Activation response to inflammatory cytokines. Medical search. Frequent questions

During inflammation or infection, classical monocytes are mobilized from bone marrow reserves in response to chemokines that bind to the CCR2 receptor, such as CCL2 and CCL7 ( Shi and Pamer, 2011 ). (frontiersin.org)
RIPK3 activation can also promote immune responses via production of cytokines and chemokines. (nih.gov)
The elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (e.g., interleukin [IL] 6, IL-8, macrophage inflammatory protein 1α and 1β, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and macrophage colony-stimulating factor) and immunomodulatory cytokines (e.g. (cdc.gov)
Increasing evidence suggests that respiratory epithelial cells with dysfunctional CFTR have exaggerated activation of NF-κB/inhibitor of NF-κB complex associated with upregulated expression of chemokines 4 , 5 . (ersjournals.com)
The effects of corticosteroids are predominantly mediated by the inhibition of NF-κB deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-binding activity, which controls genes encoding inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules in respiratory epithelial cells 10 - 13 . (ersjournals.com)
Previously, we have shown in a mouse model that exposure to hog dust extract (HDE) collected from a CAFO results in the activation of protein kinase C (PKC), elevated lavage fluid cytokines/chemokines including interleukin-6 (IL-6), and the development of significant lung pathology. (cdc.gov)

The activated macrophages, in turn, over-produce proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-alpha. (wikipedia.org)
Monocytes and their derivatives, including macrophages and dendritic cells, play diverse roles in the response to fungal pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
Classical "inflammatory" monocytes can give rise to non-classical "patrolling" monocytes or further differentiate into macrophages or monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs). (frontiersin.org)
1998. Activation of alveolar macrophages and peripheral red blood cells in rats exposed to fibers/particles. (cdc.gov)
agenT-797 preferentially kills tumor-promoting M2 macrophages while preserving pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages associated with anti-tumor responses. (advfn.com)
These stimuli induce the activation of immune cells residing within fat tissues, called M1 macrophages, which in turn release pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNFalpha, that cause fat tissue dysfunction and insulin resistance. (webwire.com)
The process that induces M2 macrophages is known as alternative activation. (webwire.com)
What activates the M2 pathway within fat tissues, Lee and his colleagues discovered, is the fat cells production of the kind of cytokines that activate M2 macrophages. (webwire.com)
M1 macrophages are activated by a different set of cytokines. (webwire.com)
The researchers found that the key to the Th2 activation switch is a molecule known as PPAR-d within macrophages. (webwire.com)
Thus, blockade of activating FcγR inhibits binding of opsonized antigens, induction of effector functions and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages, and degranulation of granulocytes. (academie-medecine.fr)
In conditions such as like ITP that is autoantibody-mediated, IVIG Fc fragmentmediated competitive blockade of activating FcγR might inhibit: binding of opsonized antigens, induction of effector functions and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages, and degranulation of granulocytes [1, 12]. (academie-medecine.fr)
FP induces apoptosis of eosinophils 18 and also reduces the production of several cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and RANTES (regulated on activation, T-cell expressed and secreted) by alveolar macrophages 19 and lymphocytes 20 , 21 . (ersjournals.com)
Besides, ASK1-K716R effectively suppressed the infiltration of peripheral immune cells into the brain parenchyma, decreased the number of proinflammatory-like microglia/macrophages, increased the number of anti-inflammatory-like microglia/macrophages, and downregulated expression of several proinflammatory factors. (bvsalud.org)
Taken together, these findings demonstrate the polarization of M1 macrophages by Mitsui-7 MWCNTs invitro and that induction of Alox5 is an important mechanism by which the MWCNTs promote proinflammatory responses by boosting M1 polarization and production of proinflammatory LMs. (cdc.gov)
At infection sites, activated T cells secrete cytokines (eg, interferon-gamma [IFN-gamma]) that induce production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor, preventing macrophages from leaving. (msdmanuals.com)
M1, "classically activated," pro-inflammatory macrophages are stimulated by cytokines such as IFN-gamma and by various microbial components (eg, lipopolysaccharide). (msdmanuals.com)
M2 "alternatively activated" anti-inflammatory macrophages are stimulated predominantly by cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-13. (msdmanuals.com)

Anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 inhibit inflammation and enhance tissue healing. (nature.com)
Socs3(Δ/Δcol2) mice developed exacerbated inflammation and joint damage in response to gp130 cytokine injections, and these histopathologic features were also observed in mice with inflammatory monarthritis. (nih.gov)
Our microarray data results suggest a decrease in inflammation, immune response, and immune cell migration in infected animals, which was examined in more detail by quantitative real-time PCR on a panel of cytokines combined with histological analyses. (usda.gov)
Thus, to maintain a balance between host preservation and inflammatory pathology, the immune response and inflammation need to be tightly regulated. (frontiersin.org)
Brain inflammation in animal models of these diseases is dominated by chronic microglial activation with minimal proinflammatory cytokine expression. (jneurosci.org)
Systemic inflammation evoked by LPS also produced greater increases in proinflammatory cytokines, pentraxin 3, and inducible nitric oxide synthase transcription in prion-diseased mice than in control mice and induced microglial expression of IL-1β. (jneurosci.org)
and, hence, although they show some evidence of inflammation, they do not exhibit an inflammatory response that can be a response to neurodegeneration. (jneurosci.org)
Together, these proposals comprise the "microglial priming hypothesis," which predicts that microglia, primed by an existing pathology such as synapse, axon, or neuronal cell body degeneration or by amyloid deposition can be stimulated to an aggressive state of inflammation by secondary influences, such as infection and injury, and during this window of activation can exacerbate neuronal death. (jneurosci.org)
Cordyceps has anti-inflammatory properties that can help alleviate inflammation, providing relief from anxiety symptoms. (bacchusgamma.org)
Reporting in the journal Cell Metabolism, researchers from the Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) said they have shown for the first time that fat-storing cells, or adipocytes, contain a protective anti-inflammatory immune mechanism that prevents the cells from over-reacting to inflammation-causing stimuli, such as fatty acids in the diet. (webwire.com)
Phytocannabinoids modulate inflammatory responses by regulating the production of cytokines in several experimental models of inflammation. (aspetjournals.org)
The pathways that lead to fibrosis are not fully understood, although chronic non-resolving inflammation in the kidney is likely to drive the fibrotic response that occurs. (wjgnet.com)
In this review we discuss current evidence that complement activation contributes to progression of CKD, how complement could cause renal inflammation and whether complement inhibition would slow progression of renal disease. (wjgnet.com)
Complement activation occurs in progressive chronic kidney disease and may contribute to the chronic inflammation that is characteristically found in the kidney. (wjgnet.com)
It is therefore possible that inhibiting complement activation would reduce inflammation, lead to reduced fibrosis and preservation of renal function. (wjgnet.com)
It is expressed by MONOCYTES and NEUTROPHILS in response to INFLAMMATION related to bacterial and fungal infections. (bvsalud.org)
Changes in lavage fluid cytokines indicative of inflammation, immune function, and endothelial function after sub-chronic exposure were limited and varied over time. (cdc.gov)
STING helps produce beta-interferon, a member of a class of proteins called cytokines that promote inflammation. (medlineplus.gov)

Includes reduced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in lung and skin and attenuation of neuroinflammation in brain via reduced activation of microglia. (varian.com)
Consistent with M1 polarization, the MWCNTs induced the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor- and interleukin-1, and proinflammatory LMs leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). (cdc.gov)

The type I/III IFN pathways are directly involved in protecting neighboring cells from virus spread and are vital for the immediate cell-intrinsic antiviral response. (nature.com)
Many researchers are pursuing the development of antagonists that block TLR receptors either by inhibiting activation of TLRs or signaling pathways downstream of TLRs 7 . (nature.com)
Sensing of fungi by monocytes triggers signaling pathways that mediate direct effects like phagocytosis and cytokine production. (frontiersin.org)
In conclusion, HD-13 may activate MAPK and NF- κ B pathways via accelerating TLR9 expression, thereby accelerating the inflammatory response in the progression of swine pneumonia. (hindawi.com)
It has been reported that various hosts recognize lipopolysaccharides in the cell membrane structure through TLR9 and activate downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear transcription factor- κ B (NF- κ B) pathways mediated by MyD88 to promote the MAPK protein phosphorylation, and NF- κ B enters the nucleus, further releasing cellular inflammatory factors [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
Genome-wide microarray analyses of the lungs exposed to MWCNT identified a range of differentially expressed genes that potentially function in the regulation of the acute-to-chronic transition, through pathways of immune and inflammatory regulation, response to stress and extracellular stimuli, and cell migration and adhesion. (cdc.gov)
Furthermore, we demonstrated that miR-21 regulates inflammatory responses through NF-κB signaling pathways. (frontiersin.org)
Therapeutic strategies include the blocking of transcription factors such as NF-κB that lead to inflammatory gene activation and the inhibition of signaling pathways that are stimulated in lung diseases. (ersjournals.com)
Stress is the adaptive response of our body through all its homeostatic systems, to external and/or internal stimuli that activate specific and nonspecific physiological pathways. (researchgate.net)
In recent years, neuroinflammation is emerging as a tightly regulated bidirectional process, involving both pro-inflammatory and pro-resolution (anti-inflammatory) signaling pathways. (autism.org)
The results of this study will provide crucial information on the role of alterations in the pro-inflammatory and pro-resolution pathways in ASD pathophysiology, and on the capability of the multimodal stimulation provided by environmental enrichment to revert such alterations and the ensuing neuronal and behavioral dysfunction. (autism.org)
These data suggest that alcohol exposure depresses the ability of the lung to activate PKCε-dependent inflammatory pathways to environmental dust exposure. (cdc.gov)

