• The sensors correspond to three branches of the UPR, namely protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), and inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) branches. (helsinki.fi)
  • Furthermore, we identify activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), a key chaperone of endoplasmic reticulum stress, as a functional downstream effector of PCDH20. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since ER stress can cause differential modulation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), which includes the inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE-1), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) and PKR-like ER kinase (PERK) pathways, these were individually tested in 3a-expressing cells. (nih.gov)
  • Together with other UPR transcription factors such as ATF6, XBP-1 stimulates the production of ER stress proteins including the ER resident protein chaperones glucose regulated protein (GRP) 78 and GRP94. (prosci-inc.com)
  • XBP1 mRNA is induced by ATF6 and spliced by IRE1p in response to ER stress to produce a highly active transcription factor. (prosci-inc.com)
  • Mammalian transcription factor ATF6 is synthesized as a transmembrane protein and activated by proteolysis in response to endoplasmic stress. (prosci-inc.com)
  • In addition, AMPK activation was shown to reduce the expression of ER stress markers, including C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6). (diabetescompass.com)
  • Activating Transcription Factor 6 alpha (ATF6) has pro-oncogenic/immunosppressive function in the liver. (uni-freiburg.de)
  • Mitochondrial membrane potential, activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) activity, ratio of reduced glutathione (GSH) to oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and glutathione reductase (GR) activity were measured using different light reporter assays. (uea.ac.uk)
  • Instead, we found that ADAM17 induction by severe hypoxia can be mimicked by ER stressors such as Thapsigargin and occurs as a consequence of the activation of the PERK/eIF2α/ATF4 and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) arms of UPR in several tumor cell lines. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Trodusquemine also prevented the Tunicamycin -induced increased arterial levels of the molecular ERS actors 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) and Activating Transcription Factor 6 (ATF6α). (crcm-marseille.fr)
  • As signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 phosphorylation directly regulates retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor (ROR) γ t, which is the master molecule of Th17, the Janus kinase (JAK)2-STAT3 pathway initiated by IL-6 is essential in the Th17 development. (hindawi.com)
  • Upon sensing unfolded proteins, an ER transmembrane endonuclease and kinase termed IRE1p is activated and excises an intron from XBP-1 mRNA. (prosci-inc.com)
  • Recent studies have suggested that the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) may play a role in inhibiting ER stress in response to oxLDL. (diabetescompass.com)
  • Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been proposed as a potential therapeutic strategy for reducing ER stress in response to oxLDL. (diabetescompass.com)
  • The activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been shown to play a role in the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in response to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in vivo. (diabetescompass.com)
  • The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways focused on the plant hormone signal transduction and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. (researchsquare.com)
  • This process activates protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring kinase 1 and activating transcription factor (ATF) 6, and initiates unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling pathways ( 13 , 14 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • This kinase is closely related to p38 MAP kinase, both of which can be activated by proinflammatory cytokines and cellular stress. (creativebiomart.net)
  • MAP kinase kinases 3, and 6 can phosphorylate and activate this kinase. (creativebiomart.net)
  • Transcription factor ATF2, and microtubule dynamics regulator stathmin have been shown to be the substrates of this kinase. (creativebiomart.net)
  • Tunicamycin strongly increased the interactions of PTP1B with GRP78 and the activated forms of protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) and IRE1α (proximity Ligation Assay). (crcm-marseille.fr)
  • 4 Upon dissociation from GRP78, the transmembrane kinase PERK is activated by oligomerisation and autophosphorylation. (distantreader.org)
