• It consists of a catechol structure, which has a benzene ring with two hydroxyl groups and an attached amine group. (thesciencenotes.com)
  • Catecholamines are any of a group of amines (nitrogen-contain organic compounds) derived from the amino acid tyrosine and containing a catechol group (aromatic chemical compound consisting of a benzene ring with two hydroxyl groups). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • Catecholamines have the distinct structure of a benzene ring with two hydroxyl groups, an intermediate ethyl chain, and a terminal amine group. (wikidoc.org)
  • A dopamine molecule consists of a catechol structure (a benzene ring with two hydroxyl side groups) with one amine group attached via an ethyl chain. (alchetron.com)
  • Cation-dependent O-MT includes caffeoyl-CoA O-MT (CCoAOMT) (EC 2.1.1.104 ) that is involved in plant defense, catechol O-MT (COMT) (EC 2.1.1.6 ) that plays an important role in the central nervous system in the mammalian organism, and a family of bacterial OMTs that may be involved in antibiotic production. (expasy.org)
  • Stalevo, a combination drug consisting of levodopa (aromatic amino acid), carbidopa (aromatic amino acid decarboxylation inhibitor), and entacapone (catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor) is indicated for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. (nih.gov)
  • They can be degraded either by methylation by catechol- O -methyltransferases ( COMT ) or by deamination by monoamine oxidases ( MAO ). (wikidoc.org)
  • hydroxyl radicals [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • 2007). These processes are based on the production of very reactive hydroxyl radicals with an oxidation potential of 2.8 V as primary oxidizing species (Aleboyeh et al . (scialert.net)
  • Microsomal membrane-located uridine diphosphate (UDP) glucuronosyltransferases catalyze the transfer of an activated glucuronic acid molecule to the hydroxyl moiety of phenol to form an O-glucuronide conjugate. (selfdecode.com)
  • Estrone is only a weak agonist of estrogen receptor but it serves as a precursor for biosynthesis of 17β-estradiol, 16α-hydroxyestrone and catechol estrogens. (helsinki.fi)
  • Generally, subfamily UGT1A enzymes conjugate the 3-hydroxyls of estrogens, while the activity of subfamily UGT2B is directed towards 16- and 17-hydroxyls. (helsinki.fi)
  • Of all UGTs, UGT2B7 demonstrated the highest catalytic activities for estrogens and at least 10- to 50-fold higher activity for the conjugation of genotoxic 4-hydroxycatecholestrogens at position 4, compared with the conjugation of E(2), E(1), and 2-hydroxycatecholestrogens. (nih.gov)
  • Coenzyme A (CoA) is an essential and ubiquitous co-factor involved in numerous metabolic pathways with a large number of different enzymes requiring it for their activity 2 . (nature.com)
  • Activity assays were conducted using recombinant enzymes as well as human liver and intestinal microsomes. (helsinki.fi)
  • It is likely to act as a bioactive compound by exerting reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging activity and/or binding to specific proteins such as oxidative enzymes and transcriptional factors in signal transduction pathways. (rsc.org)
  • 14,15 Conversely, its pro-oxidant activity may enhance cellular defence against oxidants by stimulating the redox-regulated signal transduction pathway which leads to the gene expression of anti-oxidative enzymes such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). (rsc.org)
  • Cytochrome P4502E1, also microsomally located, catalyzes the hydroxylation of phenol to form hydroquinone (and to a much lesser extent, catechol), which is then acted upon by the phase II enzymes. (selfdecode.com)
  • Naturally sourced and synthetic montmorillonite clays were modified by cation exchange and exposed to phenol and catechol, in the gaseous phase and aqueous phases respectively. (lsu.edu)
  • Cytosolic phenol sulfotransferases catalyze the transfer of inorganic sulfur from the activated 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'phosphosulfate donor molecule to the hydroxyl group on phenol. (selfdecode.com)
  • Mechanism for the reactivation of the peroxidase activity of human cyclooxygenases: investigation using phenol as a reducing cosubstrate. (cuhk.edu.cn)
  • The molecule consists of a phenyl (-C6H5), bonded to a hydroxyl (-OH) group. (selfdecode.com)
  • 12,13 However, its catechol structure ( o -dihydroxyl structure in the B-ring) leads to pro-oxidant properties by generating ROS during its oxidation process, which may result in quinone toxicity. (rsc.org)
  • Dopamine is prone to oxidation, mainly due to its catechol structure. (thesciencenotes.com)
  • Substrate specificity of catechol oxidase from Lycopus europaeus and characterization of the bioproducts of enzymic caffeic acid oxidation. (lookformedical.com)
  • The enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of o-diphenols to o-quinones without hydroxylating monophenols, the additional activity of tyrosinase. (lookformedical.com)