Induction ofTh2 cytokines took place in CD4+ T lymphocytes indicating the activation ofTh2 cells. (cdc.gov)
Les IgIV intéragissent avec de nombreux composants du système immunitaire comme les récepteurs Fc, le complément, les cytokines, les lymphocytes T et B, les cellules dendritiques, les granulocytes et les cellules NK, ce qui explique en partie leurs effets anti-inflammatoires. (academie-medecine.fr)
2 The interaction of IVIG with a large number of components of the immune system including Fc receptors, complement molecules, cytokines, B and T lymphocytes, neutrophils and NK cells, may explain at least in part their anti-inflammatory effects. (academie-medecine.fr)
Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) is a systemic response following an extensive release of inflammatory cytokines due to activation of myeloid cells and lymphocytes. (asn-online.org)
Possible cross-talk occurs between eosinophils and Th2-type lymphocytes in CSS via the secretion of IL-25, a potent Th2-response enhancer, by the eosinophils themselves. (medscape.com)
Th1-type lymphocytes that secrete cytokines, such as interferon-gamma and soluble IL-2 receptor, are possible inducers of granuloma formation. (medscape.com)

5. MiNK's FAP-CAR-iNKT therapeutic candidate, MiNK-215, demonstrates robust efficacy in non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) preclinical models, promoting curative responses, eliminating tumor burden in the lungs, and enhancing tumor specific CD8+ T cell infiltration through tumor stroma. (advfn.com)
Once SARS-CoV-2 enters the body it can elicit a hyper inflammatory response characterized by high levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) that can damage the myocardium or through direct infection of cardiomyocytes which can damage the heart. (springer.com)

Moreover, cGAS is an important molecule for regulating basal expression levels of cell-intrinsic immune genes in cells and is, therefore, a central protein in immune responses to virus infection 10 . (nature.com)
We then demonstrated that MWCNT induced the expression of Th2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, and a panel of signature downstream genes including 114i1, Chia, and Ccll 1/ Eotaxin. (cdc.gov)
Furthermore, induction involved the activation of STAT6 via phosphorylation of STAT6 and up-regulation of GATA- 3 that controls the transcription ofTh2 target genes. (cdc.gov)
Activation of NF-κB result in the transcription of various inflammatory genes, including TNF-α and IL-6, to sense microbial pathogens ( 7 - 9 ). (frontiersin.org)
PPAR-d is a nuclear receptor that receives the Th2 cytokine signals and turns on a cascade of genes and proteins that results in M2 macrophage activation. (webwire.com)
Recent advances have been made in the of host factors, polymorphisms, and candidate genes associated characterization of the immune response to low-molecular- with occupational asthma may improve our understanding of weight agents. (cdc.gov)

This cytokine response may be responsible for the uncontrolled activation of the systemic inflammatory cascade. (nature.com)
The finding that a single acute systemic inflammatory event can induce neuronal death in the CNS has implications for therapy in neurodegenerative diseases. (jneurosci.org)
In the current study, we used LPS to mimic aspects of central or systemic infection and the ME7 model of murine prion disease to model chronic neurodegeneration to address the hypothesis that microglial cells, activated by chronic neurodegeneration, are primed to produce greater proinflammatory responses to subsequent central and systemic inflammatory challenges. (jneurosci.org)
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that is responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) resulted in systemic inflammatory response and imbalance between homeostatic mechanisms of procoagulant and anticoagulant. (who.int)

Substrate recognition by either RNA or DNA sensors leads to signaling cascades that activate two major branches of the innate immune response, the type I/III IFN response and the inflammatory cytokine response (reviewed in ref. 11 ). (nature.com)
The continued translation of cytokines by cellular corpses contributes to necroptotic cell uptake by innate immune cells and priming of adaptive immune responses to antigens associated with necroptotic corpses. (nih.gov)
Th2-driven innate immune responses in the development of lung fibrosis induced by multi-walled carbon nanotube s. (cdc.gov)
In particular, T helper 2 (Th2)-driven innate immune responses were significantly enriched. (cdc.gov)
Innate immune and inflammatory responses are normal self-protection mechanism that eliminate pathogens and resist microbial invaders ( 5 , 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
TLRs participate in controlling multiple aspects of the innate immune response. (frontiersin.org)
The influence of miRNAs on innate immune responses was first characterized in 2004 showing that miRNAs such as miR-142a, miR-181a, and miR-223 can control hematopoiesis ( 10 ). (frontiersin.org)
TLR5, a Type I membrane protein belonging to the Toll-like receptor family, participates in the innate immune response to microbial agents. (prosci-inc.com)
The complement system is an integral part of the innate immune system but also augments adaptive immune responses. (wjgnet.com)
Nanovaccines can improve antigen presentation, targeted delivery, stimulation of the body's innate immune system, and a strong T-cell response without putting people at risk. (researchgate.net)
They generate signals that induce the production of inflammatory cytokines for activation of innate immune responses. (bvsalud.org)
Participates in the innate immune response to microbial agents. (lu.se)

