Active chloride transporters. Medical search. Frequent questions

To survive in extremely salty environments, this archaeon-as with other halophilic Archaeal species-utilizes compatible solutes (in particular, potassium chloride) to reduce osmotic stress. (wikipedia.org)
Additionally, our research group has shown that angiotensin II signaling can influence the excitability of neurons in the median preoptic nucleus, an integrative brain structure that contributes to the sustained hypertension associated with sleep apnea, through the regulation of potassium-chloride co-transporters. (unthsc.edu)
Phospho-regulation, nucleotide binding and ion access control in potassium-chloride cotransporters. (ox.ac.uk)

The serotonin transporter (SERT or 5-HTT) also known as the sodium-dependent serotonin transporter and solute carrier family 6 member 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC6A4 gene. (wikipedia.org)
Isosteres 3-cis-(3-Aminocyclopentyl)indole 8a: Ki = 220 pM allosteric modulator: 3′-Methoxy-8-methyl-spiro{8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-3,5′(4′H)-isoxazole} (compound 7a) allosteric modulator: p-Trifluoromethyl-methcathinone The gene that encodes the serotonin transporter is called solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter transporter, serotonin), member 4 (SLC6A4, see Solute carrier family). (wikipedia.org)
Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) of the solute carrier family 1A (SLC1A) take up the neurotransmitter L-glutamate from the synaptic environment, which is necessary to keep the extracellular concentration low and prevent neurotoxicity 1 , 2 . (nature.com)

Serotonin-reuptake transporters are dependent on both the concentration of potassium ion in the cytoplasm and the concentrations of sodium and chloride ions in the extracellular fluid. (wikipedia.org)
Ions , such as sodium (Na + ) and chloride (Cl - ), have an even more difficult time going through the membrane than glucose . (visionlearning.com)
2016. A set of examples is presented in Figure 1 to show how changes in a single channel or transporter species (one permeability coefficient or rate constant) can alter the intracellular concentrations of all major ions, cell water content and the MP. (researchgate.net)
Active transport helps in the accumulation of high concentrations of ions and molecules that the cell needs. (aakash.ac.in)
Mineral ions are absorbed from the soil by the root hair cells, against their concentration gradient, by the process of active transport and utilisation of energy. (aakash.ac.in)
Absorption of glucose from the intestinal lumen in humans, absorption of amino acids across the lining of intestines, outward movement of calcium ions from cardiac muscle cells are some of the other examples of active transport in living beings. (aakash.ac.in)
Active transport helps in moving metal ions, such as Na + , K + , Mg 2+ , and Ca 2+ across the cell membrane with the help of ion pumps or ion channels. (aakash.ac.in)
It is well-established that the secondary active transporters Glt Tk and Glt Ph catalyze coupled uptake of aspartate and three sodium ions, but insight in the kinetic mechanism of transport is fragmentary. (nature.com)
The outcome is the possibility that they are subjected to, such as chloride ions, how- times to be added. (themauimiracle.org)
Now, not all of the ions are easy or convenient to measure, so typically the dominant cation, sodium Na+, which is typically around 137 mEq/L and the two dominant anions, chloride Cl−, which is about 104 mEq/L, and bicarbonate HCO3−, which is around 24 mEq/L, are measured. (msdmanuals.com)

1991. Ammonium chloride fume. (cdc.gov)
Field measurements of the dissociation of ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride aerosols. (cdc.gov)
1975. Tumor growth inhibition by ammonium chloride-induced acidosis. (cdc.gov)

As a diuretic, chlorothiazide inhibits active chloride reabsorption at the early distal tubule via the Na-Cl cotransporter, resulting in an increase in the excretion of sodium, chloride, and water. (ncats.io)
The Cl-formate exchanger is a transport protein present in the kidney [1] , where it functions in the renal chloride reabsorption. (chemeurope.com)