  • Only the PERK pathway was found to be activated in 3a-expressing cells based on (1) increased phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2alpha) and inhibitory effects of a dominant-negative form of eIF2alpha on GRP78 promoter activity, (2) increased translation of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) mRNA, and (3) ATF4-dependent activation of the C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) gene promoter. (nih.gov)
  • As one of three primary UPR effectors, PERK directly phosphorylates eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), which consequently inhibits initiation of general translation and reduces ER burden ( 15 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • ATF4 induces expression of the proapoptotic transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), which mediates PERK-induced apoptosis ( 16 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (ersjournals.com)
  • Structural changes to essential components of the lung are caused by oxidative stress, contributing to irreversible damage of both parenchyma and airway walls. (ersjournals.com)
  • In addition, oxidative stress results in alterations in the local immune response, increasing the risk of infections and exacerbations, which, in turn, may accelerate lung function decline. (ersjournals.com)
  • Data from in vitro , ex vivo and in vivo studies indicate two sorts of effect of oxidative stress relevant to COPD. (ersjournals.com)
  • In addition, oxidative stress may result in alterations in the local immune response 7 . (ersjournals.com)
  • Oxidative stress is closely linked to inflammation. (ersjournals.com)
  • Attenuation of oxidative stress would be expected to result in reduced pulmonary damage and a decrease in local infections, contributing to attenuation of the progression of COPD. (ersjournals.com)
  • Several reviews have summarised the available data on the presence (table 1 ⇓ ) and consequences (table 2 ⇓ ) of oxidative stress in the lungs of "healthy" smokers and smokers with COPD 1 - 5 , 9 . (ersjournals.com)
  • Both in vitro and in vivo experiments have demonstrated that oxidative stress may cause alterations in essential components of the lung, contributing to pathological abnormalities and functional changes (table 2 ⇑ ) 6 , 7 . (ersjournals.com)
  • Objective In addition to oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis have an important role in the pathogenesis of cisplatin-induced kidney damage. (thieme-connect.com)
  • An active nature product of Asian herb medicine, curcumin, shows many protective effects, including against inflammatory and oxidative stress conditions. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Previous studies have demonstrated that curcumin at a dose of 100 mg/kg orally in mice and 60 mg/kg in rats reduced concentration of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and inhibited oxidative stress in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity [ 7 ] [ 8 ]. (thieme-connect.com)
  • It is also a major site of cellular stress, which can be caused by a variety of factors, including oxidative stress. (diabetescompass.com)
  • Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) is a major source of oxidative stress in the body, and its accumulation in the ER can lead to ER stress and the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). (diabetescompass.com)
  • Activation of AMPK has been shown to reduce ER stress in response to various stimuli, including glucose deprivation, hypoxia, and oxidative stress. (diabetescompass.com)
  • Oxidative damage is usually triggered by osmotic and ionic stress. (researchsquare.com)
  • Resveratrol inhibits paraquat-induced oxidative stress and fibrogenic response by activating the Nrf2 pathway. (cdc.gov)
  • Nrf2 is an antioxidant-activated transcription factor that recently emerged as a critical regulator of cellular defense against oxidative and inflammatory lesions. (cdc.gov)
  • This leads to increased reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress that trigger mitochondrial dysfunction, ERS, autophagy, and DNA damage, leading to cell death. (uea.ac.uk)
  • Mitochondrial oxidative stress-induced transcript variants of ATF3 mediate lipotoxic brain microvascular injury. (ucdavis.edu)
  • Lipotoxic brain microvascular injury is mediated by activating transcription factor 3-dependent inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways. (ucdavis.edu)
  • Several types of cellular stress, including hypoxia ( 8 ), infection ( 9 ), nutrient deprivation ( 10 ), oxidative stress ( 11 ) and dysfunctional calcium homeostasis ( 12 ), may induce accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER lumen. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Abiotic stresses consist of Drought, Salt, Heat, Cold, Oxidative and Metal toxicity which damage the crop yield continuously. (scielo.br)