For example, HSC activation and the subsequent matrix secretion by activated HSCs induce liver fibrosis, leading to cirrhosis in chronic liver injury ( 10 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
This optimism is built on recently published studies demonstrating the efficacy of mRNA vaccines in combatting several types of cancer and infectious pathogens where conventional vaccine platforms may fail to induce protective immune responses. (researchgate.net)

However, these inflammatory cells are "primed" to produce exaggerated inflammatory responses to subsequent lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenges. (jneurosci.org)
CD14 functions as a high-affinity receptor for complexes of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and serum LPS-binding protein and modulates LPS-dependent signal transduction during the immune response to gram-negative pathogens by acting as a co-receptor for TLR 4 and MD-2. (stemcell.com)
To determine whether FP reduces cytokine production in bronchial epithelial cells via NF-κB, the authors investigated the nonstimulated and the Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated production of NF-κB-dependent interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and RANTES (regulated on activation, T-cell expressed and secreted) along with the activation of NF-κB in non-CF and CF human bronchial gland epithelial cells. (ersjournals.com)
Additionally, alcohol inhibits the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-6 (IL-6), via the p38 ERK1/2 MAPK pathway [ 9 ]. (cdc.gov)

Eradication of bacterial infection requires timely and appropriate immune and inflammatory responses, but excessive induction of inflammatory cytokines can cause acute or chronic inflammatory disorders. (frontiersin.org)
Excessive immune and inflammatory responses can cause a wide spectrum of pathologies, thus resulting in either cell lesions or tissue damage. (frontiersin.org)
Systemic conditions may modify the extent of periodontitis principally through their effects on normal immune and inflammatory mechanisms. (medscape.com)

In wild-type (WT) mouse chondrocytes, baseline receptor expression levels and gp130 cytokine-induced JAK/STAT signaling were determined by flow cytometry, and expression of SOCS-3 was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. (nih.gov)
Upregulated miR-21 suppresses LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine expression by targeting IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4), thereby avoiding excessive inflammatory responses. (frontiersin.org)
Cannabinoid type-2 (CB 2 ) receptor activation was shown to reduce the production of the monocyte chemotactic protein-2 (MCP-2) chemokine in polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly-(I:C)]-stimulated human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells, an in vitro model of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). (aspetjournals.org)

More importantly, the large number of activated T-cells secrete large amounts of cytokines, the most important of which is Interferon gamma. (wikipedia.org)

These severe cases are often associated with high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and low antiviral responses, which can cause systemic complications. (nature.com)

Necroptosis is a form of programmed cell death that is defined by activation of the kinase RIPK3 and subsequent cell membrane permeabilization by the effector MLKL. (nih.gov)
The expression of anti-inflammatory cell signaling molecules, including c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38, extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), Akt, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), inhibitory-κBα (IκBα), iNOS and COX-2, was evaluated by western blot analysis. (spandidos-publications.com)

