body's response to inflammation from chronic conditions, such as arthritis, and environmental exposures to agents such as tobacco smoke. (cdc.gov)
  • Focus has been untoward responses to inflammation and trauma such as hyperresponsiveness during inflammation or aberrant wound healing. (ku.dk)
  • Therefore, it is the most satisfactory single screening test for an acute phase reactant and a useful marker for the amount of tissue injury and inflammation. (ijdr.in)
  • HIAA levels increase significantly in acute appendicitis and decrease when the inflammation shifts to necrosis of the appendix. (medscape.com)
  • Using avian models of experimental inflammation, induced by endotoxin and croton oil, we examined the changes in the serum proteins of chickens and found transferrin to be a major APP that was identical to ovotransferrin (OVT), an egg white protein. (usda.gov)
  • C-reactive protein (CRP) is a marker of inflammation that is naturally present in the plasma at levels that may rise due to inflammatory processes, associated with a greater risk of cardiovascular events such as acute myocardial infarction. (bvsalud.org)
  • Therefore, LRG1 may also be a potential acute-phase protein and inflammation marker. (medscape.com)
  • Increased CH 50 , C3, and C4 values may occur in the context of systemic inflammation as complement proteins are synthesized as part of the acute-phase response in connective-tissue diseases including, but not limited to, SLE and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), severe bacterial and viral infections, and other diseases such as cancer, diabetes mellitus, and myocardial infarction. (medscape.com)
  • The liver responds by producing many acute-phase reactants. (wikipedia.org)
  • these proteins are, therefore, referred to as "negative" acute-phase reactants. (wikipedia.org)
  • The levels of acute phase reactants increase in response to certain inflammatory proteins called cytokines. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Insights gained into the mechanism of action of acute-phase reactants and other innate molecules against HIV and how they are induced could be exploited for the future development of more efficient prophylactic vaccine strategies. (ox.ac.uk)
  • These results indicate that Gc protein appears to be regulated differently than the other members of this gene family, albumin and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), which are negative acute phase reactants. (nih.gov)
  • We investigated the initial levels of proinflammatory cytokines and acute phase reactants (APR), e.g. (karger.com)
  • The removal initiates an acute inflammatory response in all patients immediately, which manifests clinically as edema, pain, and trismus. (ijdr.in)
  • Bacterial infection of the lower respiratory tract initiates an acute inflammatory response. (karger.com)
  • For example, in active systemic lupus erythematosus, one may find a raised ESR but normal C-reactive protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • Induction of acute phase protein serum amyloid A (A-SAA) occurred as early as 5-7 days prior to the first detection of plasma viral RNA, considerably prior to any elevation in systemic cytokine levels. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Our results provide evidence for a first wave of host anti-viral defense occurring in the eclipse phase of AHI prior to systemic activation of other immune responses. (ox.ac.uk)
  • This is one of the basis that supports the hypothesis that persistent bacterial attacks, associated with irregular host inflammatory response, may have consequences beyond the periodontal tissues and may even influence the occurrence of some systemic diseases (2,3). (bvsalud.org)
  • Heatstroke Heatstroke is hyperthermia accompanied by a systemic inflammatory response causing multiple organ dysfunction that may result in death. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Furthermore, levels of antibodies to matrilin 1, an extracellular matrix protein predominantly expressed in tracheal cartilage, were significantly higher in patients with relapsing polychondritis, especially in those with respiratory symptoms, than in patients with Wegener granulomatosis , systemic lupus erythematosus , or RA and in healthy controls. (medscape.com)
  • In response to injury, local inflammatory cells (neutrophil granulocytes and macrophages) secrete a number of cytokines into the bloodstream, most notable of which are the interleukins IL1, and IL6, and TNF-α. (wikipedia.org)
  • We measured changes in Gc messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis and levels of secreted protein resulting from treatment of hepatocytes with cytokines and hormones known to influence synthesis of other proteins of hepatic origin. (nih.gov)
  • STAT3 belongs to the family of STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) proteins which are phosphorylated by receptor associated kinases, translocate to the nucleus, and act as transcription factors in response to cytokines and growth factors. (thermofisher.com)
  • Regulation of the inflammatory response in bacterial pneumonia depends on a complex interaction between immune cells and inflammatory cytokines. (karger.com)
  • There was no significant correlation between the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II score and the cytokines. (karger.com)