  • These triggers include but are not limited to nutrient deprivation, hypoxia and disruption by chemical inhibitors of polypeptide N-linked glycosylation (e.g. tunicamycin) or calcium flux (e.g. thapsigargin), oxidative stress and infection. (distantreader.org)
  • Targeted transcriptional profiling showed no effects on pathways involved inmitochondrial biogenesis, function, or oxidative stress. (medscape.com)
  • We conducted an ancillary study to the CALERIE 2 randomized controlled trial to examine the effects of 12 months of 25% CR on in vivo skeletal muscle mitochondrial energetics, mitochondrial content, and markers of oxidative stress. (medscape.com)
  • Lamech LT, Haynes CM. The unpredictability of prolonged activation of stress response pathways. (umassmed.edu)
  • Here, we review some of the recent advances and studies that highlight the roles of these changes as well as antigen presentation and stress response pathways in beta cells in the onset and propagation of the autoimmune process in type 1 diabetes. (springer.com)
  • Over the last few decades, it has been studied that the mechanisms of cisplatin-induced kidney damage are complex and involved numerous cellular and molecular processes including inflammation, apoptosis, accumulation of cisplatin in renal tubular cells via renal drug transporters, Ctr1 and OCT2, and involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathways [ 3 ] [ 4 ]. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Our results indicated that CmNAC1 is a critical factor in ABA signaling pathways and it can be utilized in transgenic breeding to improve the abiotic stress tolerance of crops. (frontiersin.org)
  • Cellular stress pathways are effectively turned off, and the cell returns to a healthy state. (neurodon.net)
  • At Neurodon, our research works to increase the transport of cellular calcium to restore calcium homeostasis and relieve compromising cellular stress pathways. (neurodon.net)
  • An activating transcription factor that regulates expression of a variety of genes including C-JUN GENES and TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA2. (umassmed.edu)
  • Cells expressing the 3a proteins showed ER stress based on activation of genes for the ER chaperones GRP78 and GRP94. (nih.gov)
  • This gene encodes a transcription factor that regulates MHC class II genes by binding to a promoter element referred to as an X box. (cancerindex.org)
  • The isoform encoded by the unspliced mRNA, XBP1(U), is constitutively expressed, and thought to function as a negative feedback regulator of XBP1(S), which shuts off transcription of target genes during the recovery phase of ER stress. (cancerindex.org)
  • In particular, AMPK activation has been shown to reduce the accumulation of oxLDL in the ER, as well as to reduce the expression of ER stress-related genes. (diabetescompass.com)
  • These studies have demonstrated that AMPK activation can reduce the accumulation of oxLDL in the ER, as well as reduce the expression of ER stress-related genes. (diabetescompass.com)
  • Based on mapping analyses, a total of 762 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to NaCl and KCl stress in the roots and leaves were identified. (researchsquare.com)
  • We also screened out 28 candidate genes from 762 DEGs and verified their expression by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). (researchsquare.com)
  • All of these enriched genes were closely related to NaCl and KCl stress and take part in mediating the Na + and K + homeostasis in M. hupehensis . (researchsquare.com)
  • This transcriptome analysis provides a valuable resource for elucidating the signaling pathway of NaCl and KCl stress and is a substantial genetic resource for discovering genes related to the NaCl and KCl stress response of M. hupehensis . (researchsquare.com)
  • Res strongly activated the Nrf2 signaling pathway and induced antioxidant response element-dependent cytoprotective genes. (cdc.gov)
  • however, the biological functions of stress-related NAC genes in this crop are largely unknown. (frontiersin.org)
  • Plants respond to various stimuli under abiotic or biotic stress condition and express certain genes either structural or regulatory genes which maintain the plant integrity. (scielo.br)
  • The regulatory genes primarily the transcription factors that exert their activity by binding to certain cis DNA elements and consequently either up regulated or down regulate to target expression. (scielo.br)
  • Here, we report that the guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptor-activated WD-repeat Gβ interacts with the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), comigrates with it into the nucleus and suppresses GR-induced transactivation of the glucocorticoid-responsive genes. (rupress.org)
  • This spliced form of XBP1 then translates into a transcription factor, which further translocates into the nucleus where it induces expression of a wide variety of genes including ER-associated chaperones and protein folding enzymes to increase ER size and folding capacity. (distantreader.org)