Building on these observations, we found a specific activation of NF-κB and a block of IRF3 nuclear translocation in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells. (nature.com)
Our results show that SARS-CoV-2 directs a cGAS-STING mediated, NF-κB-driven inflammatory immune response in human epithelial cells that likely contributes to inflammatory responses seen in patients and could be therapeutically targeted to suppress severe disease symptoms. (nature.com)
During virus infection, the specific immune signals produced from infected cells are important for dictating the recruitment and activation of innate or adaptive immune cells that are required to fight virus infection. (nature.com)
For SARS-CoV-2, lung epithelial cells are the primary site of infection and therefore are responsible for initiating immune responses to virus infection. (nature.com)
The inflammatory cytokine response is involved in the recruitment and activation of immune cells. (nature.com)
Specifically they cause non-specific activation of T-cells resulting in polyclonal T cell activation and massive cytokine release. (wikipedia.org)
Compared to a normal antigen-induced T-cell response where 0.0001-0.001% of the body's T-cells are activated, these SAgs are capable of activating up to 20% of the body's T-cells. (wikipedia.org)
The large number of activated T-cells generates a massive immune response which is not specific to any particular epitope on the SAg thus undermining one of the fundamental strengths of the adaptive immune system, that is, its ability to target antigens with high specificity. (wikipedia.org)
This mechanism stimulates cytokine expression and release in antigen presenting cells as well as inducing the production of costimulatory molecules that allow the cell to bind to and activate T cells more effectively. (wikipedia.org)
In some instances, fungi have developed mechanisms to evade the consequences of monocyte activation and subvert these cells to promote disease. (frontiersin.org)
Here, we report that cytokine production continues within necroptotic cells even after they have lost cell membrane integrity and irreversibly committed to death. (nih.gov)
These findings imply that cell death and production of inflammatory mediators are coordinated to optimize the immunogenicity of necroptotic cells. (nih.gov)
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are the professional producers of IFN-I in response to many viruses, including all of the herpesviruses tested. (mdpi.com)
Prompt commencement of an inflammatory response is accomplished with the help of unique and conserved PRRs present on the surface of myeloid cells, lung epithelial cells, and lymphoid tissue. (hindawi.com)
To fight stress, cells have developed several coping mechanisms, including the inflammatory response. (phys.org)
agenT-797 can be dosed up to 1000x106 cells without lymphodepletion showing no signs of neurotoxicity and cytokine release syndrome (CRS grade ≥ 3). (advfn.com)
agenT-797 restores the cytotoxic capacity, activation, and cytokine production of partially exhausted T cells. (advfn.com)
agenT-797 activates dendritic cells, which can promote activation of T cells through enhanced antigen presentation. (advfn.com)
Cytokines are messenger chemicals that enable communication between immune cells but could also be produced by fat cells. (webwire.com)
In our study, SLE patients displayed higher percentage of activated, inflamed and hyper polarized CD8 + T cells, dysregulated CD8 + T cell differentiation, significantly elevated serum inflammatory cytokines, higher accumulation of cellular ROS when compared to healthy controls. (medrxiv.org)
Importantly, these hyper inflammatory/hyper polarized CD8 + T cells responded better to an anti-oxidant than to an oxidant. (medrxiv.org)
Terminally differentiated Tc1 cells also showed plasticity upon Oxidant/antioxidant treatment but was in contrast to the SLE CD8 + T cell response. (medrxiv.org)
Our studies suggest that the differential phenotype and redox response of SLE CD8 + T cells and Tc1 cells could be attributed to their cytokine environs during their respective differentiation and eventual activation environs. (medrxiv.org)
Polarisation of Tc1 cells with IL-21 drove hyper cytoxicity without hyper polarisation suggesting that SLE inflammatory environment could drive the extreme aberrancy in SLE CD8 + T cell. (medrxiv.org)
In CF disease, a nonregulated inflammatory lung response occurs through exaggerated nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation and elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines production by airway epithelial cells. (ersjournals.com)
It was shown by the authors that fluticasone propionate exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by blocking a signal transduction leading to a reduced level of IκB-α/β kinases in bronchial epithelial cells. (ersjournals.com)
How CFTR dysfunction in CF airway cells contributes to the activation and nuclear localisation of NF-κB is still unclear. (ersjournals.com)
Recently, an in vitro study on the expression of ΔF508 CFTR (CFTR which contains a deletion of phenylalanine at position 508) in the ovary cells of Chinese hamsters, which do not express CFTR, revealed a seven-fold increase in the activation of NF-κB compared to the wild-type CFTR or the G551D mutant. (ersjournals.com)
Neuroinflammation and aberrant activation of microglia, the brain immune cells, can drive derangements in the development and function of the brain, and are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of diverse neurological conditions, among which Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). (autism.org)
However, there have been no studies on the anti-inflammatory effects of GSP in human hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). (spandidos-publications.com)
After liver injury, recruited inflammatory cells accumulate in the damaged site. (spandidos-publications.com)
Activated T-cells are one of the immune cells involved in the antiviral response. (springer.com)
We found that this treatment provoked an infiltration of white blood cells, and the induction of the proinflammatory cytokine MCP-1 at the inflamed site. (lu.se)
In response to COVID-19 infection, activation of T cells along with massive production and release of cytokines occur with subsequent damage to internal organs, and primarily the lungs (2). (who.int)
Although some antigens (Ags) can stimulate the immune response directly, T cell-dependent acquired immune responses typically require antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to present antigen-derived peptides within major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. (msdmanuals.com)
Eotaxin-3, a chemokine highly secreted by endothelial and inflammatory cells in CSS patients' damaged tissues, seems to directly target eosinophils toward affected tissues. (medscape.com)

Aberrant tissue responses to persistent deposition of foreign bodies lead to organ fibrosis through orchestrated, yet poorly understood, mechanisms. (cdc.gov)
Our study uncovers the activation ofTh2-driven immune/inflammatory responses during pulmonary pathologic fibrosis development induced by MWCNT. (cdc.gov)
1994. Mesothelial cell proliferation: A nonspecific response to lung injury associated with fibrosis. (cdc.gov)
We show that CCN1 (also known as CYR61), a matricellular protein that dampens and resolves liver fibrosis, also mediates cholangiocyte proliferation and ductular reaction, which are repair responses to cholestatic injury. (jci.org)
Heart involvement in CSS patients who are in clinical remission is very common and is characterized by fibrosis and an active inflammatory process. (medscape.com)

TLR9 is a member of the TLR family whose function is triggered by the unmethylated CpG motif of microbial DNA, which initiates the immune response by inducing cytokines and many molecules [ 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
It is our consensus opinion that this syndrome acquired after exposure to water damaged buildings with evidence of amplification of microbial growth shall be referred to as, "Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome acquired following exposure to the interior environment of Water-Damaged Buildings (CIRS-WDB). (survivingmold.com)
The mRNA vaccines can encode multiple antigens, strengthening the immune response against pathogens and enabling the targeting of multiple microbial variants [19] . (researchgate.net)
The main objective of this study is to review the literature on Toll-like receptors, emphasizing the generation of signals and the immune responses developed in recognition of microbial components for these receptors. (bvsalud.org)