In order to function properly the serotonin transporter requires the membrane potential created by the sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase. (wikipedia.org)
All plasma membranes possess transporters to help move molecules from one side of the membrane to the other. (visionlearning.com)
Recently, Zhang and his team identified and cloned Slc26a6 (a membrane protein involved in transporting chloride, oxalate, sulfate and bicarbonate) as the most active and abundant chloride transporter in the cardiac muscle. (ucdavis.edu)
Importantly, this membrane protein is an electrogenic chloride and bicarbonate exchanger. (ucdavis.edu)
Their movement across the cell membrane is regulated by numerous channels and transporters. (researchgate.net)
A type of secondary active transport across a biological membrane in which a transport protein couples the movement of an ion (usually Na + or H + ) down its electrochemical gradient to the movement of another ion or molecule against a concentration or electrochemical gradient. (physiologyweb.com)
The transport of substances across the cell membrane can either be active or passive. (aakash.ac.in)
The cellular energy used in active transport helps to move the molecules against any sort of resistance as is posed by a negative concentration gradient or the polar repulsion between the hydrophobic lipid bilayer of the cell membrane and hydrophilic substances to be transported across it. (aakash.ac.in)
The type of active transport that uses chemical energy in the form of ATP for transporting molecules across a membrane is known as primary or direct active transport. (aakash.ac.in)
To overcome the complication that purified transporters may adopt right-side-out or inside-out membrane orientations upon reconstitution, thereby confounding the kinetic analysis, we employed a rapid method using synthetic nanobodies to inactivate one population. (nature.com)
A breakthrough for the identification of the proteome of the presynaptic active zone was the successful employment of antibodies directed against a cytosolic epitope of membrane integral synaptic vesicle proteins for the immunopurification of synaptic vesicles docked to the presynaptic plasma membrane. (mdpi.com)

Relevant of mutagenicity and clastogenici- angiosarcomas of the liver, which carcinogens discussed in this chap- ty, including the induction of sister are rare tumours, were identified in ter do not include pharmaceutical chromatid exchange (SCE), chro- humans, rats, and mice exposed to drugs classified in Group 1, which mosomal aberrations (CA), and mi- vinyl chloride. (who.int)

Because bicarbonate regulates the body's pH balance, the team predicted that the exchange of chloride and bicarbonate affected the pH i . (ucdavis.edu)
Produces diuresis by increasing the concentration of osmotically active bicarbonate in the proximal tubule. (derangedphysiology.com)
Loss of bicarbonate-poor, chloride-rich extracellular fluid, as observed with thiazide diuretic or loop diuretic therapy or chloride diarrhea, leads to contraction of extracellular fluid volume. (medscape.com)

The Drosophila dopamine transporter, which displays a pharmacology similar to SERT, was crystallized with tricyclic antidepressants and confirmed the earlier finding that the substrate binding site is also the antidepressant binding site. (wikipedia.org)

Chloride ion is the most abundant anion, or negatively charged ion, in the human body. (ucdavis.edu)
Cleared renally - 50% of the administered dose is eliminated in this way, mainly by active secretion via the OAT organic anion transport proteins in the proximal convoluted tubule. (derangedphysiology.com)
The FHA cycle is active inside the cell, detoxifying superoxide anion radicals (O2·-), which are mainly generated as a result of so-called 'electron leakage' to triplet oxygen (O2) in photosynthetic, mitochondrial, peroxisomal, and probably other electron transport chains (Ozyigit et al. (deepdyve.com)
And mate1/1, in vitro experiments utilizing human liver microsomes and rat renal organic anion transport inhibitors using cells stably expressing human organic cation transporters. (themauimiracle.org)

Chloride/proton antiporter activity of mammalian CLC proteins ClC-4 and ClC-5. (cornell.edu)

The transporter protein, by recycling serotonin, regulates its concentration in a gap, or synapse, and thus its effects on a receiving neuron's receptors. (wikipedia.org)
This raised the question - how is chloride transported in the cardiomyocytes (cells responsible for the heart's contraction) to maintain the relatively higher chloride concentration in the cardiac muscle cells? (ucdavis.edu)
This transport process is referred to as active transport because the driven ion/molecule is transported against a concentration or electrochemical gradient. (physiologyweb.com)
Active transport requires the expenditure of energy while passive transport does not require energy and is driven by concentration gradient. (aakash.ac.in)
If the etiology of metabolic alkalosis is not clear from the clinical history and physical examination, including drug use and the presence of hypertension, then a urine chloride ion concentration can be obtained. (medscape.com)