  • The transcription factors regulated by eIF2α control the activity of genes involved in processes that help reduce the stress on the cell. (medlineplus.gov)
  • [ 11 ] In the CALERIE phase 1 study, however, we demonstrated that 6 months of 25% CR in healthy human s increased the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number. (medscape.com)
  • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is caused by the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER, which leads to the activation of unfolded protein response (UPR) through three transmembrane protein sensors located in the ER membrane. (helsinki.fi)
  • XBP-1 Monoclonal Antibody: X box binding protein 1 (XBP-1) is a key protein in the mammalian unfolded protein response (UPR) that protects the cell against the stress of malfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). (prosci-inc.com)
  • In this study, expression of proteins associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, apoptosis and autophagy were analyzed in normal, NAFL and NASH human livers by western blotting. (oncotarget.com)
  • As a largest plant-specific transcription factor family, NAC domain proteins play an important role in plant development and regulation of abiotic stress tolerance. (frontiersin.org)
  • C-2 exhibits cytotoxic effect on bladder cancer cells, and JNK activated by C-2 triggers autophagy and up-regulates SQSTM1/p62 proteins, contributing to activation of Nrf2 pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum can cause an endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) response. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The UPR is activated to help clear misfolded proteins, but a prolonged UPR can lead to cell dysfunction and even cell death. (neurodon.net)
  • Aggregated misfolded proteins in the ER cause cellular stress, which if unresolved can lead to cell death. (distantreader.org)
  • GRP78 has a high affinity for misfolded and unfolded proteins: when luminal load of misfolded protein increases, GRP78 is released from the ER stress sensors, which are then free to initiate downstream signalling outside the ER. (distantreader.org)
  • In addition, activated eIF2α can trigger production of certain proteins called transcription factors, which control gene activity. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Plant/ crop productivity effected by the environmental strains such as water deficit condition (drought), Low temperature (cold), salt and High temperature (heat) these stresses disturb the signal transduction of gene regulatory systems of plants. (scielo.br)
  • Epigenomic and transcriptional profiling identifies impaired glyoxylate detoxification in NAFLD as a risk factor for hyperoxaluria. (uni-kiel.de)
  • GmNAC11 and GmNAC20 from soybean are induced by phytohormones and abiotic stress with different transcriptional activities. (frontiersin.org)
  • In a subset of individuals, a muscle biopsy was performed for transcriptional profiling via quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and microarrays. (medscape.com)
  • For example, in Parkinson's disease, it was suggested that prolonged ER stress induces the extensive apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta region of the midbrain. (helsinki.fi)
  • The present study investigated the effects of GSK2606414 on proliferation, apoptosis, and the expression of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), CCAAT/enhancer‑binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • If ERS continues or cannot be alleviated, it will cause the production of proapoptotic factors and eventually lead to apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The results showed that TsKaSPI could induce apoptosis in a porcine small intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC cells) by activating ERS and promote activation of the NF-κB signalling pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The results confirmed that TsKaSPI could activate ERS and lead to apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In conclusion, T. spiralis infection and TsKaSPI can promote cell apoptosis by activating the ERS response in intestinal epithelial cells and activate the NF-κB signalling pathway to promote the occurrence and development of inflammation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Upon ER stress, IRE1 dimerizes and oligomerizes, and its endonuclease domain is activated. (helsinki.fi)
  • In order to study the regulation or IRE1 branch of the UPR, and to identify the ER-stress-modulating compounds, a human luciferase reporter cell line (XBP1-NLuc) was created in this work. (helsinki.fi)
  • The reporter was expressed when IRE1 splicing was activated, since the XBP1 intron fragment was fused to the Nano luciferase gene. (helsinki.fi)