The physiology unveiled by such literature mirrors the physiologic findings in chronic inflammatory response syndromes. (survivingmold.com)
Although Toll-like receptors play a key role in protecting the host against infectious and inflammatory processes, and there must be a balance between the activation and inactivation of these receptors to avoid an excessive inflammatory or immune response, as it occurs in systemic autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. (bvsalud.org)
Occupational workers exposed to dusts from concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) are at risk for developing chronic inflammatory lung diseases. (cdc.gov)

They are caused by some specific bacteria that provoke an intense local inflammatory response and affect-with particular gravity-susceptible subjects, because of reasons related to genetics and lifestyles (e.g., smoking and home oral hygiene habits). (mdpi.com)

Thus, new therapeutic approaches are needed to effectively inhibit the hyperinflammation produced by the overwhelming cytokine response during bacterial infection without developing resistance to secondary infection in abdominal infections like peritonitis. (nature.com)
The inflammatory response to bacterial infection is the result of a complex interplay between bacterial products and host effector systems, such as the immune and complement systems. (lu.se)

Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), a form of delayed-type hypersensitivity, is a typical T-cell-mediated skin inflammatory response that occurs after cutaneous exposure to an allergen. (aspetjournals.org)

Until now, the mechanisms controlling M2 macrophage activation within fat tissues had been unclear, as was whether adipocytes themselves controlled this process. (webwire.com)
Despite the fact that IVIG is used for more than two decades in the treatment of a number of autoimmune and inflammatory conditions, the underlying molecular mechanisms that account for its beneficial effect have not been completely elucidated. (academie-medecine.fr)
The heart can become damaged in COVID-19 by three distinct mechanisms: (i) the acute hyper-inflammatory response increases blood coagulability, which can cause blood clots that obstruct arteries and indirectly affect the heart. (springer.com)
The molecular mechanisms behind the bacteria-induced formation of fibrinopeptides were investigated and shown to be triggered by the activation of the contact system, also known as the kallikrein/kinin system or the intrinsic pathway of coagulation. (lu.se)
Immunosuppressive drug therapy and any disease (eg, HIV infection) resulting in suppression of the normal inflammatory and immune mechanisms can cause or enhance severe periodontal diseases. (medscape.com)

Compared to other gp130 cytokines, OSM was the most potent activator of the JAK/STAT pathway and of SOCS-3 induction. (nih.gov)
This triggers activation of NF-κB, cytokine secretion, and induction of the inflammatory response. (stemcell.com)

These data suggest that host macrophage activation contributes to EVD pathogenesis and that directed antiinflammatory therapies could be beneficial in the treatment of EVD. (cdc.gov)
Our results therefore demonstrate that activation of the coagulation system at the bacterial surface contributes to the pathophysiology of bacterial infectious diseases. (lu.se)

Superantigens (SAgs) are a class of antigens that result in excessive activation of the immune system. (wikipedia.org)
Monocytes can also present fungal antigens to elicit adaptive immune responses. (frontiersin.org)

Because alcohol blocks airway epithelial cell release of IL-6 in vitro , we hypothesized that alcohol exposure would alter mouse lung inflammatory responses to HDE. (cdc.gov)
Similarly, alcohol-fed mice demonstrated significantly less IL-6 in lung lavage in response to dust than that observed in control mice instilled with HDE. (cdc.gov)
HDE-induced lung inflammatory aggregates clearly present in the tissue from HDE only exposed animals were not visually detectable in the HDE/alcohol co-exposure group. (cdc.gov)

SAgs with the highest affinity for the TCR elicit the strongest response. (wikipedia.org)

TLRs activate viral responses by recognizing pathogenic microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, and mycoplasmas to release inflammatory cytokines [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)

Activated microglia and subsequent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines result in neuroinflammatory status which further damage neurological function including cognitive impairments in various neurological conditions. (imperial.ac.uk)
In a previous study, we proposed that microglia in the prion-diseased brain are in a "primed" state, and subsequent challenges, either centrally or systemically, result in an amplified cytokine and inflammatory response. (jneurosci.org)
The subsequent neutrophil activation leads to tissue damage via the release of proteases, oxidants, and cationic peptides [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)

Conceived initially for antibody replacement therapy in patients with primary and secondary immunodeficiencies, IVIG is now used in several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. (academie-medecine.fr)
IVIG is used in (i) low dose or ''substitution'' therapy in immunodeficient patients up to 300-500 mg/kg body weight every 3-4 weeks and [3] (ii) in high dose '' immunomodulatory '' therapy of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases employing 1-2 g/kg body weight in single injection or five daily doses of 400 mg/kg with additional maintenance dose at 4-6 week intervals [4, 5]. (academie-medecine.fr)
Augmentation of the platelet counts in the immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) as first demonstrated by Imbach and co-workers, opened the way for the application of IVIG in other autoimmune and inflammatory diseases [1, 9]. (academie-medecine.fr)
IVIG acts at various levels of autoimmune response such as initiation, amplification and effector phase by targeting various soluble and cellular compartments of the immune system. (academie-medecine.fr)

