• Most cases of toxicity from dermal exposure have been from industrial accidents involving partial immersion in liquid cyanide or cyanide solutions or from contact with molten cyanide salts, resulting in large surface-area burns (ATSDR 2006). (cdc.gov)
  • Cyanide toxicity is generally considered to be a rare form of poisoning. (medscape.com)
  • Toxicity from inhalation of cyanide gas manifests rapidly. (medscape.com)
  • Whole blood cyanide concentration can vary from 0.02 to 0.5 µg/mL in people without clinical manifestation of acute cyanide toxicity (3). (cdc.gov)
  • Acid Volatile Sulfide Predicts the Acute Toxicity of Cadmium and Nickel in Sediments. (epa.gov)
  • Acute Toxicity and Bioconcentration of Endosulfan-Exposed Estuarine Animals. (epa.gov)
  • Acute Toxicity of MRD-80-3 to the Water Flea Daphnia Magna Straus with Cover Letter. (epa.gov)
  • Acute Toxicity of Triphenyltin Hydroxide to Three Cladoceran Species. (epa.gov)
  • The latter relates to the same discharge failing what's referred to as an "acute lethality test," in which a population of rainbow trout is used to gauge the toxicity of wastewater that enters the St. Mary's River. (sootoday.com)
  • and an extensive body of literature on chronic toxicity of aquatic organisms to cyanides, including 13 species (eight freshwater and five marine species) from five major taxonomic groups. (europa.eu)
  • The species sensitivity distribution (SSD) for acute aquatic toxicity developed by Hommen (2011) is similar to the SSD derived by the ECETOC Joint Assessment of Commodity Chemicals (2007). (europa.eu)
  • The SSD by Hommen includes more recent guideline studies on acute aquatic toxicity. (europa.eu)
  • Support for this category approach is provided in examination of acute and chronic toxicity by oral, dermal, ocular and intraperitoneal administration of various forms of cyanide and in aquatic and terrestrial compartments of the environment, which provide consistent and comparable values when expressed as mmol/kg bw. (europa.eu)
  • Sodium nitroprusside should be reserved for extreme emergencies and used for the shortest amount of time possible because of concerns about cyanide and thiocyanate toxicity in the mother and fetus or newborn, and increased intracranial pressure with potential worsening of cerebral edema in the mother. (medscape.com)
  • The acute toxicity of these compounds is generally low and may not pose a direct health hazard during exposure [ 2 ]. (springer.com)
  • An elevated lactic acid level in a smoke inhalation victim should raise concern for cyanide toxicity. (ebmedicine.net)
  • During fire exposure, cyanide toxicity can block aerobic metabolism. (asahq.org)
  • The different forms of cyanide have different chemical properties, and hence different degrees of toxicity to aquatic organisms. (waterquality.gov.au)
  • The toxicity of cyanides is mainly through the inhibition of cellular respiration. (waterquality.gov.au)
  • How does cyanide produce toxicity? (aliem.com)
  • If left untreated, cyanide toxicity can be fatal. (aliem.com)
  • Ingestion of large quantities of cyanogenic foods can result in cyanide toxicity. (aliem.com)
  • With cyanide toxicity, the oxygen can still attach to the red blood cells, but it can't be used. (firstvet.com)
  • The acute inhalation toxicity of the combustion products from these materials was evaluated according to the NBS Toxicity Test Method [6]. (amcairlines.com)
  • Hydrogen cyanide (AC) is a systemic chemical asphyxiant. (cdc.gov)
  • Exposure to hydrogen cyanide (AC) can be rapidly fatal. (cdc.gov)
  • Hydrogen cyanide (AC) is a chemical warfare agent (military designation, AC). (cdc.gov)
  • Indoor Air: Hydrogen cyanide (AC) can be released into indoor air as a liquid spray (aerosol) or as a gas. (cdc.gov)
  • Water: Hydrogen cyanide (AC) can be used to contaminate water. (cdc.gov)
  • Agricultural: If hydrogen cyanide (AC) is released into the air as a liquid spray (aerosol), it has the potential to contaminate agricultural products. (cdc.gov)
  • If hydrogen cyanide (AC) is released as a gas, it is highly unlikely to contaminate agricultural products. (cdc.gov)
  • Hydrogen cyanide (AC) can affect the body by ingestion, inhalation, skin contact, or eye contact. (cdc.gov)
  • Hydrogen cyanide is a colorless or pale-blue liquid at room temperature. (cdc.gov)
  • Hydrogen cyanide gas mixes well with air, and explosive mixtures are easily formed. (cdc.gov)