  • The treatments were done with ER stress inducers thapsigargin and tunicamycin, and with IRE1 inhibitors KIRA6 and 4μ8c, or the combination of those. (helsinki.fi)
  • As expected, ER stress treatment increased the reporter expression, while IRE1 inhibitors decreased the expression of the reporter. (helsinki.fi)
  • qPCR revealed that the other observed UPR markers were activated as well upon thapsigargin treatment, however, they were not decreased with the treatment with IRE1 specific inhibitors. (helsinki.fi)
  • In line with XBP1-NLuc cell line, the IRE1-GFP cell line demonstrated an increased oligomerization of IRE1 upon ER stress induction. (helsinki.fi)
  • Together, the experiments done with cells transfected with CDNF, MANF or MANF mutants, suggested that the tested neurotrophic factors decreased IRE1 oligomerization and its activation. (helsinki.fi)
  • In conclusion, the XBP1-NLuc reporter cell line provided a reliable reporter of IRE1 endonuclease activity, whose expression is increased during the ER stress. (helsinki.fi)
  • Due to the effectiveness and accuracy, the XBP1-NLuc cell line can be further used in studying the regulation and activation of IRE1, as well as for the identification of ER-stress modulating molecules, which can be used for development of novel treatments for ER stress associated diseases, such as Parkinson's disease. (helsinki.fi)
  • The IRE1 endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor activates natural killer cell immunity in part by regulating c-Myc. (cancerindex.org)
  • Here, we demonstrate that the endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1α) and its substrate transcription factor X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) drive NK cell responses against viral infection and tumors in vivo. (cancerindex.org)
  • IRE1α-XBP1 were essential for expansion of activated mouse and human NK cells and are situated downstream of the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway. (cancerindex.org)
  • In the present study, we demonstrate that IRE1α (also known as ERN1) and its downstream target, XBP1, are activated in skeletal muscle of mice upon injury. (elifesciences.org)
  • However, if the UPR is activated continuously for a long time, the apoptotic pathway will be triggered, and the cell will die. (helsinki.fi)
  • TGRL Lipolysis Products Induce Stress Protein ATF3 via the TGF-β Receptor Pathway in Human Aortic Endothelial Cells. (ucdavis.edu)
  • Disturbance of normal calcium levels triggers the ER stress pathway that leads to cell dysfunction, encompassing impaired signaling, respiration, and protein processing. (neurodon.net)
  • This gene product is a bZIP protein, which was also identified as a cellular transcription factor that binds to an enhancer in the promoter of the T cell leukemia virus type 1 promoter. (cancerindex.org)
  • AMPK is a key regulator of cellular energy homeostasis and is activated by increases in the cellular AMP/ATP ratio. (diabetescompass.com)
  • The steady deterioration of the dermal and epidermal layers of the skin with age is caused by a combination of factors including reduced cellular proliferation and collagen synthesis, extracellular matrix remodeling, and changes in epidermal morphology (Crane 2015). (ernolaszlo.com)
  • Because age-related cellular senescence and type 2 diabetes (T2D) have been recognised as risk factors for CRC development, the recent finding that type 2 diabetic patients present an elevated circulating volume of senescent cells raises the question whether type 2 diabetes facilitates the process of CRC tumorigenesis by inducing premature cell senescence. (frontiersin.org)
  • Senescence is a stress-response cellular state characterised by proliferative arrest but active metabolism ( 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Age-related and metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) represent a source of cellular stress due to their disruptive effect on normal physiological processes and, therefore, can induce premature senescence ( 10 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Loss of p53, a transcription factor activated by cellular stress, is a frequent event in cancer. (nuigalway.ie)
  • MAP kinases act as an integration point for multiple biochemical signals, and are involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, transcription regulation and development. (creativebiomart.net)
  • In addition, we review current insights into how the UPR is involved in viral infection at mucosal barriers and potential therapeutic strategies that restore epithelial cell integrity following acute viral infections via cytokine and cellular stress manipulation. (distantreader.org)
  • Endoplasmic reticulum stress in the intestinal epithelium initiates purine metabolite synthesis and promotes Th17 cell differentiation in the gut. (uni-kiel.de)