  • DENV-1-4 transmission has been reported in acute and early convalescent phases of the disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Metabolic responses of acute phase protein, antioxidant and cytokine in Arabian endurance horses. (upm.edu.my)
  • Regarding function of these uremia-specific proteins, only SAA mimicked ESRD-HDL by promoting inflammatory cytokine production. (lww.com)
  • The serum levels of IL-6, an inflammatory cytokine, involved in induction of acute phase response proteins, were increased in the CNT-exposed mice. (cdc.gov)
  • There were no treatment effects on production of interferon γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) proteins and on expression of TLR4 , TLR6 , TLR9 , TLR10 , CLDN3 , MUC1 , and MUC20 genes. (bioone.org)
  • Macrophages activated at the site of tissue injury produce interleukin (IL), which induces hepatocyte to synthesize acute phase proteins (APPs). (ijdr.in)
  • [ 10 ] Expression of LRG1 in liver may be upregulated by lipopolysaccharide and by mediators of acute-phase response such as interleukin 6. (medscape.com)
  • These observations provide evidence that supplementation with vitamin C may blunt the adaptive mobilization of this vitamin from the adrenals during exercise-induced oxidative stress and may be associated with an enhancement of the acute phase protein response and attenuation of the exercise-induced increase in serum cortisol. (thieme-connect.com)
  • In this experiment we measured three acute phase proteins, cortisol, and plasma IgG to determine if they are good indicators of stress in neonates and to establish normal neonatal concentrations of haptoglobin, alpha-1 acid glycoprotein and apolipoprotein-B. Eight calves were blocked by sex and date of birth. (usda.gov)
  • Some of these response variables might be useful as biomarkers of performance of calves at the veal farm as they might provide information about an ongoing disease process, or may predict future diseases. (frontiersin.org)
  • Joseph P, Godofsky E. Outpatient Antibiotic Stewardship: A Growing Frontier-Combining Myxovirus Resistance Protein A With Other Biomarkers to Improve Antibiotic Use. (randox.com)
  • Bereman selected two proteins that looked promising for both diagnostic and prognostic applications, then conducted further analysis to validate their usefulness as biomarkers. (ncsu.edu)
  • The terms acute-phase protein and acute-phase reactant (APR) are often used synonymously, although some APRs are (strictly speaking) polypeptides rather than proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is due to the ESR being largely dependent on the elevation of fibrinogen, an acute phase reactant with a half-life of approximately one week. (wikipedia.org)
  • C-reactive protein (CRP), an acute-phase reactant, was discovered in the serum of patients with pneumonia by Tillett and Francis in 1930. (ijdr.in)
  • Plasma protein acute-phase response in unstable angina is not induced by ischemic injury. (ox.ac.uk)
  • BACKGROUND: Elevated levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) are associated with an unfavorable clinical outcome in patients with unstable angina. (ox.ac.uk)
  • To determine whether ischemia-reperfusion injury causes this acute-phase response, we studied the temporal relation between plasma levels of CRP and ischemic episodes in 48 patients with unstable angina and 20 control patients with active variant angina, in which severe myocardial ischemia is caused by occlusive coronary artery spasm. (ox.ac.uk)
  • CONCLUSIONS: The normal levels of CRP in variant angina, despite a significantly larger number of ischemic episodes and greater total ischemic burden, and the failure of CRP values to increase in unstable angina indicate that transient myocardial ischemia, within the range of duration observed, does not itself stimulate an appreciable acute-phase response. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Positive acute-phase proteins serve (as part of the innate immune system) different physiological functions within the immune system. (wikipedia.org)
  • boulardii CNCM I-1079 (SCB) or Lactobacillus acidophilus BT1386 (LA) on (1) innate immune response, (2) markers of acute-phase reaction, and (3) immune gene expression of rumen and ileum tissues of Holstein calves. (bioone.org)
  • Acute phase response' is an innate defense mechanism that activates a variety of cellular and humoral components including, the changes in some serum proteins called 'acute phase protein (APP). (usda.gov)
  • Platelet activation triggers thrombus formation in physiological and pathological conditions, such as acute coronary syndromes. (nature.com)
  • The earliest immune responses activated in acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection (AHI) exert a critical influence on subsequent virus spread or containment. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Circulating concentrations of C reactive protein, serum amyloid A protein, and serum albumin and the leucocyte count can fluctuate widely during acute responses to tissue damage or infection. (bmj.com)
  • The major events in the regulation of the host response on a transcriptional level occur within the first 3 days after infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Whereas in the acute phase of the disease immunoregulatory processes prevail in the hippocampus and the cortex, we observed a strong activation of neurogenic processes in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, both by gene expression and immunohistology starting as early as 3 days after infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • C-reactive protein (CRP), upon presentation of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in relation to clinical and laboratory indices of infection. (karger.com)