Additionally, cordyceps has anti-inflammatory properties that can further contribute to its ability to reduce anxiety. (bacchusgamma.org)
This is the first demonstration of the anti-inflammatory properties of CBD in an experimental model of ACD. (aspetjournals.org)

In Gram-negative bacterial sepsis, production of excess pro-inflammatory cytokines results in hyperinflammation and tissue injury. (nature.com)
Proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, MIP-1, i-NOS) were decreased significantly and restoration of tissue damage was observed in all organs. (nature.com)
Insulin resistance is defined as an inadequate response by insulin target tissues, such as skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue, to the physiologic effects of circulating insulin. (jci.org)
Relating in vitro to in vivo exposures with physiologically based tissue dosimetry and tissue response models. (cdc.gov)

The dose may be doubled in acute severe episodes when even a slight increase in the bronchodilator response may make a big difference in the management strategy (eg, in avoiding patient ventilation). (medscape.com)
It has no anti-inflammatory action and is not indicated in the treatment of acute bronchospastic episodes. (medscape.com)

Other causes of elevated AST/ALT levels should be excluded, including viruses such as hepatitis A, B, and C, as well as muscle or cardiac injury, ischemia, and cytokine release syndrome. (medscape.com)
CD163 mediates monocyte binding to bacteria, leading to the release of inflammatory cytokines. (rndsystems.com)

Thus, these findings suggest that the inhibition of OSM might reduce the development and severity of structural joint damage during inflammatory arthritis. (nih.gov)
The activation of PPARs can exert an anti-inflammatory effect with inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a decrease in cell recruitment. (usda.gov)

Here, we report a novel approach to treat septicemia associated with intra-abdominal infection in a murine model by delicately balancing pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. (nature.com)
The objective of this study was to investigate the intestinal response in calves following a G. duodenalis infection, using a bovine high-density oligo microarray to analyze global gene expression in the small intestine. (usda.gov)
RSV-neutralizing responses are thought to play a central role in preventing RSV infection. (bvsalud.org)
The host response to this infection is an important factor in determining the extent and severity of the disease. (medscape.com)

Exposure to these WDB environments can cause a readily identifiable illness syndrome characterized by specific metabolic disturbances stemming from lack of neuropeptide control of host inflammatory responses, genetic susceptibility and abnormal downstream inflammatory parameters that not only define the illness but also provide the academic basis for sequential therapeutic interventions. (survivingmold.com)
This type of hyperinflammatory state is reminiscent of 2 rheumatologic disorders known as macrophage activation syndrome and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, which are characterized by macrophage and T-cell activation. (cdc.gov)
Hypercytokinemia accompanied by severe clinical disease seen in EVD is reminiscent of what has been described for macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). (cdc.gov)

The changes in TNF-α, pro-IL-1β, AP-1, NF-κB p65, pRIPK1, pTAK1 and TAK1 expression and astrocyte and microglia activation in the hippocampus were assessed. (imperial.ac.uk)

The SAg cross-links the MHC and the TCR inducing a signaling pathway that results in the proliferation of the cell and production of cytokines. (wikipedia.org)
We approached this issue with a small natural product derived oligosaccharide with TLR4 modulating activity that delicately balances the immune system and the production of anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines in a murine model of peritonitis. (nature.com)
How active cytokine production is coordinated with the terminal process of necroptosis is unclear. (nih.gov)
This continued cytokine production is dependent on mRNA translation and requires maintenance of endoplasmic reticulum integrity that remains after plasma membrane integrity is lost. (nih.gov)
Treatment of Socs3(Δ/Δcol2) mouse cartilage explants and chondrocytes with gp130 cytokines prolonged JAK/STAT signaling, enhanced cartilage degradation, increased the expression of Adamts4, Adamts5, and RANKL, and elevated the production of IL-6, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, CXCL1, and CCL2. (nih.gov)
The gp130 cytokine-driven production of RANKL in chondrocytes may link chondrocyte activation and bone remodeling during inflammatory arthritis. (nih.gov)

Previous research, including important discoveries by G khan Hotamisligil, chair of the HSPH Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, has shown that as they become enlarged with fat, adipocytes produce pro-inflammatory stimuli, such as free fatty acids. (webwire.com)
Complement activation is known to occur in many diverse renal diseases, including glomerulonephritis, thrombotic microangiopathies and transplant rejection. (wjgnet.com)
The RSVPreF3-AS01 vaccine, containing the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) prefusion F protein and the AS01 adjuvant, was previously shown to boost neutralization responses against historical RSV strains and to be efficacious in preventing RSV-associated lower respiratory tract diseases in older adults. (bvsalud.org)