  • In 2020, global CRC cases increased by 6%, with a mortality rate of 29 per 100,000 people in men and 20 per 100,000 people in women ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews 2020;26(6):555-570. (trdizin.gov.tr)
  • Although the exact molecular mechanism of the RA pathogenesis remains elusive, proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α and interleukin- (IL-) 1 β and autoreactive T cells are known to play central roles in the development and progression of RA [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • serum aminotransferases, inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α), glucose and insulin levels. (p450inhibitors.com)
  • Both cell lines were used to test the effect of neurotrophic factors CDNF, MANF, and MANF mutant isomers on the UPR with and without tunicamycin treatment. (helsinki.fi)
  • AMPK is a key regulator of energy metabolism in the cell, and its activation has been shown to reduce ER stress and the UPR. (diabetescompass.com)
  • Furthermore, AMPK activation has been shown to reduce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to oxLDL, which can further reduce ER stress. (diabetescompass.com)
  • In order to further explore the role of AMPK activation in inhibiting ER stress in response to oxLDL, several in vivo studies have been conducted. (diabetescompass.com)
  • Overall, these studies suggest that AMPK activation may play a role in inhibiting ER stress in response to oxLDL in vivo. (diabetescompass.com)
  • Further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms by which AMPK activation can reduce ER stress in response to oxLDL, as well as to determine the potential therapeutic implications of this finding. (diabetescompass.com)
  • This review aims to investigate the potential benefits of AMPK activation in reducing ER stress in response to oxLDL in vivo. (diabetescompass.com)
  • In vivo studies have demonstrated that AMPK activation can reduce ER stress in response to oxLDL. (diabetescompass.com)
  • In conclusion, AMPK activation has been shown to reduce ER stress in response to oxLDL in vivo. (diabetescompass.com)
  • Further studies are needed to determine the exact mechanisms by which AMPK activation reduces ER stress and to evaluate the potential therapeutic benefits of AMPK activation in reducing ER stress in response to oxLDL. (diabetescompass.com)
  • This study aimed to investigate the impact of AMPK activation on ER stress in response to oxLDL in vivo. (diabetescompass.com)
  • To this end, a mouse model was used to examine the effects of AMPK activation on ER stress in response to oxLDL. (diabetescompass.com)
  • ER Stress and Protein Misfolding in Autism (and IP3R again) and perhaps what to do about it - Activation of Sigma-1 Chaperone Activity by Afobazole? (epiphanyasd.com)
  • The unfolded protein response controls induction and activation of ADAM17/TACE by severe hypoxia and ER stress. (ox.ac.uk)
  • After gaining intimate knowledge of the biophysics of SERCA and the subtle conformational changes that lead to enzyme activation, we developed an NRDN platform of synthetic small molecules that promote SERCA activation and relieve ER stress. (neurodon.net)
  • ER stress and activation of the UPR are natural mechanisms by which mucosal epithelial cells combat viral infections. (distantreader.org)
  • ADAM17/tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα)-converting enzyme (TACE) has been initially recognized to release TNFα as well as its receptors (TNFRs) from the membrane. (ox.ac.uk)
  • DNMT3A expression is downregulated in intestinal epithelial cells from IBD patients and upon tumor necrosis factor treatment in murine intestinal organoids. (nature.com)
  • Activating Transcription Factor 6 Mediates Inflammatory Signals in Intestinal Epithelial Cells Upon Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. (uni-kiel.de)
  • Transforming growth factor- (TGF-) β and IL-6 primes initial differentiation and IL-23 promotes functional maturation of Th17 cells [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • This allows a complete translation of spliced XBP1 mRNA into a functional protein that acts as a transcription factor. (helsinki.fi)
  • The resulting loss of 26 nt from the spliced mRNA causes a frame-shift and an isoform XBP1(S), which is the functionally active transcription factor. (cancerindex.org)
  • Abiotic stress is the key cause of crop hammering globally, reducing average yields of most of the major crop plants. (scielo.br)
  • Under the influence of abiotic stress plant change their molecular and physiological fine tuning and try to cope up and maintain the molecular and physiological disturbance which obtained from stress environment. (scielo.br)
  • Additionally, severe hypoxia and ER stress activated ADAM17 and ectodomain shedding of TNFR1 involving mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases and reactive oxygen species (ROS). (ox.ac.uk)