  • In infants and elderly patients, a WBC count is especially unreliable because these patients may not mount a normal response to infection. (medscape.com)
  • We identified one such protein in chicken blood after artificial induction of a infection-like condition. (usda.gov)
  • C-reactive protein (CRP) is a non-specific acute phase protein which is associated with bacterial infection. (randox.com)
  • However, CRP levels have also been shown to be elevated in response to various viral infections such as Influenza virus, malaria 5 and SARS-COV-2 6 , limiting its utility in differentiating the aetiology of an infection. (randox.com)
  • The degree of severity of this oral infection seems to be determined, in the first place, by the magnitude of the host inflammatory response (2), that is, by chemical mediators of the immunological system that act in the natural course of the periodontal disease. (bvsalud.org)
  • Periodontitis is a chronic infection capable of inducing an inflammatory response that increases the level of proteins during the acute phase, such as C-reactive protein, and considering that these proteins are independent risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, this could explain the connection between periodontal disease and heart disease that is, periodontal diseases increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. (bvsalud.org)
  • To understand the basis of this protection, we explored the nature of the immune response in the brown rat to infection by Schistosoma mansoni. (cdc.gov)
  • Natural defense mechanism consists of many types of vigilant blood proteins and cells which kill the disease causing agents. (usda.gov)
  • ABSTRACT The study aimed to determine whether serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels can be used to identify when antibiotics can safely be discontinued in cases of suspected neonatal septicaemia. (who.int)
  • A more sensitive CRP test, called a high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) assay, is available to determine a person's risk for heart disease. (medlineplus.gov)
  • C reactive protein (CRP), an important serum marker of atherosclerotic vascular disease, has recently been reported to be active inside human atherosclerotic plaques. (bmj.com)
  • Compared with men in the bottom third of baseline measurements of C reactive protein, men in the top third had an odds ratio for coronary heart disease of 2.13 (95% confidence interval 1.38 to 3.28) after age, town, smoking, vascular risk factors, and indicators of socioeconomic status were adjusted for. (bmj.com)
  • 2 6 A variety of mechanisms by which C reactive protein might directly promote vascular disease have been proposed, 7 but none is proved. (bmj.com)
  • Methods In a population-based RA incident cohort (1987 American College of Rheumatology criteria first met between 1988 and 2007), details were collected of serum lipid measures, erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESRs), C-reactive protein (CRP) measures and cardiovascular events, including ischaemic heart disease and heart failure. (bmj.com)
  • The first two time points represent the acute and sub-acute phase of bacterial meningitis, whereas the latter represent the recovery phase of the disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here we describe the cellular pathways involved in the host response to experimental pneumococcal meningitis in specified disease states and brain regions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Given the limited success in reducing brain damage during the acute disease, it appears imperative to expand the scope of strategies from the acute disease phase into the recovery phase with the aim to improve the outcome of brain injury. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Her main research interests are bovine and equine inflammatory disease and acute phase proteins, the surgical stress response, joint disease and wound healing. (ku.dk)
  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the novel coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) 1 , a pandemic that has caused more than 2 million deaths worldwide, and continues to be a public health emergency 2 . (biorxiv.org)
  • Airway epithelial cells constitutively express the BPI gene and produce the BPI protein and, therefore, BPI may be a critical determinant in the development of LPS-triggered airway disease. (biovendor.com)
  • Researchers from North Carolina State University have identified proteins that may be useful in both earlier diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and in more accurate disease prognosis. (ncsu.edu)
  • Our goal is to create a panel of protein targets that could give doctors a quicker path to diagnosis for ALS patients, as well as an objective way to measure disease progression, or to test the efficacy of new drugs," Bereman says. (ncsu.edu)
  • Periodontal disease is responsible for a host immune-inflammatory response, contributing towards clarifying its association with cardiovascular disease. (bvsalud.org)
  • It is an acute phase protein, modulates immunologic responses, inhibits ELASTASE, and has been suggested as an indicator of LIVER DISEASE. (bvsalud.org)