  • For example, aromatic ring cis-dihydrodiols are likely to be dehydrogenated to form catechols. (europa.eu)
  • In the convergent mode, structurally diverse aromatic compounds are converted to one of a few aromatic ring cleavage substrates such as catechol, gent sate, protocatechuate and their derivatives [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Specific activities of Catechol-2,3-dioxygenase and effects of temperature and pH and their stabilities on the enzyme relative activities were observed. (openmicrobiologyjournal.com)
  • The pH and temperature range with time for the enzyme activity were 6.0-8.0 and 30 o C-50 o C respectively. (openmicrobiologyjournal.com)
  • The enzyme exhibited activity that was slightly more tolerant to alkaline pH. (openmicrobiologyjournal.com)
  • Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic disorder characterized by a deficiency in, or problem with the proper activity of, the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), which is necessary to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine to the amino acid tyrosine . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the reaction between catechol and oxygen to yield benzoquinone and water. (lookformedical.com)
  • Most types of rewards increase the level of dopamine in the brain, and many addictive drugs increase dopamine neuronal activity. (alchetron.com)
  • There is evidence that schizophrenia involves altered levels of dopamine activity, and most antipsychotic drugs used to treat this are dopamine antagonists which reduce dopamine activity. (alchetron.com)
  • Restless legs syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are associated with decreased dopamine activity. (alchetron.com)
  • Many of these natural products have been shown to present interesting biological and pharmacological activities and are used as chemotherapeutic agents or serve as the starting point in the development of modern medicines 2 . (ijpsr.com)
  • Pharmacological activity is mediated by the R-form, which exhibits about 100 times more affinity for the β-receptor compared to the S-form. (pharmacology2000.com)
  • Oxidative stress occurs when an imbalance is formed between production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cellular antioxidant activity. (en-journal.org)
  • The benzophenone derivatives in MLs possess significant α -glucosidase inhibitory and immunosuppressive activities. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Flavonoids have been shown to exhibit antiinflammatory, antithrombogenic, antidiabetic, anticancer, and neuroprotective activities through different mechanisms of action in vitro and in animal models. (oregonstate.edu)
  • We discovered that a conjugated metabolite derived from quercetin possesses considerable anti-oxidant activity in several in vitro experiments. (rsc.org)
  • The in vitro antioxidant activity of the tested extracts (RLE, RSE and RRE) showed significant potent total antioxidant capacity (TAC), DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity, ferrous ions chelating and ferric reducing ions activities, H 2 O 2 and OH scavenging capacities. (fortunepublish.com)
  • Catechol in which the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted by a 2-aminoethyl group. (chemspider.com)
  • Besides the natural bioactive properties in plants, flavonoids are phytochemicals with several medically-relevant biological activities such as antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial antihepatotoxic, anti-osteoporotic, antiulcer, anti-proliferative. (rsc.org)
  • The bioavailability of these polyphenols in vivo is a major determinant in their ability to exert biological activities relevant to human health. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Their bioavailability and biological activities in humans appear to be strongly influenced by their chemical nature. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Quercetin is therefore expected to act as a phytochemical by exerting a wide variety of biological activities through these action mechanisms. (rsc.org)
  • Polyphenols, a wide family of plant compounds with an equally wide range of biological activities, are suitable candidates to counteract chronic degenerative disease in the central nervous system. (mdpi.com)
  • Mangiferin is the main contributor of most of the biological activities of MLs extract. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The influence of acid and alkaline hydrolysis on the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Terminalia catappa L. leaves were evaluated in this study. (scialert.net)
  • The evaluation of the antifeedant activity of each test compound used the ED 50 value based on the dose-response curve that was calculated with the probit method. (go.jp)
  • My teaching activities cover all aspects of organic chemistry from basic structure and bonding in organic molecules, to complex organic synthesis. (exeter.ac.uk)