Thiazides like chlorothiazide also inhibit sodium ion transport across the renal tubular epithelium through binding to the thiazide sensitive sodium-chloride transporter. (ncats.io)

Comment: Coadministration of tenofovir with drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion may increase serum concentrations of tenofovir. (medscape.com)

This increases the delivery of sodium potassium and chloride to the distal nephron. (derangedphysiology.com)

The ciliary epithelium, a bilayer of secretory neuroepithelial cells, is the site of synthesis of aqueous humor (inflow system), and it regulates its secretion by the coordinated action of a complex transport system that involves ion channels and active transporters. (yale.edu)
The ciliary epithelium, a bilayer of secretory neuroepithelial cells, is the site of synthesis of aqueous humor (inflow system), and regulates its secretion by the coordinated action of a complex transport system involving ion channels and active ion secretion, from the stromal to the aqueous-humor surface, followed by osmotic water movement. (yale.edu)

Each bottle includes 50 capsules that are packed with electrolytes (sodium, magnesium, chloride) to aid in hydration by maintaining water balance and plasma volume. (brandscycle.com)
Our Electrolytes are a high-performance electrolyte blend of Sodium Chloride, Tri-Sodium Phosphate, and Sodium R-Lipoate. (bikeconnection.net)

During drug development, abuse/dependence potential testing is mandatory for CNS active drug products/medicinal products that are novel (per both FDA and EMA) or that have a similar chemical structure and/or mechanism of action like those controlled under the U.S. Controlled Substance Act 16 (CSA). (clinicalleader.com)
Combined with previous pre-equilibrium binding studies, a full kinetic mechanism of structurally characterized aspartate transporters of the SLC1A family is now emerging. (nature.com)

Right after the release of the serotonin in the cytoplasm a potassium ion binds to the transporter which is now able to flip back out returning to its active state. (wikipedia.org)

Blocking this transporter causes blood glucose to be eliminated through the urine. (med-chemist.com)

Do chloride and pH regulation affect the heart muscle's ability to contract? (ucdavis.edu)
UC Davis Health cardiovascular researchers are investigating the understudied but potentially critical connections between chloride and pH regulation and the heart muscle's ability to contract. (ucdavis.edu)
Xiaodong Zhang , associate adjunct professor of cardiovascular medicine , was awarded a four-year grant from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to fund his " Cardiac chloride and pH regulation in health and disease " study. (ucdavis.edu)
This figure illustrates the functional roles of Slc26a6 in cardiac chloride and pH regulation as well as in ischemic cardiac disease. (ucdavis.edu)
We hope this study could lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies targeting chloride and pH regulation to prevent cellular damage from cardiac ischemia and arrhythmia," Zhang said. (ucdavis.edu)
This kinase activates certain potassium, sodium, and chloride channels, suggesting an involvement in the regulation of processes such as cell survival, neuronal excitability, and renal sodium excretion. (nih.gov)

SERT is a type of monoamine transporter protein that transports the neurotransmitter serotonin from the synaptic cleft back to the presynaptic neuron, in a process known as serotonin reuptake. (wikipedia.org)

A bioprecursor prodrug is transformed chemically through hydration (for example, lactones such as some statins), reduction (for example, sulindac, platinum (IV) complexes) or oxidation (for example, dexpanthenol, nabumetone) or metabolically to the active agent [ 5 , 9 - 11 ]. (ijpsonline.com)

The lack of a specific transporter can interrupt cellular functions and cause diseases like cystic fibrosis. (visionlearning.com)
The price paid is in terms of cellular energy and such a mode of transport is known as active transport. (aakash.ac.in)
Intracellular magnesium is an important cofactor for various enzymes, transporters, and nucleic acids that are essential for normal cellular function, replication, and energy metabolism. (medscape.com)

SaltStick Caps are full-spectrum electrolyte capsules that have been engineered to replace sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and chloride lost in sweat, in a form and quantity that your body can use. (brandscycle.com)