  • Hydrogen cyanide has a distinctive bitter almond odor, but some individuals cannot detect it and consequently, it may not provide adequate warning of hazardous concentrations. (cdc.gov)
  • Hydrogen cyanide is absorbed well by inhalation and can produce death within minutes. (cdc.gov)
  • Hydrogen cyanide is very volatile, producing potentially lethal concentrations at room temperature. (cdc.gov)
  • Hydrogen cyanide has a faint, bitter almond odor and a bitter, burning taste. (cdc.gov)
  • The odor of hydrogen cyanide is detectable at 2-10 ppm (OSHA PEL = 10 ppm), but does not provide adequate warning of hazardous concentrations. (cdc.gov)
  • Hydrogen cyanide is lighter than air (HSDB 2007). (cdc.gov)
  • Children exposed to the same levels of hydrogen cyanide as adults may receive larger doses because they have greater lung surface area:body weight ratios and increased minute volumes:weight ratios. (cdc.gov)
  • Exposure to hydrogen cyanide can cause skin and eye irritation. (cdc.gov)
  • Ingestion of hydrogen cyanide solutions or cyanide salts can be rapidly fatal (ATSDR 2006). (cdc.gov)
  • Treatment of ingested cyanide salts is similar to treatment of oral hydrogen cyanide poisoning because cyanide salts form hydrogen cyanide in acidic conditions. (cdc.gov)
  • Hydrogen cyanide is manufactured by oxidation of ammonia- methane mixtures under controlled conditions and by the catalytic decomposition of formamide. (cdc.gov)
  • inadequate warning because rapid olfactory fatigue can occur and 20-40% of the general population cannot smell hydrogen cyanide. (cdc.gov)
  • Hydrogen cyanide (HCN or AC) gas is lighter than air, so the gas will rise. (medscape.com)
  • Hydrogen cyanide (HCN, also known as prussic acid) is a volatile liquid that boils at 25.6° C (78.1° F). Potassium and sodium cyanide salts are water soluble, whereas mercury, copper, gold, and silver cyanide salts are poorly water soluble. (medscape.com)
  • Also known as hydrocyanic acid (CAS Registry Number 74‐90‐8) or HCN, hydrogen cyanide is a rapid‐acting lethal agent that inhibits aerobic respiration at the cellular level, preventing cells from utilizing oxygen. (who.int)
  • A hydrogen cyanide concentration of 300 mg/m3 in air will kill a human within about 10 minutes. (who.int)
  • Hydrogen cyanide and inorganic cyanide salts. (cdc.gov)
  • In 2016, the Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS) reported 670 cases of hydrogen sulfide exposure and 198 cases of cyanide exposure . (medscape.com)
  • The LCt 50 (the concentration-time product capable of killing 50% of the exposed group) for hydrogen cyanide is 2500-5000 mg/min/m 3 . (medscape.com)
  • Potassium cyanide and sodium cyanide can be considered as a chemical category, along with hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and acetone cyanohydrin (ACH, also known as 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanenitrile), based on structural similarity, similar physico-chemical properties and common breakdown/metabolic products in physical and biological systems. (europa.eu)
  • In the vast majority of environmental and physiologic conditions, the cyanide salts will dissolve in water to form hydrogen cyanide. (europa.eu)
  • An ECETOC Task Force, in the 2007 ECETOC Joint Assessment of Commodity Chemicals ( JACC ) Report No. 53, "Cyanides of Hydrogen, Sodium and Potassium, and Acetone Cyanohydrin (CAS No. 74-90-8, 143-33-9, 151-50-8 and 75-86-5)" supports the development of this chemical category. (europa.eu)
  • Hydrogen cyanide (Index No.006-006-00-X) and salts of hydrogen cyanide (Index No.006-007-00-5) are both listed in Annex VI,Table 3.1 of Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008, entry 006-007-00-5, and are restricted in comparable ways taking into account physical characteristics. (europa.eu)
  • Millipedes secrete hydrogen cyanide and hydrochloric acid - a noxious combination that deters all but the most determined predators. (africageographic.com)
  • Apricot kernels contain a cyanogenic glycoside called amygdalin which is hydrolyzed to hydrogen cyanide in the gastrointestinal tract [1]. (aliem.com)
  • The amount of hydrogen cyanide in each kernel varies and ranges from 540 to 2,000 mg/kg [2]. (aliem.com)
  • Introduction: Cyanide exposure can occur in various settings such as industry and metallurgy. (lu.se)