A soluble form is shed from the cell surface by TACE or neutrophil elastase mediated cleavage in response to oxidative stress, Prostaglandin F2a stimulation, or the activation of Fc gamma receptors, TLR1, 2, 5, or 6. (rndsystems.com)
CD163 binds and internalizes the cytokine TWEAK, and the ratio of soluble CD163 to TWEAK in the plasma is elevated during atherosclerosis. (rndsystems.com)

IFN-I have potent direct antiviral activities, also mediate a multiplicity of immunoregulatory functions, which can either promote or dampen antiviral adaptive immune responses. (mdpi.com)
Peculiar, though not specific, endocrine investigations might be proposed but no absolute parameter can be proposed since HA is greatly dependent from individual response to stressors and/or the adaptive response to stress. (researchgate.net)

To examine the impact of the gp130 cytokine family on murine articular cartilage and to explore a potential regulatory role of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS-3) in murine chondrocytes. (nih.gov)

Inflammatory mediators play a critical role in the pathogenesis and potential management of intra-abdominal sepsis. (nature.com)

Here, we have evaluated transcriptional and cytokine secretion profiles and detected a distinct upregulation of inflammatory cytokines in infected cell cultures and samples taken from infected patients. (nature.com)
However, when it is systemically released in the blood and in high levels (due to mass T-cell activation resulting from the SAg binding), it can cause severe and life-threatening symptoms, including shock and multiple organ failure. (wikipedia.org)
This displaces the antigenic peptide away from the TCR and circumvents the normal mechanism for T-cell activation. (wikipedia.org)
The role of endogenous SOCS-3 was examined in cartilage explants and chondrocytes from mice with conditional deletion of Socs3 driven by the Col2a1 promoter in vitro (Socs3(Δ/Δcol2) ) and from mice during CD4+ T cell-dependent inflammatory monarthritis. (nih.gov)
To achieve this, we assessed proinflammatory cytokine expression, inflammatory cell infiltration, and expression of effector enzymes such as cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) after intracerebral and intraperitoneal LPS challenges. (jneurosci.org)
An evaluation of 2 cohorts of patients with EVD revealed that a marker of macrophage activation (sCD163) but not T-cell activation (sCD25) was associated with severe and fatal EVD. (cdc.gov)
CYTOKINES, and expression of cell activation markers and is a critical regulator of SEPTIC SHOCK. (bvsalud.org)
A few of these inflammatory responses, such as inflammatory cell recruitment, can be modulated by alcohol exposure [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. (cdc.gov)

Samples containing fibrinopeptides generated by the interaction between bacteria and plasma were injected into animals and the inflammatory response was monitored. (lu.se)

In the presence of a robust compensatory insulin secretory response to insulin resistance, glucose levels can remain relatively normal. (jci.org)

It is also known that alcohol, at least in part, exerts its anti-inflammatory response via activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis pathway resulting in increases of glucocorticoids [ 10 ]. (cdc.gov)

HD-13 activated the inflammatory response via accelerating TLR9 expression. (hindawi.com)
Key regulators in this intestinal response seem to be the nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha (PPARA) and gamma (PPARG), for which an up-regulated expression was seen in microarray and qRT-PCR data. (usda.gov)
Pretreatment with GSP before LPS treatment significantly suppressed the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8. (spandidos-publications.com)

Type-I interferons (IFN-I) are cytokines essential for vertebrate antiviral defense, including against herpesviruses. (mdpi.com)

These data suggest that GSP inhibits inflammatory responses in HSCs by inactivating the NF-κB signaling pathway via MAP kinases. (spandidos-publications.com)

This review will highlight the roles of monocytes in the immune response to some of the major fungi that cause invasive human disease, including Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, Candida, Histoplasma, Blastomyces , and Coccidioides , and discuss potential strategies to manipulate monocyte responses in order to enhance anti-fungal immunity in susceptible hosts. (frontiersin.org)

Anatomy47

Organisms9

Diseases18

Chemicals and Drugs122

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment23

Phenomena and Processes36

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science2

Health Care2

Chemokines6

Macrophages18

Inflammation18

Secretion of proinflammatory cytokines2

Pathways12

Lymphocytes6

Tumor2

Genes6

Systemic inflammatory4

Innate immune12

Induce2

Lipopolysaccharide4

Immune and inflammatory3

Receptor3

Interferon-gamma1

Antiviral responses1

Kinase2

Cells36

Fibrosis5

Microbial4

Chronic3

Local Inflammatory Response1

Bacterial infection2

Occurs1

Mechanisms5

Induction2

Contributes2

Antigens2

Lung3

Elicit1

TLRs1

Subsequent3

Autoimmune4

Anti-inflammatory properties2

Tissue4

Acute2

Release2

Inhibition2

Infection4

Syndrome3

Microglia1

Production6

Diseases3

Soluble2

Adaptive2

Murine1

Mediators1

Cell8

Bacteria1

Insulin resistance1

Exerts1

Expression3

Interferons1

Inhibits1

Monocyte1