  • Crops are affected by all kinds of abiotic stresses such as drought, cold, heat, and salinity stress that could lead toward extensive production losses worldwide. (frontiersin.org)
  • Drought and salinity stress severally affected in similar manner to plant and the leading cause of reduction in crop yield. (scielo.br)
  • Drought, cold and salinity are the major environmental stresses that limit agricultural productivity. (frontiersin.org)
  • Plants are being sessile in nature it can't move from one place to other places and contentiously exposed by extensive array of environmental stresses like as water deficit condition (drought), low temperature (cold), salt and high temperature (heat) etc. (scielo.br)
  • Furthermore, the ectopic expression (EE) of CmNAC1 in Arabidopsis led to ABA hypersensitivity and enhanced tolerance to salinity, drought and cold stress. (frontiersin.org)
  • The NAC domain transcription factors in Arabidopsis function in plant development, senescence, and stress regulation. (frontiersin.org)
  • Progress has been made to better understand about effect of regulons (AREB/ABF, DREB, MYB, and NAC) under abiotic stresses and a number of regulons reported for stress responsive and used as a better transgenic tool of Arabidopsis and Rice. (scielo.br)
  • These data provide a novel link between severe hypoxic stress conditions and inflammation in the tumor environment. (ox.ac.uk)
  • I am particularly focusing on the role of ER stress and/or autophagy-dependent mechanisms and cytokine signaling which contribute to chronic intestinal inflammatory processes and/or intestinal cancer. (uni-kiel.de)
  • Regulated proteolysis as an element of ER stress and autophagy: Implications for intestinal inflammation. (uni-kiel.de)
  • NAC also significantly protected FHL124 cells from SFN-induced mitochondrial dysfunctions, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), DNA damage and autophagy. (uea.ac.uk)
  • The ageing process is thought to contribute to tumorigenesis via aberrant genome maintenance and systemic inflammation that result in tissue damage and occurrence of unfavourable genome modifications ( 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The findings demonstrate that Res attenuates PQ-induced ROS production, inflammation, and fibrotic reactions by activating Nrf2 signaling. (cdc.gov)
  • In JL Vincent and JB Hall (eds), Encyclopedia of Intensive Care Medicine, 2011: DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-00418-6_663. (per-olofhasselgren.com)
  • doi: 10.1007/s00018-012-1252-6. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Viral host range factors antagonize pathogenic SAMD9 and SAMD9L variants. (uni-kiel.de)
  • Recently, Th17 was reported to express RANKL itself as well as directly inducing mature osteoclasts via cell-to-cell contact, substantiating its role in inflammatory bone destruction [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • and CD8 + T cells play a major role as beta cell killers [ 6 , 7 ]. (springer.com)
  • Transformation of ESR into the cell stress augments reception in the domain responsible for binding the endo- and exogenous ligands of sigma 1 receptor chaperon protein (Sigma1R) [1] responsible for adaptive reactions [8]. (epiphanyasd.com)
  • Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein lipolysis products increase blood-brain barrier transfer coefficient and induce astrocyte lipid droplets and cell stress. (ucdavis.edu)
  • Although the precise underlying mechanisms of AMD are not fully understood, numerous lines of evidence have indicated that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress contributes to the etiology of RPE cell damage and neovascularization formation ( 5 - 7 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • J Cell Biol (2005) 169 (6): 885-896. (rupress.org)
  • Extracellular stimuli that activate cell surface receptors modulate glucocorticoid actions via as yet unclear mechanisms. (rupress.org)
  • This leads to aberrant Ca 2+ handling, and subsequently ER stress as well as pancreatic beta cell dysfunction and death. (neurodon.net)
  • However, with prolonged ER stress IRE1a becomes hyperactive and degrades mRNAs associated with anti-apoptotic responses, promoting cell death. (distantreader.org)
  • Reduced cognitive function, increased blood-brain-barrier transport and inflammatory responses, and altered brain metabolites in LDLr -/-and C57BL/6 mice fed a western diet. (ucdavis.edu)
  • Specific pathogen-free (SPF) 6-8-week-old female BALB/c mice ( n = 100 in total) were purchased from Harbin Medical University. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As hypoxia is a hallmark of cancer that can lead to severe stress conditions accumulating in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR), we investigated the role of these stress conditions in the regulation of ADAM17 and release of TNFR1.We found that severe hypoxia induced ADAM17 expression and activity. (ox.ac.uk)