  • Cerebral microdialysis was performed during a 2 mg/kg/h cyanide exposure to obtain real-time measurements of cerebral metabolic status. (lu.se)
  • EPA AEGL-1 (Acute Exposure Guideline Level-1) = 2.5 ppm (10-minute) to 1 ppm (8-hour) (EPA 2007). (cdc.gov)
  • However, cyanide exposure occurs relatively frequently in patients with smoke inhalation from residential or industrial fires. (medscape.com)
  • Cyanide exposure most often occurs via inhalation or ingestion, but liquid cyanide can be absorbed through the skin or eyes. (medscape.com)
  • Where exposure has caused acute effects (convulsions, apnea), oxygen (ideally 100%)and antidotes should be administered immediately. (who.int)
  • If the exposure was to cyanide gas, decontamination of clothing or equipment is unnecessary in view of its high volatility. (who.int)
  • A clinically compatible case in which a high index of suspicion (credible threat or patient history regarding location and time) exists for cyanide exposure, or an epidemiologic link exists between this case and a laboratory-confirmed case. (cdc.gov)
  • Cyanide poisoning may result from inhalation, ingestion, or dermal exposure to various cyanide-containing compounds, including smoke from closed-space fires. (nih.gov)
  • The Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) Program develops AEGL values for chemicals that can potentially cause dangerous inhalation exposures to persons through accidental releases to air or by means of a terrorist action. (epa.gov)
  • An anatomically accurate, ing acute exposure to 500 ppm. (cdc.gov)
  • We investigated cerebral metabolism with a combination of brain respirometry, microdialysis, and western blotting using a rodent model of sub-lethal cyanide poisoning. (lu.se)
  • [ 1 ] In addition, intensive treatment with sodium nitroprusside or long-term consumption of cyanide-containing foods is a possible source of cyanide poisoning. (medscape.com)
  • [ 3 ] may lead to cyanide poisoning. (medscape.com)
  • Cyanide poisoning. (cdc.gov)
  • CYANOKIT is indicated for the treatment of known or suspected cyanide poisoning. (nih.gov)
  • If clinical suspicion of cyanide poisoning is high, administer CYANOKIT without delay and in conjunction with appropriate airway, ventilatory, and circulatory support, oxygen administration as well as management of seizures. (nih.gov)
  • however, CYANOKIT administration for cyanide poisoning may be lifesaving for the pregnant woman and fetus. (nih.gov)
  • If clinical suspicion of cyanide poisoning is high, administer CYANOKIT without delay. (nih.gov)
  • Consequently, the tissues with the highest oxygen requirements (brain and heart) are the most profoundly affected by acute cyanide poisoning. (medscape.com)
  • This value is commonly measured with pulse oximetry, but a pulse oximeter can give falsely elevated readings in anemia, cyanide, or carbon monoxide poisoning and is not an adequate indicator of perfusion, as seen in cases of shock. (statpearls.com)
  • For suspected cyanide poisoning, hydroxocobalamin 5 g IV should be administered immediately. (ebmedicine.net)
  • This study tested whether exogenous stroma-free methemoglobin (SFmetHb) can prevent depression of hemodynamics and metabolism during canine cyanide poisoning. (asahq.org)
  • What are the symptoms of cyanide poisoning? (aliem.com)
  • How do you diagnose cyanide poisoning? (aliem.com)
  • How to you treat cyanide poisoning? (aliem.com)
  • Hydroxocobalamin is the preferred antidote for cyanide poisoning. (aliem.com)
  • Fatal cyanide poisoning from cas- sava-based meal. (who.int)
  • 11. Kwok J. Cyanide poisoning and cassava. (who.int)
  • Consumers should not consume the recalled product described below as it contains excessive amygdalin which may cause acute cyanide poisoning. (canada.ca)
  • The human body can eliminate small amounts of cyanide, but larger amounts can result in cyanide poisoning, which could lead to death. (canada.ca)
  • As a result, several cyanide poisonings from ingestion of large amounts of apricot kernels have occurred in the US. (poison.org)
  • Standard cyanide antidotes can be used to treat the toxic effects from ingestion of cyanogenic glycosides. (aliem.com)
  • Pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are both common complications of inhalation injury. (ebmedicine.net)
  • However, nitrite-induced methemoglobinemia, which avidly binds cyanide, decreases oxygen-carrying capacity that is already reduced by the presence of carboxyhemoglobin (inhalation of carbon monoxide in smoke). (asahq.org)