  • Polyphenols have an ideal structural chemistry for free radical-scavenging activity. (fortunepublish.com)
  • Quercetin aglycone is assumed to emerge in the target site by the action of β-glucuronidase activity under oxidative stress such as inflammation. (rsc.org)
  • TCDD for every step of the mechanism described for 2,3,7,8-TCDD carcinogenesis in humans including receptor binding, gene expression, protein activity changes, cellular replication, oxidative stress, promotion in initiation-promotion studies and complete carcinogenesis in laboratory animals. (who.int)
  • The EPFR-type and concentrations were characterized using electron paramagnetic spectroscopy (EPR) and the metal redox activity was probed using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). (lsu.edu)
  • The sulfate radical is one of the strongest oxidizing species with a redox potential estimated to be 2.6 V, similar to that of the hydroxyl radical, 2.7 V. (redox-tech.com)
  • Moreover, to effectively convert electron-shuttling capabilities from non-sustainable antioxidant activities, environmental conditions to induce electrochemical mediation apparently play critical roles of great significance for bioenergy stimulation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A strong correlation was observed for polyphenolic content and antioxidant activities of these extracts ensuring the involvement of polyphenolic content for the antioxidant activity. (scialert.net)
  • They are called catecholamines because they contain a catechol or 3,4-dihydroxylphenyl group. (wikidoc.org)
  • Phenylethanolamines such as norepinephrine have a hydroxyl group on the ethyl chain. (wikidoc.org)
  • Mechanism of reactivation of the peroxidase catalytic activity of human cyclooxygenases by reducing cosubstrate quercetin. (cuhk.edu.cn)
  • Preparative Thin Layer Chromatography analysis of the fraction resulted in the identification of two spots with antimicrobial activity. (ijpsr.com)
  • The increasing failure of chemotherapeutics and the antibiotic resistance exhibited by pathogenic microbial infectious agents has led to the screening of several medicinal plants for their potential antimicrobial activity 3, 4 . (ijpsr.com)
  • A large number of plants indeed were used to combat different diseases and known to posses antimicrobial activity 5 . (ijpsr.com)
  • The core aim of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of Rhus tripartita (leaf (RLE), stem (RSE) and root (RRE)) extracts. (fortunepublish.com)
  • and in the immune system , it reduces the activity of lymphocytes . (alchetron.com)
  • Rutin suppressed activity of proinflammatory cytokines by diminishing TNF-α and IL-1β production in microglia. (fuqna.com)
  • The introduction of methoxy and acetyl groups increased the insect antifeedant activity. (go.jp)
  • Also the effects of bovine serum albumin (BSA), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and mutations of UGT1A10F90 and UGT1A10F93 on glucuronidation activity were examined. (helsinki.fi)
  • FoxO3a depletion via siRNAs resulted in a partial rescue against bortezomib sensitivity in BCR ABL T315I cells, suggesting that FoxO3a activity in part contributes to the effects of bortezomib. (mi-rna.com)
  • Additional therapeutic benefits associated with β-adrenergic receptor agonists likely include reduced pulmonary mast cell leukotriene and histamine release, reduced microvascular permeability, phospholipase A 2 inhibition and increased mucociliary activity. (pharmacology2000.com)
  • Rutin caused attenuation of streptozotocin-induced inflammation by decreasing the activity of the glial fibrillary acidic protein, interleukin-8, cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase and nuclear factor-kB and thereby prevented gross anatomical changes in rat hippocampus. (fuqna.com)
  • The possible mechanisms of action of antioxidants were first explored when it was recognized that a substance with anti-oxidative activity is likely to be one that is itself readily oxidized. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2 Satoh T, Izumi M, Inukai Y, Tsutumi Y, Nakayama N, Kosaka K, Kitajima C, Itoh K, Yokoi T, Shirasawa T. Carnosic acid protects neuronal HT22 cells through activation of the antioxidant-responsive element in free carboxylic acid- and catechol hydroxyl moieties-dependent manners. (thieme-connect.com)
  • In a study, in haloperidol-induced orofacial dyskinesia, rutin treatment reversed behavioral changes such as orofacial dyskinetic movements, stereotypic rearing, locomotor activity, and percent retention along with restoration of biochemical and neurochemical parameters. (fuqna.com)
  • CNS and behavioral activity of rutin were on hole board, thiopental-induced sleeping time and locomotor activity tests in mice. (fuqna.com)
  • 2006). The serum levels of workers engaged in sealant removal were 2-10 times higher at the end of these activities than they had been one year before (Kontsas et al. (who.int)