  • ADAM17 expression was also increased in xenografts displaying ER stress because of treatment with the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitory antibody Bevacizumab. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In this disturbance the maintenance involve the gene expression under the stress either in the form of structural gene or regulatory. (scielo.br)
  • The Gene Ontology (GO) terms were enriched in ion transmembrane transporter and oxidoreductase activity under NaCl and KCl stress. (researchsquare.com)
  • At 6 h post-incision, NETO2 small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) intrathecal pretreatment increased mechanical withdrawal thresholds to von Freys and decreased ipsilateral paw cumulative pain scores. (bvsalud.org)
  • Further, PKCγactivation and synaptic abundance of GluK2 and GluR1 subunits in the ipsilateral DH were decreased by intrathecal pretreatment with NETO2 siRNA at 6 h post-incision. (bvsalud.org)
  • ARPE‑19 human RPE cells were treated with 0.01‑50 µM GSK2606414, and ER stress was induced by thapsigargin (TG) treatment. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Collectively, these results show that ADAM17 is a novel UPR-regulated gene in response to severe hypoxia and ER stress, which is actively involved in the release of TNFR1 under these conditions. (ox.ac.uk)
  • These transcription factors are known as masters regulators because its single transcript regulate more than one gene, in this context the regulon word is fascinating more in compass of transcription factors. (scielo.br)
  • Although many people with schizophrenia do not have a family history, genetic factors are strongly implicated. (msdmanuals.com)
  • PCDH20 is an essential factor in maintaining intestinal epithelial homeostasis and barrier integrity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Stress is formally defined as a state of threatened homeostasis provoked by a psychological, environmental, or physiologic stressor. (ernolaszlo.com)
  • It is sensitive to salt stress, which seriously affects the growth and productivity of apple trees by destroying the homeostasis of Na + and K + . Previous studies focused on the molecular mechanism underlying NaCl stress. (researchsquare.com)
  • Loss of calcium homeostasis and ER stress via dysfunctional SERCA is a known contributor of damage to dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN), the site of Parkinson's in the brain. (neurodon.net)
  • Increased production of mediators, such as interleukin (IL)‐8, tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and leukotriene B 4 , which both attract inflammatory cells and increase oxidant production by these cells, has been found. (ersjournals.com)
  • We advance the hypothesis that antigen presentation by beta cells, their stress responses and functional heterogeneity are critical factors that will provide clues towards solving the enigma posed by islet autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes. (springer.com)
  • Since the 3a protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi compartment, its role in causing ER stress was investigated in transiently transfected cells. (nih.gov)
  • Skin-resident dendritic cells act as a first line of defense, ingesting foreign substances, processing them, and presenting them to lymphocytes to activate the immune system. (ernolaszlo.com)
  • In addition, RPE cells proliferate and secrete various proangiogenic factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which serves an important role in AMD-associated CNV ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Transactivation assay in yeast cells revealed that CmNAC1 functions as a transcription activator, and its transactivation domain is located in the C-terminus. (frontiersin.org)
  • Multiple muscle wasting-related transcription factors are acetylated in dexamethasone-treated muscle cells. (per-olofhasselgren.com)
  • In non-cardiovascular tissues, PTP1B modulates endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) however this role has never been assessed in endothelial cells. (crcm-marseille.fr)
  • When cells are under stress, for example when the level of protein building blocks (amino acids) is too low, EIF2AK4 activates eIF2α. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Our objective is to identify the cells and factors that are essential in the engineering process. (lu.se)
  • [ 6 ] or because signs and symptoms are not always evident, due to dietary restrictions (see Presentation and Differential Diagnosis). (medscape.com)
  • One or more episodes of symptoms must last ≥ 6 months before the diagnosis is made. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Vitamin C and E levels in ELF are depleted in smokers, but glutathione (GSH) levels are increased 6 , 10 , 12 . (ersjournals.com)