After securing a lectureship at Edinburgh Napier University in 2012, Dr Amy Poole established a programme of research investigating the molecular mechanisms of disease, including exploration of the role chloride co-transporters in hypoxia and stroke and the role of hASH1 and exosome signalling in driving neuroendocrine prostate cancer. (napier.ac.uk)
Pralidoxime chloride is a quaternary pyridinium oxime with a molecular weight of 173 Da. (mhmedical.com)

Secondary active transport mediated by a prokaryotic homologue of ClC Cl- channels. (cornell.edu)
It is referred to as secondary active transport because no ATP hydrolysis is involved in this process (as opposed to primary active transport). (physiologyweb.com)
Secondary active transport is also referred to as ion-coupled transport. (physiologyweb.com)

The serotonin transporter removes serotonin from the synaptic cleft back into the synaptic boutons. (wikipedia.org)

T cells act as a sterile 0.5% ophthalmic solution in which the using injection vials with antineoplastic agents protease inhibitors inhibit both pgp and mrp are atp-dependent active transporters [38]. (moorelifeurgentcare.com)

What are active transport? (aakash.ac.in)
In this article we will learn more about active transport. (aakash.ac.in)
Let us try to understand the process of active transport in detail. (aakash.ac.in)
Here, the process of active transport comes into the picture. (aakash.ac.in)
Primary active transport can also use energy obtained from redox reactions and photons (light) for carrying out transport. (aakash.ac.in)

Following the elucidation of structures of the homologous bacterial transporter, LeuT, co-crystallized with tricyclic antidepressants in the vestibule leading from the extracellular space to the central substrate site it was inferred that this binding site did also represent the binding site relevant for antidepressant binding in SERT. (wikipedia.org)
ATB 0+ (SLC6A14) is a transporter for numerous dipolar and cationic amino acids and thus has a much broader substrate specificity than the glycine transporters alongside which it is grouped on the basis of structural similarity [ 10 ]. (guidetopharmacology.org)

Within the cardiac muscle ( myocardium ), chloride also contributes to the excitability of the cardiac cells, but the resting chloride conductance is not very high. (ucdavis.edu)
These results led us to believe that chloride is actively involved in regulating cardiac excitability and function," Zhang added. (ucdavis.edu)
Presence of chloride-formate exchange in vascular smooth muscle and cardiac cells M Soleimani and RL Howard. (chemeurope.com)

Structural characterization of human urea transporters UT-A and UT-B and their inhibition. (ox.ac.uk)
The proteome of the presynaptic active zone controls neurotransmitter release and the short- and long-term structural and functional dynamics of the nerve terminal. (mdpi.com)

Wanger G, Onstott TC, Southam G (2008) Stars of the terresmisfortune deep subsurface: A levitra super active all credit cards accepted romance "star-shaped" bacterial morphotype from a South African platinum mine. (upb.ro)

Obidoxime (Toxogonin, LuH-6) is an oxime used outside the United States that contains two active sites per molecule and is considered by some to be more effective than pralidoxime. (mhmedical.com)

These transporters can be active (pumps) or passive (channels) and are sometimes regulated by gates. (visionlearning.com)
The gene ontology (GO) terms associated with monooxygenase, iron binding, and passive transmembrane transporter activities were significantly enriched in four out of six resistant vs. susceptible comparisons while serine protease activity was elevated in all insecticide-resistant groups relative to the susceptible strain. (cdc.gov)

Medical studies have shown that changes in serotonin transporter metabolism appear to be associated with many different phenomena, including alcoholism, clinical depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), romantic love, hypertension and generalized social phobia. (wikipedia.org)

Chlorothiazide increases excretion of sodium and chloride in approximately equivalent amounts. (ncats.io)

The chloride salt exhibits excellent water solubility and physiologic compatibility. (mhmedical.com)

Prodrugs are derivatives of drug molecules that are pharmacologically inactive but require either chemical or enzymatic transformation to release the active drug in vivo in order to exert a pharmacological effect. (ijpsonline.com)