  • Patients who are very near the fire source may have smoke inhalation injury, which is caused by thermal (superheated gases), chemical (e.g., particulate matter and other irritants), and toxic (e.g., carbon monoxide, cyanide) effects of the products of combustion. (cdc.gov)
  • It may be generated by treating cyanide salts with acid, and it is a combustion by-product of nitrogen-containing materials such as wool, silk, and plastics. (cdc.gov)
  • It can also be produced by reaction of gold(I) salts with excess potassium cyanide. (wikipedia.org)
  • Potassium dicyanoaurate (or potassium gold cyanide) is an inorganic compound with formula K[Au(CN)2]. (wikipedia.org)
  • In mining of gold from dilute sources, gold is selectively extracted by dissolution in aqueous solutions of cyanide, provided by dissolving sodium cyanide, potassium cyanide and/or calcium cyanide. (wikipedia.org)
  • In fact, sodium cyanide, not the potassium salt, is more widely used in commercial processes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The compound containing gold(III) cyanide is also known: potassium tetracyanoaurate(III), K[Au(CN)4]. (wikipedia.org)
  • Acute disruption of cochlear potentials by potassium cyanide. (cdc.gov)
  • Thus, the assignment of potassium cyanide and sodium cyanide to a chemical category does not result in a less protective regulatory status. (europa.eu)
  • Finally, the SFmetHb group and the control group (n = 5, no SFmetHb) received an intravenous potassium cyanide infusion (0.072 mg.kg-1.min-1) for 20 min. (asahq.org)
  • They include traditional chemical warfare nerve agents such as sarin and VX, and toxic industrial chemicals and pesticides such as cyanide, chlorine, parathion, and sodium fluoroacetate. (nih.gov)
  • In addition, a number of cyanide-containing compounds, known as cyanogens, may release cyanide during metabolism. (medscape.com)
  • Many other types of plants found in the US, both edible and nonedible, also naturally contain cyanide compounds. (poison.org)
  • Cyanides are organic and/or inorganic compounds which contain the cyano group -CN. (waterquality.gov.au)
  • [ 3 ] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), excessive alcohol consumption contributed to over 87,000 adult deaths in the United States from 2006 to 2010, with 44% due to chronic conditions and 56% due to acute conditions. (medscape.com)
  • Although the seeds of stone fruits naturally contain cyanide, small unintentional ingestions generally do not cause harm. (poison.org)
  • also avoid the seeds--they contain cyanide. (pethealthnetwork.com)
  • Apricot kernels naturally contain amygdalin, which can release cyanide after being eaten. (canada.ca)
  • While symptoms can vary depending on the amount of cyanide the body is exposed to, large exposures can quickly lead to loss of consciousness, acid buildup in body fluids, seizures, sudden loss of blood flow to vital organs, and death. (poison.org)
  • From baseline to infused cyanide, the increases in blood cyanide (4.8 +/- 1.0 to 452 +/- 97 microM) and plasma thiocyanate cyanide (18 +/- 5 to 65 +/- 22 microM) in the SFmetHb group were significantly greater than those increases in the control group. (asahq.org)
  • Acts as a sulfur donor, converting cyanide to a less toxic thiocyanate which is subsequently excreted in the urine. (aliem.com)
  • After oxygen has been administered, subsequent treatment is aimed at dissociating the cyanide ion into cytochrome oxidase. (who.int)
  • The binding of cyanide to haeme iron(III) of enzymes such as cytochrome oxidase, prevents electron transfer to molecular O 2 . (waterquality.gov.au)
  • Cyanide inhibits cellular respiration in all aerobic organisms by blocking cytochrome oxidase. (aliem.com)
  • Cyanide & other poisons strictly controlled while 990mg/ml nicotine isn't! (sciencemadness.org)
  • You search the internet and are shocked to learn that you might have just swallowed one of the deadliest poisons known to man - cyanide . (poison.org)
  • Cyanide poisons the most basic and fundamental units of life - the cells - by depriving them of the oxygen needed for life. (poison.org)
  • Poaching using poisons like cyanide and strychnine and anthrax were ruled out by laboratory tests early on . (africageographic.com)
  • The HCN and CN - present or derived from dissociation of complexed or bound cyanides are the principal toxic forms (Doudoroff et al. (waterquality.gov.au)