  • These results demonstrate that protective antibodies to schistosome infections in brown rats and rhesus monkeys include IgG responses to the core Xyl/Fuc epitopes in surface-expressed N-glycans, and raise the potential of novel glyco-based vaccines that might be developed to combat this disease. (cdc.gov)
  • The evidence for an autoimmune etiology includes pathological findings of infiltrating T cells, the presence of antigen-antibody complexes in affected cartilage, cellular and humoral responses against collagen type II and other collagen antigens, and the observation that immunosuppressive regimens most often suppress the disease. (medscape.com)
  • To better understand the acute phase protein (APP) response in bongo and the high prevalence of amyloidosis, sera from 44 clinically normal bongo were tested by electrophoresis and for the APPs serum amyloid A and haptoglobin. (vin.com)
  • Haptoglobin has antibacterial activity and takes part in modulating many aspects of the acute phase response. (prospecbio.com)
  • Myxovirus resistance protein A for discriminating between viral and bacterial lower respiratory tract infections in children - The TREND study. (randox.com)
  • Using mass spectrometry they identified over 1,000 different proteins in the fluids, then used advanced machine learning techniques to develop models that consisted of multiple proteins. (ncsu.edu)
  • Anti-pilus-specific IgG titers were measured by multiplex immunoassay that used recombinant pilus proteins coupled to magnetic beads and expressed in RLU/mL. (cdc.gov)
  • Serum levels of these proteins are elevated within 12 h and peak at 24 h after the injection of CpG-ODN or endotoxin. (wikigenes.org)
  • Chemical mediators act together or in sequence to amplify the inflammatory response. (ijdr.in)
  • In contrast, C-reactive protein (with a half-life of 6-8 hours) rises rapidly and can quickly return to within the normal range if treatment is employed. (wikipedia.org)
  • C-reactive protein (CRP) is produced by the liver. (medlineplus.gov)
  • 3 Moreover, inflammatory markers, such as C reactive protein (CRP), are strong independent predictors of future cardiovascular risk. (bmj.com)
  • Is C-Reactive Protein a Valid Biomarker? (ift.org)
  • C-reactive protein (CRP) estimation for quantitative analysis to assess anti-inflammatory action of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) after surgery in maxillofacial surgery. (ijdr.in)
  • Consistently, these responses were accompanied by increase production of reactive oxygen species in the aortic tissue, measured by an electron spin resonance (ESR) assay. (cdc.gov)
  • The diagnosis of neonatal septicaemia reactive protein can be used as a guide in de- is difficult to establish based on the clinical ciding the duration of treatment in neonates criteria alone because of its subtle, variable with suspected neonatal sepsis. (who.int)
  • 7 Increased levels of inflammatory markers, including CRP and IL-6, have been shown to be associated with the risk of developing acute cardiovascular events in the general population. (bmj.com)
  • Analysis of unique plasma donor panels spanning the eclipse and viral expansion phases revealed very early alterations in plasma proteins in AHI. (ox.ac.uk)
  • 1973. Dose-response and ultrastructural alterations in dioxane carcinogenesis: Influence of methylcholanthrene on acute toxicity. (cdc.gov)
  • This protein called serum transferrin is similar to a protein named ovotransferrin present in the eggs. (usda.gov)
  • She defended her thesis The bovine acute phase response to endotoxin and Gram-negative bacteria from the same institution and obtained her PhD degree in 2003. (ku.dk)
  • 13 Gabriel H, Kindermann W. The acute immune response to exercise: what does it mean? (thieme-connect.com)
  • 0.05) proteins were identified as significantly altered between ALS and controls. (ncsu.edu)
  • Proteins involved in complement activation, acute phase response and retinoid signaling pathways were significantly enriched in the CSF from ALS patients. (ncsu.edu)
  • Functional analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis resulted in the differentially expressed proteins in the FM and OA groups are mostly involved in the coagulation and complement system-related pathways, serotonin pathways, dopamine pathways, glutamate pathways and acute phase reactions. (ncl.edu.tw)
  • The proteins, chitinase-3 like1 and alpha-1-antichymotrypsin, are associated with immune-system activation in the brain and thus could also be used as an objective way to measure effectiveness of current therapies directed at tempering this pathway. (ncsu.edu)
  • Hepatic expression of the GH/JAK/STAT/IGF pathway, acute-phase response signalling and complement system are affected in mouse offspring by prenatal and early postnatal exposure to maternal high-protein diet. (nih.gov)
  • Interestingly, it has been shown that platelets contain a broad spectrum of RNA molecules, including, in addition to mRNAs and miRNAs, also pre-mRNAs and a role of mRNA splicing in regulation of platelet protein synthesis has been proposed 18 , 19 . (nature.com)
  • In addition, these contrasting effects on Gc synthesis of IL-6 and dexamethasone and of TGF beta suggest that high basal levels of Gc synthesis may be maintained during the acute phase response. (nih.gov)
  • The evidence that platelets are capable of de novo protein synthesis in response to stimuli raised the issue of how megakaryocyte-derived mRNAs are regulated in these anucleate cell fragments. (nature.com)