Prodrug concept is justified because it enables the active drug to overcome the barrier that would impede it from reaching the site of action to exert the required pharmacological activity. (ijpsonline.com)
The prodrug strategy implementation in the last 20 y has led to a steady advancement in the biopharmaceutical, physicochemical and/or pharmacokinetic attributes of the pharmacologically active compounds. (ijpsonline.com)

Things that matter to you) stay in shape, but to keep your into the active metabolite, prednisolone. (checkrankings.com)
The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. (lookformedical.com)

B) Dual-luciferase assays at designated convenience life-points with stated buy levitra super active canada pharmacy shRNAs targeting the G2019S LRRK2 mutant following co-transfection with wild-type (blue lines) or mutant (red lines) luciferase targets. (upb.ro)

Avoid coadministration of cholera vaccine with systemic antibiotics since these agents may be active against the vaccine strain. (medscape.com)

Bioprecursors do not have a promoiety or carrier but yield the active compound upon biotransformation. (ijpsonline.com)

CLC channels and transporters: proteins with borderline personalities. (cornell.edu)

While NDRG3 adopts the alpha/beta-hydrolase fold, complete substitution of the canonical catalytic triad residues to non-reactive residues and steric hindrance around the pseudo-active site seem to disable the alpha/beta-hydrolase activity. (inra.fr)

Gallium radiotracer production involves relatively complicated syn- hydroxide acts as a check to consider the temporal association between when the value of jenners work and should not allow it or because of poor acute pain and de- a low 7.5.5.1 no blocking the active substance or a different one 160 139 m and generally this should happen. (moorelifeurgentcare.com)

In skeletal muscles, chloride controls the excitability of muscle cells through its flux into and out of the cells. (ucdavis.edu)

These prodrugs subsequently undergo enzymatic or non-enzymatic cleavage to release the active drug moiety (figure 1) [ 12 , 13 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
Petzinger e, geyer j(2002) drug transporters in hiv-1 therapy. (themauimiracle.org)

Uncoupling and turnover in a Cl-/H+ exchange transporter. (cornell.edu)

Drugs that reduce the binding of serotonin to transporters (serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or SRIs) are used to treat mental disorders. (wikipedia.org)
Peripherally active drugs, e.g., abused at non-intended routes of administration, need consideration. (clinicalleader.com)
For peripherally active drugs, neither in- vitro nor in-vivo models are predictive enough for "non-CNS penetration" 22 because of their lack of resolution and the incomplete understanding of brain permeation and distribution. (clinicalleader.com)

Channel or transporter? (cornell.edu)

Has been cited as a fre- sleep apnea obesity evaluate the equipment maintenance plan have to be xed onto the opened preparation procedure is to reduce the tumor cell modifications including the hepatitis a ganglia of the active substance is dissolved in the evaluation and after a meal, it also possesses anxiolytic proper- ties. (themauimiracle.org)
Based on the behavior of the data, a mathematical assessment is the assumption that the toxic effects in a par- model is selected which possesses a sufficient number of ticular tissue can be related in some way to the concentra- compartments (and therefore parameters) to describe the tion time course of an active form of the substance in that data. (cdc.gov)

Anatomy3

Organisms3

Chemicals and Drugs63

Phenomena and Processes7

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science2

Potassium chloride3

Solute carrie3

Ions10

Ammonium chloride3

Reabsorption2

Membrane11

Vinyl Chloride1

Bicarbonate3

Pharmacology1

Anion4

Antiporter activity1

Concentration5

Thiazide1

Concentrations1

Distal1

Aqueous2

Electrolytes2

Mechanism2

Binds1

Glucose1

Regulation6

Protein1

Chemically1

Cellular3

Calcium1

Molecular2

Secondary active tr3

Synaptic1

Inhibit1

Transport5

Substrate2

Cardiac3

Structural2

Bacterial1

Molecule1

Passive2

Hypertension1

Increases1

Salt1

Molecules1

Prodrug2

Metabolite2

Targets1

Avoid1

Carrier1

Channels1

Activity1

Involves1

Cells1

Drug2

Exchange1

Drugs3

Channel1

Substance2