  • The toxic component is cyanide or a precursor to cyanide. (firstvet.com)
  • What causes cyanide in fruit pits to be toxic? (firstvet.com)
  • There was also a significant decrease in cerebral ATP concentration in the cyanide group and a significantly higher cerebral lactate-to-pyruvate ratio (LPR). (lu.se)
  • A case in which the whole blood cyanide concentration is elevated. (cdc.gov)
  • where [HCN + CN - ] is the free cyanide concentration. (waterquality.gov.au)
  • Patients recovering from acute exposures (and unconscious, but breathing) will make a faster recovery with antidotes and oxygen. (who.int)
  • The form of cyanide in water is affected by pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, other ions, complexing agents and sunlight (Leduc et al. (waterquality.gov.au)
  • Comprehensive treatment of acute cyanide intoxication requires support of vital functions. (nih.gov)
  • It is a weak acid in aqueous solution and the proportion of cyanide present as free cyanide depends on pH and temperature (CCREM 1987). (waterquality.gov.au)
  • Amygdalin is then converted by the body to cyanide. (poison.org)
  • They include "acute lethality - trout," and the following three pollutants: cyanide, phenol, and total ammonia nitrogen. (sootoday.com)
  • Results: The cyanide group showed significantly increased lactate and decreased hypotension with decreased cerebral CIV-linked mitochondrial respiration. (lu.se)
  • Cyanide is a rapidly lethal agent when used in enclosed spaces where high concentrations can be achieved easily. (medscape.com)
  • Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure (AHRF, ARDS) Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure is defined as severe hypoxemia (PaO2 (See also Overview of Mechanical Ventilation. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Intravenous (IV) labetalol and hydralazine have long been considered first-line medications for the management of acute-onset, severe hypertension in pregnant women and women in the postpartum period. (medscape.com)
  • Prophylactic intravenous SFmetHb preserved cardiovascular and metabolic function in dogs exposed to significant intravenous cyanide. (asahq.org)
  • A glucagon injection (of 1 mg/ml) was indicated for the treatment of acute severe hypoglycaemia in patients with diabetes - to support efforts in many countries to ensure that the appropriate treatment was added to the Lists, in view of the increasing number of patients with diabetes. (who.int)
  • Acute-onset, severe hypertension that is accurately measured using standard techniques and is persistent for 15 minutes or longer is considered a hypertensive emergency. (medscape.com)
  • Acute and Chronic Effects of Heavy Metals and Cyanide on 'Mysidopsis bahia' (Crustacea:Mysidacea). (epa.gov)
  • The report uses a methodology for species sensitivity distribution consistent with EU guidance (Technical Guidance Document for Deriving Environmental Quality Standards), from which an acute HC5 and a chronic HC5 were derived. (europa.eu)
  • The cyanides present in effluents may be of different forms such as hydrocyanic acid HCN, cyanide ion CN - , various metallo-cyanide complexes which span a wide range of stabilities ([M(CN) n ] m- ), cyanogen (CN) 2 , cyanates (containing -OCN), thiocyanates (-SCN) and nitriles (RCN, R for alkyl group). (waterquality.gov.au)
  • Persons whose clothing or skin is contaminated with cyanide-containing solutions can secondarily contaminate response personnel by direct contact or through off-gassing vapor. (cdc.gov)
  • In fact, most veterinarians recommend a temporary diet consisting of chicken and rice for dogs with acute gastrointestinal problems. (pethealthnetwork.com)
  • The acute HC5 value of 15.8 ug/L value served as the point of departure for the derivation of the PNECaquatic for intermittent releases for both freshwater and saltwater species. (europa.eu)
  • While the cardiac effects of cyanide are well known, the cerebral effects on cellular function are less well described. (lu.se)
  • Free cyanide is the sum of cyanide present as molecular HCN and ionic CN - whereas total cyanide includes also the measurable cyanide from breakdown of metallo-cyanide and organic complexes. (waterquality.gov.au)
  • Airspace filling in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF) may result. (msdmanuals.com)