  • Evidence that platelets are capable of de novo protein synthesis 17 also raised the issue of whether resident mRNAs are regulated in circulating platelets and, if so, why. (nature.com)
  • Previous literature mainly assessed the physiological responses of calves to transportation. (frontiersin.org)
  • During these phases, calves from different farms are mixed and are exposed to new environmental conditions and management practices. (frontiersin.org)
  • Maternal high-protein diet during pregnancy, but not during suckling, induced altered expression of an increasing number of hepatic genes in adult mouse offspring. (nih.gov)
  • Our results show that this protein can stimulate those cells to produce factors that boost defense mechanisms. (usda.gov)
  • Despite diagnostic and therapeutic advancement in medicine, appendicitis remains a clinical emergency and is one of the more common causes of acute abdominal pain. (medscape.com)
  • The complement system consists of a complex network of several plasma proteins that interact with each other and cell surface proteins. (medscape.com)
  • Following activation, C3, the central protein of the complement system, is cleaved to form C3b, which is bound to the surface of the microbe where the complement is activated, and C3a, which is systemically released and acts as a chemoattractant for inflammatory cells. (medscape.com)
  • Most complement system proteins are synthesized in the liver, although monocytes and macrophages are also a minor source. (medscape.com)
  • Pilus-specific antibody responses in acute- and convalescent-phase serum from patients infected with group B streptococcal strains expressing pilus type 1 or type 2a, Houston, Texas, USA. (cdc.gov)
  • The small GTPase Rac1 has been shown to bind and regulate the activity of STAT3 while the PIAS3 protein is a specific inhibitor of STAT3. (thermofisher.com)
  • The effects on secreted Gc protein levels were similar. (nih.gov)
  • Essentially, if there were higher or lower levels of a particular protein in the ALS fluids, it was considered a protein of interest. (ncsu.edu)
  • Researchers have found that antibodies to type II collagen are present during acute relapsing polychondritis episodes and that the levels correlate with the severity of the episode. (medscape.com)
  • Out of various APPs CRP is very consistent in response. (ijdr.in)
  • This protein will therefore remain higher for longer despite the removal of the inflammatory stimuli. (wikipedia.org)
  • STAT3 mediates the expression of a variety of genes in response to cell stimuli, and thus plays a key role in many cellular processes such as cell growth and apoptosis. (thermofisher.com)
  • Label free quantitation was used to identify differential proteins between individuals with ALS (n = 33) and healthy controls (n = 30) in both fluids. (ncsu.edu)
  • Following initiation of Phase I trials, toxicology representatives must consider toxicity studies to support Phase II, which will be of longer duration and generally include women of child bearing potential. (actox.org)
  • It was the combination of proteins that really improved upon the diagnostic and prognostic value of any single protein," Bereman says. (ncsu.edu)
  • This protein is produced whenever an inflammatory process is initiated in the body and under normal physiological conditions, such as everyday stress, pregnancy, and aging. (ift.org)
  • Yet species-specific responses, such as PPARα agonist-induced liver tumors in rodents and alph2µ-globulin-induced renal toxicity leading to renal neoplasia in male rats, call into question the relevance of some animal tumors when assessing human risk. (actox.org)
  • Objective -To study the effects of a synthetic, dog-appeasing pheromone (sDAP) on the behavioral, neuroendocrine, immune, and acute-phase perioperative stress responses in dogs undergoing elective orchiectomy or ovariohysterectomy. (avma.org)
  • Relating in vitro to in vivo exposures with physiologically based tissue dosimetry and tissue response models. (cdc.gov)
  • Mxyovirus resistance protein A (MxA) is a biomarker associated with viral infections. (randox.com)
  • 4] The inflammatory response is immunosuppressive, promotes phagocytosis, inhibits platelets and activates complement. (ijdr.in)
  • Most patients with relapsing polychondritis had high titers of antifetal cartilage antibodies during the early acute phase. (medscape.com)
  • While the production of C3 (a complement factor) increases in the liver, the plasma concentration often lowers because of an increased turn-over, therefore it is often seen as a negative acute-phase protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • Models developed from proteins found in CSF proved more useful than those in blood plasma. (ncsu.edu)
  • Matched cerebrospinal and plasma fluids were subjected to abundant protein depletion and analyzed by nano-flow liquid chromatography high resolution tandem mass spectrometry. (ncsu.edu)
  • In fact, a minimal response of an indicator, such as CRP, may only reflect normal fluctuations in non-inflammatory processes, and possibly other chronic conditions or lifestyle, including aging (Kushner, 2001). (ift.org)
  • Blood platelets are cells which lack a nucleus and which do not produce their own proteins", says Olof Gidlöf. (lu.se)
  • Proteins were analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. (lu.se)